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{{Short description|Monument to a person whose remains are elsewhere}}
{{about|cenotaphs in general|the war memorial in London|The Cenotaph|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}

[[File:UK-2014-London-The Cenotaph.jpg|thumb|[[The Cenotaph]], Whitehall, London]]
[[File:StatueArchbishopMakariosIIINikosKotziamanisMar162023 04.jpg|thumb|The statue of Archbishop [[Makarios III]] near the [[Kykkos Monastery]] in [[Cyprus]]]]
[[File:Huddy Grave Marker.jpg|thumb|Cenotaph headstone for [[Joshua Huddy]], [[Manalapan, New Jersey]]]]
[[File:Basilica di saint Denis tomba luigi xvi e maria antonietta.JPG|thumb|Cenotaph for [[Louis XVI]] and [[Marie Antoinette]], [[Basilique Saint-Denis]], [[France]]]]

A '''cenotaph''' is an empty [[grave]], [[tomb]] or a [[monument]] erected in honor of a person or group of people whose remains are elsewhere or have been lost. It can also be the initial tomb for a person who has since been reinterred elsewhere. Although the majority of cenotaphs honor individuals, many noted cenotaphs are also dedicated to the [[memorialization|memories]] of groups of individuals, such as the lost soldiers of a country or of an empire.

==Etymology==
"''Cenotaph''" means "empty tomb"  and  is derived from the Greek {{langx|el|κενοτάφιον|kenotaphion|label=none}}, a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound word]] that is created from the [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological combination]] of two root words:<ref name=Whitney>{{citation
 | title=The Century Dictionary: The Century dictionary | first1=William Dwight | last1=Whitney | publisher=Century Company | year=1914 | page=882 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0dFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA882 }}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|kenota/fion|κενοτάφιον}}, {{LSJ|keno/s|κενός}}, {{LSJ|ta/fos1|τάφος|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{OEtymD|cenotaph}}</ref> 
# {{langx|el|κενός|kenos|label=none}} meaning "empty"
# {{langx|el|τάφος|taphos|label=none}} meaning "tomb", from {{langx|el|θαπτω|thapto|I bury|label=none}}

==History==
[[File:Limyra Cenotaph of Gaius Caesar 3746.jpg|thumb|The [[Limyra]] cenotaph for [[Gaius Caesar]], [[Turkey]]]]Cenotaphs were common in the ancient world. Many were built in [[Ancient Egypt]], [[Ancient Greece]] and across Northern Europe (in the shape of [[Neolithic]] [[tumulus|barrow]]s).

The [[The Cenotaph, Whitehall |cenotaph in Whitehall]], London, designed in 1919 by [[Sir Edwin Lutyens]], influenced the design of many other war memorials in Britain and in the British sectors of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], as well as those in other [[Commonwealth Nations|Commonwealth nations]]. Lutyens' cenotaph was chosen as a deliberately secular monument.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Snow |first1=Dan |title=Remembrance Sunday should not be dominated by religion |date=6 November 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/nov/06/remembrance-sunday-lack-of-secular-presence |publisher=Guardian}}</ref> 

The [[Church of Santa Engrácia]], in [[Lisbon]], Portugal, turned into a National Pantheon in 1966, holds six cenotaphs, namely to [[Luís de Camões]], [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]], [[Vasco da Gama]] and [[Henry the Navigator]].

The [[Basilica di Santa Croce]] in [[Florence]], [[Italy]], contains a number of cenotaphs, including one for [[Dante Alighieri]], who is buried in [[Ravenna]].

==Regional==

===Africa===
====South Africa====
[[Durban]] has a striking and unusual [[Durban cenotaph|cenotaph]] made of granite and lavishly decorated with brightly coloured ceramics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=David |date=2008-06-14 |title=Cenotaph, Durban |url=https://artdecobuildings.blogspot.com/2008/06/cenotaph-durban.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Art Deco Buildings}}</ref>

