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{{Short description|South Slavic supradialect or language}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Chakavian
|nativename={{lang|hr|čakavski}}
|pronunciation=
|states=[[Croatia]]<br>[[Slovenia]] ([[Račice, Slovenia|Račice]], [[Kozina]])
|ethnicity=[[Croats]]
|speakers = 80,000
|date= 2019
|ref= e24
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]
|fam3=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam4=[[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
|fam5=[[Western South Slavic]]
|stand1=[[Burgenland Croatian]]
|dia1=[[Buzet dialect|Buzet]]
|dia2=[[Northern Chakavian]]
|dia3=[[Central Chakavian]]
|dia4=[[Southern Chakavian]]
|dia5=[[Southwestern Istrian]]
|dia6=[[Southeastern Chakavian]]
|map=Chakavian.png
|mapcaption=Chakavian and transitional dialects, according to data from M. Kapović, J. Lisac, I. Lukežić
|iso3=ckm
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=chak1265
|glottorefname=Chakavski
|notice=IPA
}}
{{South Slavic languages sidebar}}

'''Chakavian''' or '''Čakavian''' ({{IPAc-en|tʃ|æ|ˈ|k|ɑː|v|i|ə|n}}, {{IPAc-en|tʃ|ə|-}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|k|æ|v|-}}, {{langx|hr|čakavski}} {{IPA|sh|tʃǎːkaʋskiː|}}<ref>{{cite web | work = Hrvatski jezični portal | title = čákavskī | url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=f1tiURA%3D&keyword=%C4%8Dakavski |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> proper name: {{lang|hr|čakavica}} or {{lang|hr|čakavština}} {{IPA|sh|tʃakǎːʋʃtina|}}<ref>{{cite web | work = Hrvatski jezični portal | title = čakávština | url=http://hjp.znanje.hr/index.php?show=search_by_id&id=f1tiURI%3D&keyword=%C4%8Dakav%C5%A1tina |access-date=21 March 2015}}</ref> own name: ''čokovski, čakavski, čekavski'') is a [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] [[supradialect]] or language spoken by [[Croats]] along the Adriatic coast, in the [[historical region]]s of [[Dalmatia]], [[Istria]], [[Croatian Littoral]] and parts of coastal and southern [[Central Croatia]] (now collectively referred to as [[Adriatic Croatia]] or Littoral Croatia), as well as by the [[Burgenland Croats]] as [[Burgenland Croatian]] in southeastern [[Austria]], northwestern [[Hungary]] and southwestern [[Slovakia]] as well as few municipalities in southern [[Slovenia]] on the border with Croatia.

Chakavian represents the basis for early literary standards in [[Croatia]], and until the modern age was simply known and understood, along with the [[Kajkavian]] and [[Shtokavian]] idioms in Croatia, as the [[Croatian language]] (''hrvatski jezik''). Legal and liturgical to literary texts until the 16th century, including literary work by "the father of [[Croatian literature]]" [[Marko Marulić]] and the first Croatian dictionary authored by [[Faust Vrančić]], among others, are mostly Chakavian in their form. The term Chakavian and definition of the dialect date from the mid-19th century.

==Classification==
Historically, the classification of Chakavian has been a subject of much debate regarding both the question of how should it be named and whether it ought to be considered a dialect or a language, as well as the question of what its relation is to neighboring vernaculars (Kajkavian, Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian).

Autonyms used throughout history by various Chakavian writers have been straightforward, ranging from mainly Croatian (''harvatski'', ''harvacki'', ''hrvatski'') to Slavic (''slovinski'') and Illyrian (''illirski''), but also other idioms, Kajkavian and Shtokavian, throughout history were named and understood as Croatian language.<ref name="VidMax"/><ref name="Matic">{{cite news |last=Matić |first=Viktor |date=1 February 2023 |title=Viktor Matić: Jesu li čakavski i kajkavski samosvojni, ili su sastavnice hrvatskoga jezika? |trans-title=Viktor Matić: Are Chakavian and Kajkavian independent, or are they components of the Croatian language? |url=http://heretica.com.hr/viktor-matic-jesu-li-cakavski-i-kajkavski-samosvojni-ili-su-sastavnice-hrvatskoga-jezika/ |language=hr |work=Heretica.com.hr |access-date=10 February 2023 |quote=Nadalje, do XIX. stoljeća nije bilo naziva "štokavski", "kajkavski" ni "čakavski". Te su klasifikacije de facto uobličene tek u XIX. stoljeću, a obrazovnim sustavom popularizirane tek kasnijih desetljeća. Hrvati čakavci, štokavci i kajkavci svoj jezik nikada nisu nazivali "čakavskim", "kajkavskim" ni "štokavskim", a sebe "Čakavcima", "Kajkavcima" ni "Štokavcima". Svoj su jezik vrlo često nazivali "hrvatskim", a sebe "Hrvatima" (u raznim fonološkim varijacijama), i to stoljećima prije Hrvatskoga narodnoga preporoda, formiranja moderne hrvatske nacije i kasnijega populariziranja pojmova "štokavski", "kajkavski" i "čakavski".}}</ref> Chakavian compared to others is one of the oldest written South Slavic varieties that had made a visible appearance in legal documents—as early as 1275 ([[Istrian Demarcation|Istrian land survey]]) and 1288 ([[Vinodol codex]]), where the predominantly vernacular Chakavian is recorded, mixed with elements of Church Slavic. However, in both of them it is named as "Croatian language" (''jazikom harvaskim/hrvatski/hervatski''{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1}}). The term Chakavian (noun ''čakavac'') is first recorded in 1728 in the Ardelio Della Bella's ''Dizionario italiano-latino-illirico'' and in the beginning of the 19th century in [[Joakim Stulić]]'s ''Lexicon latino–italico–illyricum'', while adjective (''čakavski'') in [[Antun Mažuranić]]'s analysis of Vinodol codex (1843).{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1}}<ref name="VidMax"/> No Croatian literary writer used words "čakavac" and "čakavski" to describe their, Croatian, language until the late 19th century, and it is mostly since the 20th century that these terms have been popularized through the education system.<ref name="VidMax"/><ref name="Matic"/><ref name="Bogovic2020">{{cite journal |last=Bogović |first=Lidija |date=2020 |title=Čakavština: čakavski idiomi i hrvatski jezični identitet (Zbornik radova sa znanstvenoga skupa održanoga 21. rujna 2015. u Splitu, ur. Sanja Vulić, Književni krug Split, 2020.) |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/365429 |language=hr |journal=Čakavska rič |volume=XLVIII |issue=1–2 |pages=145–149 |access-date=16 February 2023 |quote=Autorica dalje ističe da se naziv čakavski u narodu prihvaća tek tijekom XX. stoljeća, a da se do tada mjesni govor nazivao ili hrvatski ili po imenu mjesta kojemu govor pripada, navodeći i primjere hrvatske dijaspore, ali i one iz djela hrvatske književnojezične baštine ... U izboru velikoga broja primjera autorica ukazuje na bitno različita rješenja u dvama čakavskim govorima i utvrđuje kako nije moguće govoriti o jedinstvenom čakavskom sustavu na koji se pozivaju oni koji neoprezno pogrješno govore o posebnom čakavskom jeziku.}}</ref> Croatian literary authors of what would later be known as Chakavian and Shtokavian idioms, from different parts of Dalmatia and [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusa]], in corresponding letters wrote that they belonged to the same Croatian nation, and spoke the same language ("časti našega jezika", "naš jezik") which they named as Croatian or Slavic ("kud jezik harvatski prohodi", "slovinski jezik").<ref name="Matic"/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Grčević|first=Mario|year=2013|title=Dubrovačka književnost ni u kojem smislu nije sastavni dio srpske književnosti|journal=Vijenac|pages=516–517|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/516%20-%20517/dubrovacka-knjizevnost-ni-u-kojem-smislu-nije-sastavni-dio-srpske-knjizevnosti-22634/}}</ref> With its name and dialectological or language form, it is mainly a creation advanced by linguists. Today, the term Chakavian is accepted by its speakers and linguists in Croatia, but usually for practical reasons.{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=9, 63}} 

