View source for Cerdd Dant

[[File:Julius Caesar Ibbetson - Penillion singing near Conwy.png|thumb|right|''{{lang|cy|Penillion}} singing near Conwy'' (1792) by [[Julius Caesar Ibbetson]]]]
{{listen|filename=Yr Hen Glochydd - Nansi Richards.ogg|title=''Yr Hen Glochydd''|description=[[Nansi Richards]] (harp) and Emrys Jones (tenor)}}
{{Language with name/for|cy|'''{{lang|cy|Cerdd Dant}}'''|string music|paren=left}}, or '''''{{lang|cy|penillion}}''''')  is the art of vocal improvisation over a given [[melody]] in [[Wales|Welsh]] [[music]]al tradition. It is an important competition in {{lang|cy|[[eisteddfod]]au}}. The singer or (small) [[choir]] sings a counter melody over a [[harp]] melody.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cerdd-dant.org/about.html |title=About Cerdd Dant |publisher={{lang|cy|Cymdeithas Cerdd Dant Cymru}} |access-date=5 May 2012 |quote=The harp always plays a set melody – a traditional melody or a melody composed in the traditional style. The singer waits for a few bars and then sings his or her words on a counter melody}}</ref>

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2021}}
{{lang|cy|Cerdd Dant}} is a unique tradition of singing lyrics over a harp melody. Traditional singers who sang in stately homes tended to sing in a Welsh language that had strict rules about metre, rhyme, and acceleration. {{lang|cy|Cerdd Dant}} is usually performed by a solo singer and a harpist; however, it is also performed by choirs and with several harps. A common form is have a harp melody written down or a well known tune, while the vocalist improvises their own harmony while singing a poem.

When sung in a competition, there are strict rules about rhythm and cadences. When finishing a piece, the final verse has to end on a perfect cadence that is close to the home key so that the ending of the song is clear. In Wales, during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, two arts flourished side by side: ''{{lang|cy|[[cerdd dafod]]}}'' (the craft of the tongue, poetical craft) and ''{{lang|cy|cerdd dant}}'' (the craft of string music). The poets and musicians were part of an all-embracing bardic system. The poets wrote verse of an occasional nature, praising the exploits and virtues of their patrons: the Welsh nobility and high-ranking clergy. They also provided elegies, devotional poetry, commemorated the generous acts of their patrons and satirised certain people in verses which might have the intensity of curses. The art of poetry was learnt orally, i.e. examples were learnt by heart and exercises given as spoken instruction. Part of the poet or musician's craft was the ability to remember the important work of previous generations. One of the spurs to the active and generous patronage of poets must have been the prospect that one's name and deeds would live forever.

In descending social order came: poet, harper, {{lang|cy|[[crwth]]}} player and the specialised singer of bardic verse, the ''{{lang|cy|datgeiniad}}''. The crafts of poetry and instrumental music were interdependent and the performance of a new poem, at its most splendid, probably required the services of the ''{{lang|cy|datgeiniad}}'', harpist and/or ''{{lang|cy|crwth}}'' player; no doubt superintended by the poet. Between the beginning of the 14th century and the end of the 16th century Welsh poetical forms were brought to an extreme pitch of elaboration.

==Popularity==
{{lang|cy|Cerdd Dant}} is still an important part of Welsh culture and is continued to the present day. It is a major element of the [[National Eisteddfod]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/southwestwales/hi/tv_and_radio/newsid_8161000/8161287.stm |title=National Eisteddfod on television |publisher=[[BBC Wales]] |date=21 July 2009 |access-date=3 January 2020 |quote=As part of the celebration, a united male voice {{lang|cy|cerdd dant}} choir has been formed with members drawn from five choirs}}</ref> and an annual festival celebrating {{lang|cy|Cerdd Dant}} is held each year.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.s4c.cymru/en/press/page/34571/press-pack-w46/ |title=Press Pack W46 |publisher=[[S4C]] |quote=The {{lang|cy|Gŵyl Cerdd Dant}} 2019 is being held in Llanelli for the first time in its history  |year=2019 |access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Welsh folk music}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medieval music genres]]
[[Category:16th-century music genres]]
[[Category:Welsh-language music]]
[[Category:Welsh styles of music]]