[[Gqeberha]] (its former name  [[Port Elizabeth]]) has a cenotaph. Located on the edge of [[St George's Park, Port Elizabeth|St George's Park]] in Rink Street, it was designed by Elizabeth Gardner to commemorate the men who died in the First World War (1914–1918) and was erected by the monumental mason firm of Pennachini Bros. On either side of the central sarcophagus are statues by Technical College Art School principal, James Gardner, who served in the trenches during the war. One depicts St George and the Dragon, the other depicts the sanctity of family life. Surrounding the sarcophagus are a number of bas-relief panels depicting scenes and people during the First World War.  It was unveiled by Mrs W F Savage and dedicated by Canon Mayo on 10 November 1929. A surrounding memorial wall commemorates the men and women killed during World War II.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}

====Zambia====
In Livingstone there is a cenotaph at the Eastern Cataract of The [[Victoria Falls]] with the names of the men of Northern Rhodesia who died during the Great War 1914–18. It was unveiled by [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]] on 1 August 1923.

There is also a cenotaph in [[Lusaka]] at Embassy Park, opposite the Cabinet Office along Independence Avenue, and commemorates those Zambians who fought and died in World Wars I & II. The cenotaph was commemorated in 1977.<ref>The Zambian Freedom Trail Project, pamphlet phase 1 published with support by U.S. Embassy, Lusaka, Zambia</ref>

===The Americas===
====Argentina====
[[File:Monumento Malvinas Plaza San Martin I.jpg|thumb|''[[Monumento a los caídos en Malvinas]]'' (Monument for the fallen in the [[Falklands War]]) is located in Plaza San Martin.]]

A monument which has come to be known to as the "Cenotaph" was erected in [[Plaza San Martín (Buenos Aires)|Plaza San Martín]], in downtown [[Buenos Aires]], to commemorate the Argentinian soldiers who died during the [[Falklands War]], in 1982. The monument consists of a series of plaques of black marble with the names of the fallen, surrounding a flame, and during the day is guarded by two soldiers.

Another cenotaph, which is a replica of the [[Argentine Military Cemetery]] in [[Darwin, Falkland Islands|Darwin]] on the [[Falkland Islands]], exists in [[Campo de Mayo]], a large Army facility and training field just outside Buenos Aires.

====Bermuda====
A limestone replica of the Cenotaph at Whitehall in London was erected outside the Cabinet Building in [[Hamilton, Bermuda]] (with the cornerstone laid in 1920, and the completed monument unveiled in 1925).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bermuda-attractions.com/bermuda2_000085.htm|title=Bermuda Cenotaph|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

====Canada====
In Canada, major cenotaphs commemorating the nation's war dead in World War I and later conflicts include the [[National War Memorial (Canada)|National War Memorial]] (a cenotaph surmounted by a bronze sculpture entitled "The Response") in [[Ottawa]]; [[Montreal]], [[Toronto]], [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[National War Memorial (Newfoundland)|St. John's]], [[Grand Parade (Halifax)#The Cenotaph|Halifax]], and the [[Victory Square, Vancouver#The Cenotaph and the Old Courthouse|Victory Square Cenotaph]], in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia.

====Falkland Islands====
[[File:Falklands War Memorial, Stanley (Falkland Islands).jpg|thumb|The Liberation Memorial situated in front of the Secretariat Building in [[Stanley, Falkland Islands]], overlooking [[Stanley Harbour]]]]
In the [[Falkland Islands]], there are several war memorials to commemorate those killed in the [[Falklands War]] in 1982. The main memorial for [[Falkland Islanders]] is the [[1982 Liberation Memorial]], a cenotaph erected in [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] in 1984 which lists all the British Army regiments, RAF squadrons, Royal Navy vessels and the Royal Marine formations and units that took part in the conflict. The names of the 255 British military personnel who died during the war are listed on ten plaques behind the Memorial, divided into the service branches.

Services are held at the Memorial each year on 14 June ([[Liberation Day (Falkland Islands)|Liberation Day]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2017/06/14/commemorations-for-35th-anniversary-of-liberation-day-held-in-falklands|title=Commemorations for 35th anniversary of Liberation Day held in Falklands|work=MercoPress|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref> and on [[Remembrance Sunday]], with [[Remembrance poppy#United Kingdom|wreaths]] being laid at the foot of the Memorial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2017/11/10/falklands-observance-of-remembrance-day-on-sunday-12-november|title=Falklands Observance of Remembrance Day on Sunday 12 November|work=MercoPress|access-date=2018-02-14}}</ref>