In its almost thousand years, Chakavian has undergone many phonetic, morphological, and syntactical changes -- chiefly in the turbulent mainlands, but less in isolated islands. The problem with classifying Chakavian within Western South Slavic stems in part from there being no unanimous opinion on the set of traits a dialect has to possess to be classified as Chakavian (usually argued only as a gradation of "Chakavism"). Its sub-dialects have various differences but also closeness to neighboring Shtokavian and Kajkavian speeches, and all three dialects are part of a [[dialect continuum]], while their diversification into dialects and languages is mostly political, ethnic and symbolic.{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=9, 63, 621}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kordić |first=Snježana |date=2003 |title=Demagogija umjesto znanosti (odgovor Daliboru Brozoviću) |trans-title=Demagogy instead of science (response to Dalibor Brozović) |url=https://www.bib.irb.hr/430252 |language=hr |journal=Književna republika |volume=1 |issue=7–8 |page=177 |quote=Poznato je, naime, da kompletno južnoslavensko područje predstavlja jedan dijasistem ili, kako drugi termin za to isto glasi, kontinuum dijalekata (Hetzer 1993, 33; Friedmann 1999, 8; Alexander 2000, 4; Kristophson 2000, 180)...}}</ref> From a linguistic point of view, national and other names based on interrogatory pronouns are practical, but also inaccurate as dialect/language definitions; linguists would more precisely replace these with complex isoglosses in the dialect continuum.{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=9, 63}}{{sfn|Zubčić|2017|p=64|ps=:W. Vermeer ne prihvaća ni tradicionalnu podjelu na čakavsko, kajkavsko i štokavsko smatrajući je "teretom" hrvatske dijalektologije i odjekom napuštenih lingvističkih teorija.}}

Dialectologists and Slavists maintain that when the separation of Western South Slavic speeches happened, they separated into five divergent groups, more specifically two, one Slovene and second Serbo-Croatian with four divergent groups - Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian and Eastern Shtokavian.{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=66}}{{sfn|Lukežić|2012|p=}}<ref name="Mijo">{{cite journal |last=Lončarić |first=Mijo |author-link=Mijo Lončarić |date=1988 |title=Rani razvitak kajkavštine |trans-title=Early development of Kajkavian |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/69872 |language=hr |journal=Rasprave |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=92–99 |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Zubčić|2017|p=63–64}} The latter group can be additionally divided into first (Kajkavian, Chakavian, Western Shtokavian) and second (Eastern Shtokavian, Torlakian).<ref name="Mijo"/>{{sfn|Lukežić|1996|p=226–227, 235}} According to isoglosses, and presumed end of existence of the Southwestern Slavic around the 8th-9th century, the formation of the assumed Proto-Chakavian linguistic and territorial unit would be around the 9th-10th century (when it and Proto-Western Shtokavian separated), while of the Chakavian dialect known today between the 12th-16th century.{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=65–66}}{{sfn|Lukežić|2012|p=}}<ref name="Mijo"/>

[[File:Razvitak hrvatskog.png|thumb|Schematic presentation of the development of Chakavian, Western Shtokavian and Kajkavian dialects and sub-dialects, according to data by M. Kapović, J. Lisac, I. Lukežić and M. Lončarić.]]
Very few, trivial, isoglosses exist that separate all Chakavian speeches from all other Western South Slavic dialects nor do exist common isoglosses to all Chakavian sub-dialects from which would be possible a deduction of a "Proto-Chakavian" dialect or language (which is possible with Proto-Kajkavian and Proto-Shtokavian).{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=9–10, 63, 632|ps=:Nema pretjerano smisla govoriti ni o prazapadnojužnoslavenskom iako postoje određene općeZJslav. (tj. opće-slovensko-kajkavsko-čakavsko-štokavske) karakteristike (npr. razvoj tipa *sto > stȏ ‒ §115, 299), kao ni o praslovenskom, prakajkavskom, pračakavskom ili praštokavskom ... podrazumijeva postojanje npr. pračakavskog (koji ne postoji) ... čak. od početka nije jedinstven ... S obzirom na dijalekatski kontinuum i nepravilno širenje izoglosâ, nema smisla govoriti primjerice o praštokavskoj, pračakavskoj ili prakajkavskoj jedinstvenoj akcentuaciji. Kada ovdje govorimo o sln., kajk., čak. i štok., tê nazive treba shvatiti uvjetno ‒ riječ je tradicionalnim nazivima, a ne o genetskim jedinicama. Zanimljivo je pritom primijetiti da je kod ovih tradicionalnih naziva riječ o jednom »jeziku« i tri »narječja«. Sve naglasne razlike između pojedinih sln. dijalekata su mlađe. Iako se lako mogu zamisliti i drugačije potpodjele (npr. odvajanje čakavskog sjevera od ostatka čakavskoga i sl.), to ne bi bitno pridonijelo jasnijoj slici čitave problematike.}} [[Ranko Matasović]] concludes as well that "the Chakavian dialect was never entirely unique, i.e. it is not possible to find common linguistic innovations that would encompass all Chakavian speeches", "while common-Shokavian and common-Kaikavian innovations do exist".{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=35, 65|ps=:Čakavsko narječje nikada nije bilo posve jedinstveno, odnosno nije moguće pronaći zajedničke jezične inovacije koje bi obuhvaćale sve čakavske govore. I danas postoje vrlo znatne razlike između sjevernočakavskoga (na kvarnerskim otocima i u dijelu Istre) i ostalih čakavskih dijalekata ... Štoviše, čak nije moguće pronaći niti zajedničke inovacije koje bi obuhvatile sve dijalekte čakavskoga narječja, dok općeštokavskih i općekajkavskih inovacija ipak ima.}} There exist significant differences between Northern and all other Chakavian sub-dialects,{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=35}} as Northern Chakavian has characteristics common with Slovene and Kajkavian while Southern Chakavian with Western Shtokavian, but also Northern Chakavian has with Shtokavian, and both Northern and Southern Chakavian have with the Kajkavian dialect.{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=10, 64–66}}{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=27}} Many linguists, including [[Aleksandar Belić]], [[Stjepan Ivšić]], Zvonimir Junković, [[Pavle Ivić]], [[Dalibor Brozović]] among others, in their comparative analysis concluded that Chakavian is closely related to Western Shtokavian (particularly those of Schakavian ikavian expression like the [[Slavonian dialect]] and [[Younger Ikavian dialect]]).{{sfn|Zubčić|2017|p=46–48, 56–62}} Ivić for example concluded that the Chakavian dialect is [[Genetic relationship (linguistics)|genetically]] much closer to Shtokavian than Kajkavian, and initially argued that "Historically speaking, Chakavian is to a considerable extent a peripheral zone of Shtokavian which (in) many respects lagged behind the development of the [Shtokavian] core, and which parts developed locally limited innovations (with the fact that its Northwestern branches had from the very beginning specific evolutionary contacts with the Slovenian language)".{{sfn|Zubčić|2017|p=56–59}} Brozović argued four accentological cores from which dialects emerged, one in which were grouped few Chakavian speeches, while the majority of Chakavian speeches were grouped with Western Shtokavian dialect (Southeastern Chakavian) and part of Southern-Slavonian dialect (Northwestern and Central Chakavian).{{sfn|Zubčić|2017|p=62}} Today, Chakavian is mostly considered as a separate and unique linguistic system which can be further divided.{{sfn|Zubčić|2017|p=63–64}}