====United States====
[[File:Indianapolis-1888215.jpg|thumb|The [[Indiana_World_War_Memorial_Plaza#Cenotaph_Square|Indiana World War Memorial]] contains a public cenotaph to honor [[James Bethel Gresham]], perhaps the first member of the [[American Expeditionary Force]] killed in [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/indianapolis/wwmemorialplaza.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123002040/http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/indianapolis/wwmemorialplaza.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2008 |title=Indiana World War Memorial Plaza Historic District |publisher=National Park Service|access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> |left]]
In the [[United States]], a cenotaph in [[Yale University]]'s Hewitt Quad (or [[Beinecke Plaza]]) honours men of Yale who died in battle. The [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial]] in [[Dallas]] is often described as a cenotaph.

The [[Battle Monument]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] commemorates the [[Battle of Baltimore]], the [[Battle of North Point]] on 12 September 1814, the [[Fort McHenry|Bombardment of Fort McHenry]] on 13–14 September, and the stand-off on Loudenschlager's Hill (now Hampstead Hill in [[Patterson Park]]). It has an [[Egyptian Revival]] cenotaph base, surmounted by a fasces bound together with ribbons bearing the names of the dead. It was designed by French émigré architect [[Maximilian Godefroy]] in 1815, and construction was completed in 1827. It is considered{{who|date=July 2015}} the first war memorial in America, and an early example of a memorial to individual soldiers. The Monument appears on the Seal and the Logo of the City of Baltimore, and serves as a symbol for any agencies of the municipal government.<ref name="dorsey">Dorsey, John & Dilts, James D., ''Guide to Baltimore Architecture'' (1997) p. 145–146.  Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, Maryland {{ISBN|0-87033-477-8}}</ref>

A cenotaph for the defenders of the [[Battle of the Alamo]] (March 1836) stands in front of the [[Alamo Mission|Alamo mission chapel]] in [[San Antonio, Texas]].  The cenotaph is empty because the remains of the fallen were cremated.

Atop War Memorial Chapel at [[Virginia Tech]], there is a cenotaph honouring all Virginia Tech cadets who have been killed in battle. Inscribed upon the cenotaph are the names of the seven Virginia Tech alumni who have been awarded the [[Medal of Honor]].

[[Maya Lin]]'s Memorial Wall in the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]], inscribed with the names of the approximately 58,000 service members who died in the [[Vietnam War]], is one of the most visited monuments in [[Washington, D.C.]]

In [[New London, Texas]], a cenotaph stands dedicated to the more than 300 students and teachers killed in the [[New London School explosion]] on March 18, 1937, when a [[natural gas leak]] caused an [[explosion]] and destroyed the school.<ref>{{cite sign |url=http://nlsd.net/Marker.htm |title=New London School Explosion |date=1989 |type=Historical marker |location=[[New London, Texas]] |publisher=[[Texas Historical Commission]] |via=New London Museum |id=Marker Number: 11023}}</ref>

===Asia===
[[File:Cenotaph of the japan air flight 123 at osutaka Ridge.JPG|thumb|Cenotaph on [[Mount Takamagahara]], [[Gunma Prefecture]], [[Japan]], built as a memorial to the victims of the crash of [[Japan Air Lines Flight 123]]]]
[[File:HANİBALIN MEZARI-GEBZE (2).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Hannibal]]'s cenotaph in [[Kocaeli Province]], [[Turkey]]]]
In Asia, the [[Cenotaph (Hong Kong)|Cenotaph]] in [[Central, Hong Kong|Central District]] of [[Hong Kong Island]], cenotaphs in [[Tugu Negara|Kuala Lumpur]], [[Cenotaph, Penang|George Town]], [[Ipoh railway station#Ipoh Station Square and Ipoh cenotaph|Ipoh]], [[Seremban War Memorial|Seremban]] and [[North Borneo War Monument|Jesselton]] in [[Malaysia]], the [[The Cenotaph, Singapore|Cenotaph]] in [[Singapore]], the [[Cenotaph War Memorial, Colombo|Cenotaph]] in [[Colombo]] and the [[Allenby Square#The monument|stone Cenotaph]] in the new [[Allenby Square]], [[Romema]], [[Jerusalem]]–were erected as memorials to the war dead of World War I.

The concrete Memorial Cenotaph at the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park]] was designed by [[Kenzo Tange]] to commemorate the victims of the August 1945 [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bomb attacks]]. The cenotaph at the [[228 Peace Memorial Park]] in [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]] was erected as a memorial to the [[February 28 incident]]. In the Philippines, a cenotaph was erected inside the [[Manila North Cemetery]] in honour of the 24 Scouts who died in a plane crash en route to the [[11th World Scout Jamboree]].

A cenotaph at [[Khejarli]], Rajasthan, India, memorializes the 363 [[Bishnoi]] martyrs who were [[Khejarli massacre|massacred]] in 1730 while defending their local [[Prosopis cineraria|khejri]] trees.

In [[Kocaeli Province]] of [[Turkey]] there is a monumental cenotaph to memorialize the Carthaginian general and statesman [[Hannibal]].

[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-ruled [[Jerusalem]] surrendered to the British [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] under General [[Edmund Allenby]] during the [[Battle of Jerusalem]] in December 1917 during [[World War I]]. A cenotaph was erected in 1920 at the historical site of the surrender, later to be named [[Allenby Square]]. The inscription dedicates it to the fallen of the [[60th (2/2nd London) Division|60th London Division]].

===Europe===
====Belgium====
{{main article|Interallied Memorial of Cointe}}
The Interallied Memorial of Cointe, commissioned by [[FIDAC]] (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) and built after [[World War I]] in [[Liège]], is a complex consisting of a cenotaph with a tower as a secular monument and the Sacré-Cœur church as a religious building. Numerous monuments donated by [[Allies of World War I|Allied nations]] are displayed in the tower and on the adjoining esplanade.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Barlet | first1 = Jacques | last2 = Hamal | first2 = Olivier | last3 =  Mainil | first3 = Sébastien | title = Le Mémorial interallié de Cointe à Liège | location = | publisher = IPW Institut du Patrimoine wallon | pages = 52 | date =2014 | isbn = 9782875221322 | language = French}}</ref>

====France====
[[File:Musée d&#039;Aquitaine - intérieur - monument funéraire de Michel de Montaigne (Bordeaux).jpg|thumb|Cenotaph of [[Michel de Montaigne]], [[Museum of Aquitaine]], Bordeaux]]
In the [[Museum of Aquitaine]], in [[Bordeaux]], is the cenotaph of [[Michel de Montaigne]], a French Renaissance writer and philosopher. The tomb was sculpted in [[1593]], a year after his death on the request of his wife, Françoise de la Chassaigne, probably by Prieur and Guillerman, two Bordeaux ornamentists.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/article/montaignes-tomb | title=Montaigne's tomb &#124; le site officiel du musée d'Aquitaine }}</ref>

On the cenotaph, next to the coat of arms, there are two epitaphs, in Greek and in Latin. The one in Latin begins: "To Michel de Montaigne, son of Pierre, grandson of Grimond, great-grand-son of Raymond, knight of Saint-Michel, ex-mayor of the city of Bordeaux, a man born for glory, with gentle manners, a witty mind ...".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.anecdotrip.com/anecdote/montaignes-cenotaph-in-bordeaux-aquitaine-museum-by-vinaigrette|title = Montaigne's cenotaph in Bordeaux Aquitaine museum}}</ref>

====United Kingdom====

=====London=====
{{main article|The Cenotaph}}
A cenotaph in the UK that stands in [[Whitehall]], London, was designed by Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]]<ref>Skelton & Gliddon – Lutyens and the Great War, published 2008, Pages 23–47 (also see external link below: Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph)</ref> and replaced Lutyens' identical wood-and-plaster cenotaph erected in 1919 for the Allied Victory Parade, and is a Grade I [[listed building]].<ref>"Buildings of outstanding or national architectural or historic interest."</ref> It is undecorated save for a carved wreath on each end and the words "The Glorious Dead", chosen by [[Lloyd George]]. It was intended to commemorate specifically the victims of the [[WwI|First World War]], but is used to commemorate all of the dead in all wars in which British servicemen and women have fought. The dates of the [[First World War]] and the [[Second World War]] are inscribed on it in Roman numerals. The design was used in the construction of many other war memorials throughout the British Empire. The Cenotaph is used for annual Armistice Day and Remembrance Sunday Commemorations held every November where all political leaders and ex-prime ministers attend and lay a wreath in dedication to the fallen.