According to [[Mate Kapović]], some Croatian linguists have a "Chakavian nationalist" desire to prove various speeches as Chakavian which, according to him, is scientifically unsustainable.{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=63}} Josip Silić, for example, argued that Chakavian is not a dialect of Croatian language but a one of three Croatian linguistic systems, a language on its own but without standard,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrvatskiplus.org/article.php?id=1828&naslov=mjesto-standardologije-u-jezikoslovnoj-kroatistici |title=Mjesto standardologije u jezikoslovnoj kroatistici |last=Mićanović |first=Krešimir |date=18 October 2009 |website=hrvatskiplus.org |publisher=Zagrebačka slavistička škola |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> which was met with criticism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ivašković |first=Igor |date=2020 |title=Razlikovanje jezika u hrvatskom jezikoslovlju u svjetlu de Saussureove strukturalističke teorije |trans-title=Language Differentiation in Croatian Linguistics in the Light of de Saussure's Structuralist Theory |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/243215 |language=hr |journal=Jezik |volume=67 |issue=2–3 |pages=65–69}}</ref> At the suggestion of American linguist Kirk Miller in 2019, the Chakavian dialect was recognized by [[SIL International]] as a living language with its own ISO 639-3 code – ''ckm'' in 2020.<ref name="SD"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=ckm {{!}} ISO 639-3 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ckm |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=iso639-3.sil.org |language=en}}</ref> The recognition was mostly met with silence and ignorance in Croatia and by Croatian linguists and scientists (until early 2023 news media reports),<ref name="SD">{{cite news |last=Šarac |first=Damir |date=2 February 2023 |title=Stigla vijest da je čakavski službeno priznat kao jezik, Dalmatinci slave, no lingvistica 'spušta balun': Taj izbor... |trans-title=The news arrived that Chakavian was officially recognized as a language, Dalmatians celebrate, but the linguist "lowers the ball": That choice... |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/dalmacija/s-mora-i-kraja/stigla-vijest-da-je-cakavski-sluzbeno-priznat-kao-jezik-dalmatinci-slave-no-lingvistica-spusta-balun-taj-izbor-1261468 |language=hr |work=[[Slobodna Dalmacija]] |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref> partly because it does not affect dialect status of Chakavian nor does it have relevancy in international and national linguistic science.<ref name="SD"/> Academic and currently leading expert on Chakavian, Silvana Vranić, noted that Chakavian idiom is a dialect group of sub-dialects of Croatian language of Western South-Slavic from which cannot be removed and considered a separate language. She criticized Miller's documentation as it was based on two irrelevant and unscientific sources with "scientific falsehood" (including false claim of low dialectological difference between different Chakavian speeches).<ref name="Nacional23">{{cite news |last=Rogošić |first=Željko |date=11 February 2023 |title=Hrvatski paradoks: Čakavica postala zaseban svjetski jezik |trans-title=Croatian paradox: Chakavian became a separate world language |url=https://www.nacional.hr/hrvatski-paradoks-cakavica-postala-zaseban-svjetski-jezik/ |language=hr |work=[[Nacional (weekly)|Nacional]] |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> Joško Božanić noted the paradox of SIL International, as the institute already registered in 2008 the Croatian language as a South Slavic language with three dialects (Kajkavian, Chakavian, Shtokavian). He considers that the re-valorization of Chakavian idiom should not come from a foreign country, and Croatian initiatives possibly need to aim listing it on UNESCO's [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Red Book list on endangered languages]] in Europe.<ref name="Nacional23"/> [[Josip Bratulić]] and Mira Menac-Mihalić consider that such recognition won't achieve anything, including its preservation, as Chakavian won't be spoken or studied more than it was until now.<ref name="Nacional23"/> {{ill|Domagoj Vidović|hr}} openly criticized it as an example of ignorance and misunderstanding of the Croatian language as well as history, definition and characteristics of the so-called Chakavian dialect. Vidović relates it to the modern Croatian phenomenon of "linguistic separatism" which argues for finding a solution for preserving various Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian idioms from influence of Croatian standard language, although in Croatia various efforts are already made for their preservation and popularization, and the comparatively much longer influence of the [[Italian language]] on Chakavian is ignored.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=5}}<ref name="VidMax">{{cite news |last=Domagoj |first=Vidović |date=31 January 2023 |title=Pogubnost hrvatskoga jezičnog separatizma |trans-title=The fatality of Croatian linguistic separatism |url=https://www.maxportal.hr/kultura/domagoj-vidovic-pogubnost-hrvatskoga-jezicnog-separatizma/ |language=hr |work=Maxportal.hr |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref> Croatian political scientist Viktor Matić considers that the Croatian "linguistic separatism" has antagonism against Croatian standard language but it is also result of previous fetishising of Croatian standard language and Serbo-Croatian language.<ref name="Matic"/>

===Research===
====Early modern age====
The earliest theorization about Chakavian originates in the 19th century nation-building and [[romantic nationalism]]. At the time the widespread belief was that individual ethnic nation must be historically characterized and identified with a specific language (which was argued pseudo-scientifically according interrogatory pronouns, yat reflex, and various historiographical theories usually related to ''[[De Administrando Imperio]]'' from the 10th century). In the beginning of the debate, as Chakavian did not exist yet, Kajkavian was identified with the Croats and Shtokavian with the Serbs (with Shtokavian-speaking Croats considered as "Catholic Serbs"). As soon as theorization about Chakavian began, early Slavists such as [[Josef Dobrovský]], [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik]], [[Jernej Kopitar]], [[Vuk Karadžić]] grouped Chakavian with Shtokavian, but as Shtokavian was perceived as an exclusively Serbian language, the Croats were reduced to merely a toponym (or Chakavian and Shtokavian-speaking "Catholic Serbs"). At the time were also coined terms such as "Slavic-Serbian" and "Serbo-Croatian" language. With new insights by the mid-19th century, Chakavian was considered to be the only and original language of Croats, while Kajkavian was related to the Slovenes, and Shtokavian continued to be related with the Serbs (per Vuk Karadžić etc.). Others however, like [[August Leskien]], continued to advance the older opinion until the late 19th century. The basic premise was that with the Ottoman invasion most of Croatia lost its native ethnic Croatian population because the presumed borders of the Chakavian speakers were reduced, and they therefore became ethnically Serbian. Some believed that Kajkavian-speaking Croats took over Serbian (Shtokavian-Chakavian) literary language. Such, more political than scientific misconceptions were present both on the Serbian and Croatian sides and internationally, and continue to plague the public and less scientific viewpoint and understanding of the Serbo-Croatian dialects, being among pivotal points of legitimacy for the 20th century nationalist revisionism and pretensions (including the recent 1990s [[Yugoslav Wars]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Matić |first=Viktor |date=2022 |title=Velikosrpski diskurs Vojislava Šešelja o ranosrednjovjekovnim Hrvatima |trans-title=Vojislav Šešelj's Greater-Serbian discourse on early medieval Croats |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/419100 |language=hr |journal=Obnova |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=167–186 |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>).<ref name="Grcevic1997">{{cite journal |last=Grčević |first=Mario |date=1997 |title=Zašto slavistika 19. stoljeća nije priznavala postojanje hrvatskoga jezika? Uzroci i posljedice |trans-title=Why did the Slavic studies of the 19th century not acknowledge the existence of the Croatian language? Reasons and consequences |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/207697 |language=hr |journal=Jezik |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Grčević |first=Mario |date=1997 |title=Karadžićeva gledišta o hrvatskome jeziku u slavističkom okružju |trans-title=Karadžić's views on the Croatian language as related to slavistic conceptions |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/207702 |language=hr |journal=Jezik |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=41–58 |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=44–45, 49–52}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grčević |first=Mario |date=2009 |title=Jernej Kopitar kao strateg Karadžićeve književnojezične reforme |trans-title=Jernej Kopitar as a strategist of Karadžić's reform of the literary language |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/44341 |language=hr |journal=Filologija |issue=53 |pages=5, 23, 32, 39 |access-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Grčević|2019|p=124–126, 132, 236}} The terms of Chakavian and Shtokavian dialect were introduced to Croatian [[linguistics]] by [[Antun Mažuranić]] and [[Vjekoslav Babukić]] in the mid-19th century.<ref name="Grcevic1997"/>

====Recent studies====
Due to its archaic nature, early medieval development, and corpus of vernacular literacy, the typical Chakavian dialect has attracted numerous dialectologists who have documented its nuances, so that Chakavian was among the best described Slavic dialects, but its atypical tsakavism was partly neglected and less studied. Contemporary dialectologists are particularly interested in it since it has retained the old accentuation system characterized by a [[Proto-Slavic accent|Proto-Slavic]] new rising accent (''neoacute'') and the old position of stress, and also numerous Proto-Slavic and some [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] archaisms in its vocabulary.{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=18–29}}{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=130–131, 138, 149, 152–153, 161, 168, 185, 187, 194, 212–213, 269}}

Another feature of Chakavian is the strong influence of [[Romance languages]] in its lexicon and phonology (especially from [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Dalmatian language|Dalmatian]] and [[Venetian language|Venetian]]).{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=29}}{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=309–311}} Furthermore, Italian linguist [[Matteo Bartoli]] wrote in 1919 that more than one third of the Chakavian spoken in Istria was loanworded from Neo-Latin (Romance) languages, a percentage similar to the one in the [[Gheg Albanian|Gheg dialect]] of northern coastal Albania.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bartoli |first=Matteo |title=Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia |location=[[Grottaferrata]] |publisher=Tipografia italo-orientale |year=1919}}</ref> It is also well known for many maritime words and terms missing in the Croatian standard language.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Joško |first=Božanić |date=2020 |title=Poziv suradnicima Čakavske riči, svim hrvatskim dijalektolozima i inozemnim slavistima koji se bave istraživanjem čakavskog idioma |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/365417 |language=hr |journal=Čakavska rič |volume=XLVIII |issue=1–2 |pages=4–5 |access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref>

Many lexicons of local Chakavian varieties have been published.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lisac |first=Josip |author-link=Josip Lisac |date=2006 |title=Review of "Rječnik bračkih čakavskih govora Petra Šimunovića u najnovijoj hrvatskoj dijalektalnoj leksikografiji" |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/38899 |language=hr |journal=Čakavska rič |volume=XXXIV |issue=1–2 |pages=51–56 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> The representative modern work in the field is ''Čakavisch-deutsches Lexikon'', vol. 1.-3, Koeln-Vienna, 1979–1983, edited by Croatian linguists Mate Hraste, [[Petar Šimunović]] and German linguist [[Reinhold Olesch]]; Janne Kalsbeek's work on ''The Čakavian Dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria'' (1998); Keith Langston's ''Cakavian Prosody: The Accentual Patterns of the Cakavian Dialects of Croatian'' (2006); [[Josip Lisac]]'s ''Hrvatska Dijalektologija 2. Čakavsko narječje'' (2009), various works by Iva Lukežić, Sanja Zubčić, Silvana Vranić, Sanja Vulić, [[Mate Kapović]] and so on.{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=31–33}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kapović |first=Mate |author-link=Mate Kapović |date=2010 |title=Review of "Josip Lisac: Hrvatska dijalektologija 2. Čakavsko narječje" |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/98467 |language=hr |journal=Filologija |issue=55 |pages=155–158 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref>

==Chakavian literary language==
Since Chakavian was the first [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic dialect]] to emerge from the Church Slavic matrix, both literacy and literature in this dialect abound with numerous texts - from legal and liturgical to literary: lyric and epic poetry, drama, novel in verses, as well as philological works that contain Chakavian vocabulary.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1}} Chakavian idiom was ''de facto'' the main public and official language in medieval Croatia up to the 16th century.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1}} Chakavian literature uses many words of Latin, Dalmatian, and Italian origin due to the millennial long contacts with these languages. When compared different epochs with different status of Chakavian dialect (i.e. Croatian language), such words became more widespread in local speeches in the last few centuries,{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1, 5}} creating various Chakavian-Italian hybrid words.<ref name="Bogovic2020"/><ref name="Nezic2020"/> There also exist significant differences in the lexicon between Northwestern and Southeastern groups of sub-dialects, showing there is no unique Chakavian language system.<ref name="Bogovic2020"/><ref name="Nezic2020"/>

Comparison of earliest texts in Croatia shows that the Slavic language changed until the 11th century and was not exclusively of Chakavian idiom, and Chakavian features started to be widespread only since 12th-13th century when can be dated formation of Chakavian dialect.<ref name="Bogovic2020"/><ref name="Nezic2020">{{cite journal |last=Nežić |first=Ivana |date=2020 |title=Pregršt novih priloga o čakavskim idiomima i hrvatskome jezičnom identitetu (Review) |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/254125 |language=hr |journal=Croatica et Slavica Iadertina |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=502–506 |doi=10.15291/csi.3262 |s2cid=233798134 |access-date=16 February 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref> Monuments of literacy began to appear in the 11th and 12th centuries, and artistic literature in the 15th. There were two zones of Chakavian, northern and southern (both mainly along the Adriatic coast and islands, with centres like Senj, Zadar, Split, Hvar, Korčula). Many of these used Chakavian, and up to the 17th century the texts were written in [[Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic]], [[Bosnian Cyrillic]], and the [[Latin alphabet]].{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1}}{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=36}}

The Chakavian language by far surpassed the position of a simple vernacular dialect and strongly influenced other Croatian literary dialects, particularly Western Shtokavian: the first Shtokavian texts such as the [[Vatican Croatian Prayer Book]], dated to 1400, exhibit numerous literary Chakavianisms.{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=36}} The early Shtokavian literary and philological output, mainly from [[Dubrovnik]] (1500–1600) up to [[Džore Držić]], was essentially a mixed Shtokavian–Chakavian idiom.{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=36}}