=====Belfast=====
{{main|Belfast Cenotaph}}
The Cenotaph in [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, is located in the grounds of [[Belfast City Hall]] and is set within a [[Pan Am Flight 103#Memorials and tributes|Garden of Remembrance]]. It is about {{convert|9.5|m|ft}} high and presents several carvings including laurel wreaths, symbolising victory and honour. The Cenotaph is the site of the annual [[Northern Ireland]] memorial held on [[Remembrance Sunday]], the closest Sunday to 11 November ([[Armistice Day]]).

===Oceania===
====Australia====
In Australia, [[Anzac Day]] commemorations are usually held at all of the nation's many [[War memorial#Oceania|war memorials]], but not all of them are cenotaphs. Cenotaphs include the [[Hobart Cenotaph]], the [[Sydney Cenotaph]] and the obelisk within the State War Memorial in [[Kings Park, Western Australia|Kings Park]], Perth, Western Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority |url=https://www.bgpa.wa.gov.au/kings-park/visit/history/state-war-memorial |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=State War Memorial}}</ref>

====New Zealand====
[[Anzac Day]] commemorations in New Zealand are also usually held at local war memorials. Cenotaphs include the [[Dunedin Cenotaph]], the [[Wellington Cenotaph]] and the [[Auckland War Memorial Museum]] Cenotaph (a copy of the Whitehall Cenotaph).

==Cenotaphs for the missing==
Although most notable cenotaphs commemorate notable individuals buried elsewhere, many cenotaphs pay tribute to people whose remains have never been located, particularly those lost at sea. Some such cenotaphs are dedicated to victims of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] whose bodies were not recovered after the sinking. Although [[Isidor Straus]]'s body was recovered, [[Ida Straus]]'s body was not, and a cenotaph at the Straus Mausoleum at [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in the Bronx is dedicated to Isidor and Ida together. Its inscription  reads: "Many waters cannot quench love—neither can the floods drown it."<ref>"Many Waters Cannot Quench Love" http://www.straushistoricalsociety.org/documents.html</ref> ({{bibleverse|Song of Solomon|8:7|nkj}}) The striking cenotaph of Major [[Archibald Butt]], aide to U.S. President [[William Howard Taft]], is located at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Titanic Memorials: Archibald Butt Cenotaph, Arlington National Cemetery – Arlington, VA|url=http://www.glts.org/memorials/dc/arlington.html|access-date=11 July 2010}}</ref>

In [[Inishmore]], one of the [[Aran Islands]] of [[Ireland]], drowning was formerly such a common cause of death for island fishermen that each family had a memorial to those lost at sea known as ''leachtaí cuimhneacháin'' (memorial cairns). Most were erected in the 19th century, although some date back to the eighteenth. A modern memorial was erected in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aranislands.ie/aran-islands/inis-mor-inishmore/churches-celtic/Leachtai-Cuimhneachain-Stone-Memorials-for-Dead|title=Leachtaí Cuimhneacháin (Stone Memorials for Dead)|work=Aran Islands|date=16 December 2013|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://youririshheritage.com/have-you-been-to-inis-mhor-the-largest-of-the-aran-islands-off-county-galway/|title=Have you been to Inis Mhór – the largest of the Aran Islands off County Galway? – Your Irish Heritage|author=Mike|work=Your Irish Heritage|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

==Chhatris==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}
{{main article|Chhatri}}
[[File:Moosi rani ki chatri.JPG|thumb|Moosi Rani ki Chatri, [[Alwar]]]]
In India, cenotaphs are a basic element of [[Hindu]] architecture, later used by Moghuls as seen in most of the mausoleums of [[Mughal Emperor]]s which have two burial chambers, the upper one with a cenotaph, as in [[Humayun's Tomb, Delhi]], or the [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], while the real tomb often lies exactly below it, or further removed. The term ''[[chhatri]]'', used for these canopylike structures, comes from [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word literally meaning umbrella, and are found throughout the northwestern region of [[Rajasthan]] as well as in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Maharashtra]]. In the [[Shekhawati]] region of Rajasthan, ''chhatri''s are built on the cremation sites of wealthy or distinguished individuals. ''Chhatri''s in Shekhawati may consist of a simple structure of one dome raised by four pillars to a building containing many domes and a basement with several rooms. In some places, the interior of the ''chhatri'' is painted in the same manner as the ''[[haveli]]''.