The most famous early Chakavian author is [[Marko Marulić]] in 15th-16th century, the "father of [[Croatian literature]]", and were written first Croatian novels and poems.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1–2}}{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=37}} Also, the first Croatian dictionary, authored by [[Faust Vrančić]], is mostly Chakavian in its form.{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=37}} Although in the 18th century was with Kajkavian and Shtokavian one of the basis of Croatian literary centre in [[Ozalj]] (led by Croatian noble families [[Frankopan]] and [[Zrinski]]), the tradition of the Chakavian literary language had declined in the same century, but it has helped shape both Croatian literary language and the standard [[Croatian language]] in many ways, chiefly in morphology and phonetics, and Chakavian dialectal poetry is still a vital part of Croatian literature.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1}}{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=41}}

In the Croatian and world literature, it remerged in the 20th century thanks to early writing of [[Tin Ujević]], Marko Uvodić, [[Miljenko Smoje]],{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=1}} and the most prominent representatives in the 20th century are [[Mate Balota]], [[Vladimir Nazor]] and [[Drago Gervais]]. In 1938, Balota's collection of poems ''Dragi kamen'' was published in [[Zagreb]], while his only novel, ''[[Tight Country: A Novel from Istrian Folk Life]]'', was published in 1946. The novel became a cult among Kvarner and Istrian Croats.<ref name="hrv">{{cite web|title=Mirković, Mijo|url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/mirkovic-mijo|publisher=[[Croatian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=21 March 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210321210537/https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=41145|archive-date=21 March 2021}}</ref> At the end of the 1980s in Istria and Kvarner there began a special subgenre of pop-rock music movement {{ill|Ča-val|hr}} ''(Cha wave)''; artists that were part of this scene used the Chakavian dialect in their lyrics, and often fused rock music with traditional Istra-Kvarner music (most notably [[Alen Vitasović]], [[Gustafi]], {{ill|Šajeta|hr}}).{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=5}}

==Area of use==
[[File:Serbo croatian dialects historical distribution 2.png|thumb|Assumed distribution of Chakavian (blue), Kajkavian (yellow), and Western Shtokavian (green) before 16th century migrations. Modern state borders shown.]]
[[Image:Croatian dialects in Cro and BiH 1.PNG|thumb|Location map of dialects in Croatia and areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croat majority. Chakavian in blue.]]
In the Middle Ages, on the territory of [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)|medieval Croatia]] formed three dialects; Chakavian, Western Shtokavian and Kajkavian.{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=34}} Initially, the Chakavian dialect covered a much wider area than today: the major part of western-central and southern Croatia southwards of [[Kupa]] and westwards of [[Una (Sava)|Una river]], bordering with the western and southwestern [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], including all the Eastern Adriatic islands northwest of [[Mljet]], while substratum of Chakavian in Dalmatia possibly existed all the way to [[Dubrovnik]].{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Matasović|2008|p=35}}{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=2}}{{sfn|Banac|1984|p=47}} Croatian dialectologist Petar Šimunović considered that all area until and with Dubrovnik was originally Chakavian.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=2}} The Dubrovnik area has phonology closer to Southern Chakavian than Eastern Shtokavian.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=2}} It is possible that some Chakavian idioms were also present in early medieval Montenegro and Albania.{{sfn|Grčević|2019|p=66–67}} However, linguists also point to the fact that it is not possible to draw historical border between Chakavian and Shtokavian, especially Western Shtokavian, with certainty.{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=44}}{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=63}} According to Serbian linguist [[Pavle Ivić]], "the question of where the border of these two dialects was in the Middle Ages is not quite appropriate".{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=44–45}}

During and after the Ottoman invasion and subsequent warfare (15th–19th centuries) on the territory of Croatia, the Chakavian dialect area ("jazik hrvatski"{{sfn|Kužić|2006|p=123–124}}) became significantly reduced, and on the Croatian mainland, it has been almost completely replaced by the adjacent Shtokavian dialect.{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=43}} In the process the evident dialect continuum was broken as old transitional dialects were lost.{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=16}}{{sfn|Kapović|2015|p=64}} Based on 35 letters by Ottoman officers in their native language between the mid-16th and mid-17th century in Dalmatia, almost all of them were Chakavian-Schakavian ikavian.{{sfn|Kužić|2006|p=127–130, 149–150}} Today, only [[Northern Chakavian]] and partly [[Buzet dialect]] are widely spoken in the areas where they are located, as all other Chakavian dialects have greatly lost territory, or were assimilated into Shtokavian.{{sfn|Lisac|2009b|pp=145–154}}

According to [[Josip Lisac]], Chakavian dialect would have been the best dialectological basis for the Croatian standard language (Chakavian and Kajkavian nevertheless still had an important active role in the standardization of the Croatian language).{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=43}} The reason it was not chosen for the basis of Croatian standard language in the 19th century is considered to be the significant reduction of dialect area due to previous migrations and change of dialectical contacts, but others disagree and point that such argument initially only hindered scientific research.{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=43, 45}} It certainly was the main, but not only reason, as the "results of convergent Croatian literary and linguistic development" can be traced to literary and sacral works at least since first half of the 16th century.{{sfn|Grčević|1998|p=43–45}} Over time, it was perceived as an archaic, less prestigious dialect.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=4}}

The use of Chakavian varies by the region where it was historically spoken. It is now mostly reduced to Croatia along the eastern Adriatic: Adriatic islands, and sporadically in the mainland coast, with rare inland enclaves up to central Croatia, and minor enclaves in Austria and Montenegro. All of those areas were in contact with [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Dalmatian]] and [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]] languages, which heavily influenced the development of Chakavian.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=4–5}} It is estimated that the share of Croatian language speakers who spoke a Chakavian dialect fell from 23% to 12% over the course of the 20th century.{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=4}}

Areas where Chakavian is spoken include:
* The majority of Adriatic islands, except for the easternmost islands ([[Mljet]] and [[Elafiti]]), the easternmost areas of [[Hvar]] and [[Brač]], and the area around the city of [[Korčula (town)|Korčula]].
* The entire [[Istria]] peninsula, and Kvarner littoral and islands; minor coastal enclaves occur sporadically in the Dalmatian mainland around [[Zadar]], [[Biograd]], [[Split (city)|Split]], and on the [[Pelješac]] peninsula. It has almost vanished in [[Šibenik]] and [[Omiš]].
* Within the Croatian inland, it is  the Gacka valley, and minor enclaves occur in Pokupje valley and [[Žumberak]] hills, northwards around [[Karlovac]].
* A minor enclave of [[Bigova]] (Trašte) at [[Boka Kotorska]] in Montenegro, the mixed [[Čičarija dialect]] in Slovenia, refugees from the Ottoman Empire in [[Burgenland]] (eastern Austria) and around [[Bratislava]], and a substratum in [[Slavomolisano]] 
* Among recent emigrants in North America (chiefly in [[New Orleans]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Vancouver]]).{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=4}}{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=15}}

==Sub-dialects==
[[File:Chackavian dialects.png|thumb|Chakavian dialects in Croatia, according to [[Dalibor Brozović|D. Brozović]]]]
[[File:Map Istrian Dialects Cakavian Brozovic.svg|thumb|
Chakavian dialect in Istria, by [[Dalibor Brozović|D. B.]]
{{legend|#FFFFBB|Northern Chakavian}}
{{legend|#FFCC88|Buzet dialect}}
{{legend|#88EE77|Central Chakavian}}
{{legend|#00CCFF|Southern Chakavian}}
{{legend|#EECCFF|Southwestern Istrian}}]]
There is no unanimous opinion on the set of traits a dialect has to possess to be classified as Chakavian (rather than its admixture with Shtokavian or [[Kajkavian dialect|Kajkavian]]). [[Josip Lisac]] mentions up to 21, but many of them are not common to all Chakavian sub-dialects and often can be found in non-Chakavian dialects.{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=17}} The following traits were mostly proposed:
* interrogatory pronoun is ''"ča"'' or ''"zač"'' (on some islands also ''"ca"'' or ''"zace''");
* old accentuation and 3 accents (mostly in ultima or penultima);
* phonological features that yield /a/ for Old Slavic phonemes in characteristic positions: "language" is ''jazik'' (or zajik) in Chakavian and ''jezik'' in Shtokavian;
* /j/ as in Slovene and Kajkavian where Shtokavian has /dʑ/ ⟨đ⟩: Chakavian, Slovene, Kajkavian ''meja'', Shtokavian ''međa'' ("border");
* historic /m/ shifted to /n/ at the end of words, unlike in Shtokavian: standard Croatian ''volim'' ("I love"), ''sam'' ("I am"), ''selom'' ("village" - Instrumental case), Chakavian ''volin'', ''san'', ''selon''.
* in conditional occur specific prefixes: ''bin-, biš-, bimo-, bite-'', ''bis''
* contracted or lacking aorist tense;
* some subdialects on island of Pag have kept the archaic form of imperfect

The Chakavian dialect is divided along several criteria. In the older literature of [[Aleksandar Belić]], [[Stjepan Ivšić]], [[Pavle Ivić]], [[Dalibor Brozović]] and others it was mostly divided into two (Northern and Southern, later, Northwestern and Southeastern) or three main varieties (Northwestern, Central, Southeastern), while in the work by Willem Vermeer and Keith Langston there are three main varieties (Northwestern, Central, Southeastern).{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=30}}{{sfn|Zubčić|2017|p=45, 56–64}}{{sfn|Marinković|2018|p=342}}

According to the reflex of the Common Slavic phoneme [[Yat#Serbo-Croatian|yat]] */ě/, there are four varieties:
# ''Ekavian'' (northeastern Istria, Rijeka and Bakar, Cres island): */ě/ > /e/
# ''Ikavian–Ekavian'' (islands Lošinj, Krk, Rab, Pag, Dugi Otok, Ugljan, mainland Vinodol and Pokupje): */ě/ > /i/ or /e/, according to [[Jakubinskij's law]]
# ''Ikavian'' (southwestern Istria, islands Brač, Hvar, Vis, Korčula, Pelješac, Dalmatian coast at Zadar and Split, inland Gacka): */ě/ > /i/
# ''Ijekavian'' (Lastovo island, Janjina on Pelješac): */ě/ > /je/ or /ije/

Obsolete literature commonly refers to Ikavian–Ekavian dialects as "mixed", which is a misleading term because the yat reflexes were governed by Jakubinskij's law. According to Lisac, division per reflex of yat is most reasonable, although even then exist significant sub-level differences.{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=30–31}}

According to their tonal (accentual) features, Chakavian dialects are divided into the following groups:
# dialects with the "classical" Chakavian three-tone system
# dialects with two tonic accents
# dialects with four tonic accents similar to that of Shtokavian dialects
# dialects with four-tonic Shtokavian system
# dialects mixing traits of the first and the second group

Using a combination of accentual and phonological criteria, Croatian dialectologists [[Dalibor Brozović]] (1988) and [[Josip Lisac]] (2009) divide Chakavian into six (sub)dialects:{{sfn|Vidović|2018|p=4}}{{sfn|Lisac|2009|p=30}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Reflex of Common Slavic [[yat]]
! Distribution
|-
| [[Buzet dialect]]
| Ekavian (closed ''e'')
| Northern Istria around [[Buzet]]; transitional Northern Chakavian-Slovene dialect
|-
| [[Northern Chakavian]]
| Ekavian
| Northeastern Istria, Central Istria around [[Pazin]] and [[Žminj]], [[Labin]], [[Kastav]], [[Rijeka]], [[Cres]]
|-
| [[Central Chakavian]]<br>(Middle Chakavian)
| Ikavian–Ekavian
| [[Dugi Otok]], [[Kornati]], [[Lošinj]], [[Krk]], [[Rab (island)|Rab]], [[Pag (island)|Pag]], [[Ugljan (island)|Ugljan]] (except the southernmost Southern Chakavian village of [[Kukljica]], exhibiting many shared features with Ugljan's otherwise Central Chakavian dialects), [[Vinodol, Croatia|Vinodol]], [[Ogulin]], [[Brinje]], [[Otočac]], [[Duga Resa]], part of Central and Northeastern Istria
|-
| [[Southern Chakavian]]
| Ikavian
| [[Korčula]], [[Pelješac]], [[Brač]], [[Hvar]], [[Vis (town)|Vis]], [[Šolta]], outskirts of [[Split (city)|Split]] and [[Zadar]], Northwestern Istria
|-
| [[Southwestern Istrian]]
| Ikavian
| Southwestern and Northeastern ("[[Lanišće|Vodice]] oasis") part of Istria; transitional Southern Chakavian-Western Shtokavian dialect
|-
| [[Southeastern Chakavian]]
| Ijekavian
| [[Lastovo]], [[Janjina]] on Pelješac, [[Bigova]] on the south of [[Montenegro]]
|}

==Non-palatal tsakavism==
Besides the usual Chakavian (with typical pronoun "ča"), in some Adriatic islands and in eastern Istria another special variant is also spoken which lacks most palatals, with other parallel deviations called ''"tsakavism"'' (cakavizam):
* palatal "č" is replaced by the sibilant "ts" (c): pronouns '''ca''' and ''zac'' (or ''ce'' and ''zace'').
* palatals ''š'' (sh) and ''ž'' (zh) are replaced by sibilants ''s'' and ''z'' (or transitive sj and zj).
* ''đ'' (dj){{clarify|reason="đ" was supposed to have merged into "j"|date=September 2023}}, ''lj'' and ''nj'' are replaced by the simple ''d, l'' and ''n'' (without [[iotation]]).
* Frequent ''diphthongs'' instead of simple vowels: o > ''uo,'' a > ''oa,'' e > ''{{not a typo|ie}}'', etc.
* ''Yat'' (jat): longer ''y'' (= ue) exists in addition to the usual short ''i'' (or e).
* [[Appurtenance]] is often noted by possessive ''dative'' (rarely adjective nor genitive)
* Vocative is mostly lacking and replaced by a nominative in appellating construction.
* Auxiliary particles are always before the main verb: ''se-'' (self), ''bi-'' (if), ''će-'' (be).

The largest area of tsakavism is in eastern Istria at Labin, Rabac and a dozen nearby villages; minor mainland enclaves are the towns Bakar and Trogir. Atavism{{Definition needed|date=September 2021}} is also frequent in Adriatic islands: part of Lošinj and nearby islets, Ist, Baška in Krk, Pag town, the western parts of Brač ([[Milna]]), Hvar town, and the entire island of Vis with adjacent islets.