==Art==
Cenotaphs have also been the subject of a number of illustrations including:
* ''The Cenotaph to Reynold's Memory'' ([[John Constable]], c. 1833)
* ''Elevation for Newton's Cenotaph, Perspective'' ([[Etienne-Louis Boullée]], c. 1785)
* ''The Cenotaph of Jean Jacques Rousseau'' ([[Hubert Robert]], 1794)

==Digital and astronomical==
In the Internet age, virtual cenotaphs are common in the game ''[[World of Warcraft]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gamestudies.org/1201/articles/gibbs_martin|title=Game Studies|date=September 2012|volume=12|issue=1|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iK44XQIzLos#t=128| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124012918/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iK44XQIzLos&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=2013-01-24 | url-status=dead|title=A Tribute to World of Warcraft Memorials|date=13 January 2013|work=YouTube|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> as well as in ''[[The Elder Scrolls]]'' series games though modding add-ons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/72777|title=In Memory of Hugh|date=19 January 2016 |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/01/13/rip-hugh-walker-1949-2016/|title=RIP Hugh Walker, 1949–2016|website=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|date=13 January 2016|access-date=16 March 2019|last1=Walker|first1=John}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nexusmods.com/skyrim/mods/63583/|title=Bear – In memory of Taylor|date=13 March 2015 |access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/skyrimmods/comments/2ydw5e/the_top_post_on_rgaming_right_now_is_about_a/|title=The top post on r/gaming right now is about a Skyrim fan's "memorial". Maybe deserving of a mod?|date=8 March 2015|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref>