The first two features are similar to [[mazurzenie]] in Polish, where it is present in many dialects, and [[ts–ch merger|tsokanye]], occurring in the [[Old Novgorod dialect]].

==Phonology==
{{improve|reason=Add vowels|date=November 2023}}

The basic phonology of Chakavian, with representation in [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]] and IPA, is as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="vertical-align: center;"
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|- align=center
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}<br>'''m'''
| {{IPA link|n}}<br>'''n'''
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}<br>'''nj'''
| &nbsp;
|-align=center
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| {{IPA link|p}} &nbsp; {{IPA link|b}} <br>'''p''' &nbsp; '''b'''
| {{IPA link|t}} &nbsp; {{IPA link|d}} <br>'''t''' &nbsp; '''d'''
|
| {{IPA link|c}} &nbsp; &nbsp;  <br>'''ć''' &nbsp; &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|k}} &nbsp; {{IPA link|ɡ}} <br>'''k''' &nbsp; '''g'''
|-align=center
! [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA link|ts}} &nbsp; &nbsp;  <br>'''c''' &nbsp; &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} &nbsp; &nbsp;  <br>'''č''' &nbsp; &nbsp;
|
| &nbsp;
|-align=center
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|f}} &nbsp; &nbsp;  <br>'''f''' &nbsp; &nbsp;
| {{IPA link|s}} &nbsp; {{IPA link|z}} <br>'''s''' &nbsp; '''z'''
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} &nbsp; {{IPA link|ʒ}} <br>'''š''' &nbsp; '''ž'''
|
| {{IPA link|x}} &nbsp; &nbsp;  <br>'''h''' &nbsp; &nbsp;
|-align=center
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}<br>'''v'''
| {{IPA link|l}}<br>'''l'''
| {{IPA link|j}}<br>'''j'''
|
|
|-align=center
! [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}<br>'''r'''
|
|
|
|}

==Chakavian media==
* The biannual periodical ''Čakavska rič'' (Chakavian Word), with 50 annual volumes, published from 1971 by the Literary Association (''Književni krug'') in [[Split, Croatia|Split]].
* The annual periodical ''Pannonische Jahrbuch'' with dozen volumes partly in Chakavian of Burgenland Croats, published since 1994 by the ''Pannonisches Institut'' in Gutterbach (Burgenland, Austria).
* The annual periodical ''Vinodolski zbornik'' with a dozen volumes published in Crikvenica, including different texts in the local Chakavian of the Vinodol Valley.
* The annual singing festival ''[[Melodije Istre i Kvarnera]]'' takes place every year in different towns of the Istria and Kvarner regions. Performers perform in local Chakavian dialects exclusively.
* A major perpetual program in the Chakavian of Dalmatia is given by the local television stations in Split, Rijeka, and Pula. Other minor half-Chakavian media with temporary Chakavian contents also include the local radio programs in the cities of [[Split (city)|Split]] and [[Rijeka]] and [[Krk]] island radio.

==Examples==
* {{lang|ckm|Ča je, je, tako je vavik bilo, ča će bit, će bit, ma nekako će već bit!}} (mainland half-Chakavian)
* {{lang|ckm|Ca je, je, tako je vajka bilo, ca će bit, će bit, ma nekokor će već bit!}} (vicinity of Labin in eastern Istria)
* {{lang|ckm|Do Boh da bi strela vo te hitila!}} (vicinity of Labin in eastern Istria)

==See also==
*[[Dialects of Serbo-Croatian]]
*[[Anti-Croat sentiment]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Banac |first=Ivo |author-link=Ivo Banac |date=1984 |title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics |url= |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0801416752}}
* {{cite journal |last=Grčević |first=Mario |date=1998 |title=Zablude o istočnohercegovačkim govorima kao dijalekatnoj osnovici hrvatskoga književnoga jezika |trans-title=Zablude o istočnohercegovačkim govorima kao dijalekatnoj osnovici hrvatskoga književnoga jezika |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/222314 |language=hr |journal=Jezik |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=41–56}}
* {{cite book |last=Grčević |first=Mario |date=2019 |title=Ime "Hrvat" u etnogenezi južnih Slavena |trans-title=The name "Croat" in the ethnogenesis of the southern Slavs |location=[[Zagreb]], [[Dubrovnik]] |publisher=Hrvatski studiji Sveučilišta u Zagrebu – Ogranak Matice hrvatske u Dubrovniku |isbn=978-953-7823-86-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Kapović |first=Mate |author-link=Mate Kapović |date=2015 |title=Povijest hrvatske akcentuacije. Fonetika |trans-title=History of Croatian Accentuation. Phonetics |url=https://www.bib.irb.hr/793569 |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |isbn=978-953-150-971-8}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kužić |first=Krešimir |date=2006 |title=Jesu li južnohrvatski muslimani bili čakavci? |trans-title=Were Southern Croatian Moslems Chakavian? |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/38903 |language=hr |journal=Čakavska rič |volume=XXXIV |issue=1–2 |pages=121–150}}
* {{cite book |last=Lisac |first=Josip |author-link=Josip Lisac |date=2009 |title=Hrvatska Dijalektologija 2. Čakavsko narječje |trans-title=Croatian Dialectology 2: Chakavian dialect |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=Golden Marketing-Tehnička knjiga |isbn=9789532121698}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lisac |first=Josip |author-link=Josip Lisac |date=2009b |title=Tri dijalekta triju narječja kao najizrazitiji primjeri migracija u hrvatskome jeziku |trans-title=Three Dialects from Three Different Dialect Groups as the Most Representative Examples of Migrations in the Croatian Language |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/212627 |language=hr |journal=Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik |volume=15 |pages=}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lukežić |first=Iva |date=1996 |title=Prilog raspravi o genezi hrvatskih narječja |trans-title=A contribution to the treatise of the beginnings of Croatian dialects |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/132679 |language=hr |journal=Fluminensia |volume=8 |issue=1–2 |pages=223–236}}
* {{cite book |last=Lukežić |first=Iva |date=2012 |title=Zajednička povijest hrvatskih narječja, 1. Fonologija |trans-title=Common history of Croatian dialects: 1. Phonology |url=https://www.bib.irb.hr/537121 |language=hr |location=Rijeka |publisher=Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada; Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci; Katedra Čakavskoga sabora Grobnišćine |isbn=978-953-169-235-9}}
* {{cite journal |last=Marinković |first=Marina |date=2018 |title=Čakavska akcentuacija u krupnom planu (Review of Zubčić, Sanja. 2017. Neocirkumfleks u čakavskom narječju. Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci. Rijeka.) |trans-title=A Close-Up on Chakavian Accentuation |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/203813 |language=hr |journal=Rasprave |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=340–345}}
* {{cite book |last=Matasović |first=Ranko |author-link=Ranko Matasović |date=2008 |title=Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika |trans-title=Comparative and historical grammar of Croatian |language=hr |location=Zagreb |publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]] |isbn=978-953-150-840-7}}
* {{cite journal |last=Vidović |first=Domagoj |date=2018 |title=Ča je ča reći ću van ja – čakavsko narječje od epigrafskih spomenika do ča-vala |trans-title=Cha je cha I will tell you - Chakavian dialect from epigraphic inscriptions until Cha-wave |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/210104 |language=hr |journal=Hrvatski Jezik |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=1–5}}
* {{cite book |last=Zubčić |first=Sanja |date=2017 |title=Neocirkumfleks u čakavskom narječju |trans-title=Neocircumflex in the Čakavian |url=http://izdavastvo.ffri.hr/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Sanja-Zubcic-Neocirkumfleks-u-cakavskom-narjecju.pdf |language=hr |location=Rijeka |publisher=Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci |isbn=978-953-7975-50-0}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Aleksandar Belić|A. Belić]]: "O čakavskoj osnovnoj akcentuaciji". Glas SAN (168) 1935. 1–39 pp
* J. Božanić (ed.), etc.: ''[https://hrcak.srce.hr/cakavska-ric Čakavska rič]'', volume 1-50, Književni krug Split, 1971–2022
* [[Božidar Finka|B. Finka]]: "Čakavsko narječje". ČR (1) 1, 1971. 11–71 pp
* B. Finka: "Naputak za ispitivanje i obrađivanje čakavskih govora". Hrvatski dijalektološki zbornik 3, Zagreb 1973. 5–76 pp
* [[Josip Hamm|J. Hamm]], [[Mate Hraste|M. Hraste]], P. Guberina: "[https://hrcak.srce.hr/195355 Govor otoka Suska]". HDZ 1, Zagreb 1956. 5–213 pp
* M. Hraste, [[Petar Šimunović|P. Šimunović]], R. Olesch: ''Čakavisch-deutsches Lexikon'', Band I-III, Köln-Wien, 1979 - 1983. 354-253-620 pp
* [[Pavle Ivić|P. Ivić]]: "Prilog karakterizaciji pojedinih grupa čakavskih govora". HDZ 5, Zagreb 1981. 67–91 pp
* J. Kalsbeek: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ExIm5OHoO4C&dq=cakavian+orbanici&pg=PR1 The Čakavian Dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria]''. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998. 608 pp
* [[Mate Kapović|M. Kapović]]: "[https://hrcak.srce.hr/144198 Čakavsko i kajkavsko u donjosutlanskoj akcentuaciji (na primjeru govora Drinja)]". HDZ 15, 2009. 195–209 pp
* M. Kranjčević: ''Ričnik gacke čakavšćine''. Čakavski sabor, Otočac 2003. 1190 pp
* K. Langston: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BjeAAAAAIAAJ&q=cakavian+Langston Cakavian Prosody: The Accentual Patterns of the Cakavian Dialects of Croatian]''. Bloomington: Slavica 2006. 314 pp
* I. Lukežić: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZxiAAAAMAAJ Trsatsko-bakarska i crikvenička čakavština]''. Izdavački centar Rijeka, Rijeka 1996. 164 pp
* I. Lukežić: "[https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/103059 Lične zamjenice u čakavskom narječju (sinkronijski i dijakronijski uvid)]". Rasprave (26), 2000. 99–128 pp
* I. Lukežić, S. Zubčić: ''Grobnički govor XX. stoljeća''. Katedra Čakavskog sabora Grobnišćine, Rijeka 2007. 769 pp
* Ž. Martinović: ''Rječnik govora otoka Iža''. Gradska knjižnica Zadar, 2005. 540 pp
* B. Matoković-Dobrila: ''Ričnik velovaroškega Splita''. Denona, Zagreb 2004.
* F. Maričin-Mohorovičić: ''Rječnik čakavskog govora Rukavca i bliže okolice''. Adamić, Rijeka – Opatija – Matulji 2001. 405 pp
* M. Moguš: ''Čakavsko narječje - fonologija''. Školska knjiga, Zagreb 1977. 103 pp
* I. Oštarić: ''Rječnik kolanjskoga govora ili Ričnik mista Kolana na otoku Pagu''. Matica hrvatska, Zadar 2005. 651 pp
* L. Radulić: ''Rječnik rivanjskoga govora''. Matica hrvatska, Zadar 2002. 355 pp
* J. Ribarić: ''O istarskim dijalektima: razmještaj južnoslavenskih dijalekata na poluotoku Istri s opisom vodičkog govora''. Josip Turčinović, Pazin 2002. 278 pp
* A. Roki-Fortunato: ''Libar Viškiga jazika''. Libar Publishing, Toronto 1997. 607 pp
* H. Steinhauer: ''Čakavian Studies''. Mouton, Hague - Paris, 1973. 505 pp
* P. Šimunović: ''Rječnik bračkih čakavskih govora'', Brevijar, Supetar 2006. 1210 pp
* P. Šimunović: ''Čakavska čitanka'', Golden marketing - Tehnička knjiga, Zagreb 2011. 453 pp
* N. Šprljan: "[https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/353521 Fonološke karakteristike čakavskih kopnenih govora zadarske okolice]". Rasprave (46), 10.31724/rihjj.46.1.15, 2020. 373–405 pp
* Z. Turina, A. Šepić-Tomin: ''Rječnik čakavskih izraza - područje Bakarca i Škrljeva'', Riječko književno i naučno društvo, Rijeka 1977. 240 pp
* N. Velčić: ''Besedar Bejske Tramuntane''. Čakavski sabor i Adamić, Cres-Lošinj 2003. 579 pp
* W. Vermeer: ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40996895 On the Principal Sources for the Study of Čakavian Dialects with Neocircumflex in Adjectives and e-Presents]''. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics (Vol. 2), BRILL, 1982. 279–340 pp
* R. Vidović: ''Čakavske studije''. Čakavski sabor, Split 1978. 195 pp
* S. Vranić: ''Govori sjeverozapadnoga makrosustava na otoku Pagu, 1. fonologija''. Matica hrvatska Novalja, 2002. 146 pp
* S. Vranić: ''Govori sjeverozapadnoga makrosustava na otoku Pagu, 2. morfologija''. Matica hrvatska Ogranak Novalja, FFRI, 2011. 235 pp
* S. Vranić: ''Čakavski ekavski dijalekt: sustav i podsustavi''. Filozofski fakultet u Rijeci, Odsjek za kroatistiku, 2005. 376 pp
* S. Vranić, I. Oštarić: ''Rječnik govora Novalje na otoku Pagu''. Ogranak Matice hrvatske u Novalji, FFRI, 2016. 896 pp
* S. Vulić (Vranković): "O rječnicima izvornih čakavskih govora". Rječnik i društvo, Zagreb 1993. 383–387 pp
* S. Vulić Vranković (ed.): ''Čakavština: Čakavski idiomi i hrvatski jezični identitet''. Književni krug Split, 2020. 127 pp
* S. Zajceva: "Specifična slovenska leksika u savremenim čakavskim govorima". Prilozi proučavanju jezika (3), 1967. 69–110 pp

== External links ==
* {{citation|title=Čakavsko narječje |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/cakavsko-narjecje |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Encyclopaedia]] |year=2021 |language=hr}}
* {{citation|title=Čakavsko narječje |url=https://proleksis.lzmk.hr/16441/ |encyclopedia=[[Proleksis Encyclopedia]] |year=2015 |language=hr}}
* {{citation|title=Čakavsko narječje u Istri |url=http://istra.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=606 |encyclopedia=[[Istrian Encyclopedia]] |year=2005 |language=hr}}
* [http://www.istarski-rjecnik.com/ Dictionary of Istrian dialects]

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{{Slavic languages}}

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[[Category:Dialects of Serbo-Croatian]]
[[Category:South Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Croatian language]]
[[Category:Croatian dialects]]