They have also been created in the [[augmented reality game]] ''[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]]'' in honour of the slain [[MIT]] police officer [[Sean Collier]]<ref>{{cite news
|title=In Google's Ingress augmented reality game, a ceasefire at MIT and a memorial to slain officer Sean Collier
|url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/innoeco/2013/04/in_googles_ingress_augmented_r.html
|work=Boston Globe
|author=Scott Kirsner
|date=24 April 2013
|access-date=2 June 2013
}}</ref> and in memory of the victims of the 1942 [[Struma disaster]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/operationstruma/|title=Operation Struma|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208184110/https://sites.google.com/site/operationstruma/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 13 January 2016, Belgian amateur astronomers at MIRA Public Observatory dedicated, in conjunction with radio station [[Studio Brussels]], an [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] of seven stars in the vicinity of Mars which had been photographed at the exact time of [[David Bowie]]'s death; when appropriately connected they form the iconic lightning bolt of ''[[Aladdin Sane]].''<ref>[http://www.mira.be/nl/node/2371 "StardustForBowie, Mira in the eye of a Cyclone..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123022701/http://www.mira.be/nl/node/2371 |date=23 January 2016 }}. MIRA. Retrieved 19 January 2016</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kreps|first1=Daniel|title=Belgian Astronomers Pay Tribute to David Bowie With New Constellation|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/belgian-astronomers-pay-tribute-to-david-bowie-with-new-constellation-20160116|publisher=Rolling Stone|date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" widths="175" heights="150">
File:Rembrance Day Parade Bermuda.jpg|[[Remembrance Day]] parade, at the Cenotaph in the [[Hamilton, Bermuda|City of Hamilton]] in the [[British Overseas Territory]] of [[Bermuda]]
File:Kings Park war memorial cenotaph - panoramio.jpg|alt=|State War Memorial, [[Kings Park, Western Australia|Kings Park]], [[Perth]], [[Australia]]
File:Memorial Park Cenotaph Port of Spain.JPG|Cenotaph, [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
File:Cenotaph Flesherton Ontario.jpg|Cenotaph, [[Flesherton, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
File:Cenotaph 2006 10 01 04.JPG|Port Arthur Cenotaph, [[Waverley Park (Thunder Bay)|Waverley Park]], [[Thunder Bay]], Ontario
File:LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg|Cenotaph, [[Victoria Park, London, Ontario]]
File:Great War Memorial Niagara Falls Canada.jpg|Great War Memorial, [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]]
File:Toronto Cenotaph.JPG|[[Old City Hall Cenotaph, Toronto|Old City Hall Cenotaph]], [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]]
File:VictorySquare 1932.jpg|Cenotaph (Victoria), [[Victory Square, Vancouver|Victory Square]], [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]
File:Path to Place du Canada.JPG|[[Cenotaph (Montreal)|Cenotaph]], [[Place du Canada]], [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]
File:Victoria park cenotaph.jpg|[[Cenotaph (Saskatchewan)|Cenotaph]], Victoria Park, [[Regina, Saskatchewan]]
File:Bruce Park Cenotaph.JPG|[[Bruce Park#Bruce Park Cenotaph|Bruce Park Cenotaph]], [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]]
File:Glorious Dead Cenotaph, Kolkata, Remembrance Day 2016 2.jpg|Glorious Dead Cenotaph, [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
File:Remembrance Belfast.jpg|The Cenotaph located in [[Donegall Square]] in [[Belfast]]
File:Newton memorial boullee.jpg|[[Étienne-Louis Boullée]], fantasy sketch ''Cénotaphe a Newton'' (1784)
File:KL Cenotaph.jpg|Kuala Lumpur cenotaph, [[National Monument (Malaysia)|National Monument]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
File:AlamoMemorial-0727.jpg|[[Alamo Cenotaph|Cenotaph]] at [[Alamo Mission in San Antonio|The Alamo]], ''Spirit of Sacrifice'', [[San Antonio, Texas]]
File:Cenotaph Aldershot Gardens 2016.jpg|Cenotaph in [[Aldershot]] in the UK, 'Home of the [[British Army]]'
File:Overzicht Dam tijdens herdenking des avonds, Bestanddeelnr 919-1110.jpg|[[National Monument (Amsterdam)|National Monument]], [[Amsterdam]], The Netherlands
File:At Cape Town (MP) 2018 059.jpg|[[The Cenotaph, Cape Town|The Cenotaph]], [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]
File:Hotel de ville de Durban.jpg|alt=|[[The Cenotaph, Durban|The Cenotaph]], [[Durban]], [[South Africa]]
File:Tour du Mémorial Interallié - le Phare de Liège.jpg|[[Interallied Memorial of Cointe]], [[Liège]], [[Belgium]]
File:NZ NP Cenotaph (2).jpg|Cenotaph, [[New Plymouth]], [[New Zealand]]
File:Bulawayo Cenotaph, Zimbabwe.jpg|[[The Cenotaph, Bulawayo|The Cenotaph]], [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]
* [[Columbarium]] 
* [[Cross of Sacrifice]]
* [[Epitaph]]
* [[Mausoleum]] 
* [[Memorialization]]
* [[Munstead Wood]]
* [[Shrine of Remembrance]] in Melbourne, [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], Australia
* [[Stone of Remembrance]]
* [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]]
* [[Tropaeum Traiani]]
* [[War memorial]]
* [[Donkin Heritage Trail]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.cromp.com/download/pdfdocs/Secret%20of%20the%20cenotaph.pdf ''The Secret of the Cenotaph'' by Andrew Crompton, 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221043/http://www.cromp.com/download/pdfdocs/Secret%20of%20the%20cenotaph.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}
* [https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303471004579166003278419502?KEYWORDS=cenotaph ''Stilling the Pulse of Time'' by Bruce Cole, ''Wall Street Journal'', 8 November 2013]

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Cenotaphs}}
*{{wiktionary-inline|cenotaph}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Cenotaph |volume=5 |short=x}}
*The [[New London School explosion]] cenotaph [http://www.nlse.org/monument.html Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308180139/http://nlse.org/monument.html |date=8 March 2016 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110824161423/http://pocogardenclub.wordpress.com/2010/12/03/miss-jekyll-portrait-of-a-great-gardener/ Cenotaph of Sigismunda and Lutyen's Whitehall Cenotaph]
*[http://counties.britishlegion.org.uk/media/4399156/sandbag-November-2014.pdf Royal British Legion article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004711/http://counties.britishlegion.org.uk/media/4399156/sandbag-November-2014.pdf |date=5 March 2016 }}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:World War I memorials]]
[[Category:Cenotaphs| ]]
[[Category:Acknowledgements of death]]