View source for Cave of the Patriarchs

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{{Short description|Holy site in Hebron, Palestine}}
{{Redirect|Machpelah|the historic site in the US|Machpelah (Townsville, North Carolina)||Machpelah Cemetery (disambiguation){{!}}Machpelah Cemetery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Cave of the Patriarchs
| native_name = {{lang|he|מְעָרַת הַמַּכְפֵּלָה}}<br/>{{lang|ar|الحرم الإبراهيمي}} - {{lang|ar|المسجد الإبراهيمي}}
| alternate_name = Tomb of the Patriarchs, Cave of Machpelah, Sanctuary of Abraham, Ibrahimi Mosque (Mosque of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]])
| image = Palestine Hebron Cave of the Patriarchs.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Southern view of the complex, 2009
| image_size = 250px
| map_caption = Location within the [[West Bank]]##Location within the [[State of Palestine]]
| map dot label = Cave of the Patriarchs
| map_type = West Bank#Palestine
| map_alt = Map showing the location of the Cave of the Patriarchs within the West Bank and the State of Palestine
| map_size = 220
| location = [[Hebron]] ([[Palestinian Territories]])
| region = [[West Bank]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|31.5247|35.1107|type:landmark_region:PS|display=inline,title}}
| type = Tomb, [[mosque]], [[synagogue]]<ref name ="Berney"/>
| part_of = 
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| abandoned = 
| epochs = 
| cultures = [[Hebrews|Hebrew]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]], [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]], [[Crusades|Crusader]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]
| dependency_of = 
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| event = 
| excavations = 
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}}

The '''Cave of the Patriarchs''' or '''Tomb of the Patriarchs''', known to [[Jews]] by its [[Hebrew Bible|Biblical]] name '''Cave of Machpelah''' ({{langx|hbo|מְעָרַת הַמַּכְפֵּלָה|{{Audio|He-Mearat-Hamakhpela.ogg|Məʿāraṯ hamMaḵpēlā}}|Cave of the Double}}) and to [[Muslims]] as the '''Ibrahami Mosque''' ({{langx|ar|المسجد الإبراهيمي|al-Masjid al-ʾibrāhīmī}}), or '''Sanctuary of Ibrahim''' ({{langx|ar|الحرم الإبراهيمي|{{Audio|ArIbrahimiMosque.ogg|al-Ḥaram al-ʾibrāhīmī}}}}),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sammān |first=Muḥammad ʻAbd Allāh |url=https://www.google.com.sa/books/edition/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85/cFNIAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A&printsec=frontcover |title=مذبحة الحرم الإبراهيمي: القضية المنسية وسط التخاذل العربي والاستجابة لأنغام السلام المزيف |last2=الله |first2=سمان، محمد عبد |date=1994 |publisher=دار الاعتصام، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.sa/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7/0EEkAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A&printsec=frontcover |title=الدعوة :مجلة إسلامية اسبوعية جامعة |date=1999 |publisher=مؤسسة الدعوة الإسلامية الصحفية، |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=والتوزيع |first=مؤسسة أعمال الموسوعة للنشر |url=https://www.google.com.sa/books/edition/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7/wsU-EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A&pg=PT162&printsec=frontcover |title=الموسوعة العربية العالمية - المجلد العاشر - خ - د - ذ |date=1999 |publisher=العبيكان للنشر |isbn=978-9960-803-42-5 |language=ar}}</ref> is a series of caves situated in the heart of the [[Old City of Hebron]] in the [[West Bank]], {{convert|30|km|mi}} south of [[Jerusalem]]. According to the [[Abrahamic religions]], the cave and adjoining field were purchased by [[Abraham]] as a burial plot, although most historians believe the Abraham-Isaac-Jacob narrative to be primarily mythological.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dever |first=William G. |author-link=William G. Dever |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA98 |year=2002 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3 |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225071210/https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Grac">{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Linda Kay |title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: an Encyclopedia, Vol 1 |last2=Gitliz |first2=David Martin |page=91}}</ref> The site is considered a holy place in [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="sellic1994" />

Over the cave stands a large rectangular enclosure dating from the [[Herodian architecture|Herodian era]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Decorative Drafted-margin Masonry in Jerusalem and Hebron and its Relations |first=David M. |last=Jacobsson |journal=The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant |volume=32 |pages=135–54 |doi=10.1179/lev.2000.32.1.135 |year=2000 |s2cid=162263112 | issn = 0075-8914}}</ref> During [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine rule]] of the region, a Christian [[basilica]] was built on the site; the structure was converted into the Ibrahimi Mosque following the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant]]. By the 12th century, the mosque and its surrounding regions had fallen under [[Crusader states|Crusader-state]] control, but were retaken in 1188 by the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] sultan [[Saladin]], who again converted the structure into a mosque.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-10/hebron-jews-and-palestinians-share-holy-site-begrudgingly |title=In Hebron, Israelis and Palestinians share a holy site ... begrudgingly |work=PRI |date=10 November 2015 |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225306/https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-11-10/hebron-jews-and-palestinians-share-holy-site-begrudgingly |archive-date=29 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1119 CE, a monk found bones inside the cave, believing them to be the bones of the [[Patriarchs (Bible)|patriarchs]].<ref name="BAR" /> 

During the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967, the entire [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|Jordanian-ruled West Bank]] was [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|seized and occupied]] by the [[State of Israel]], after which the mosque was divided, with half of it repurposed as a [[synagogue]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Shalom/Salaam/Peace: A Liberation Theology of Hope |first=Constance A. |last=Hammond |page=37}}</ref><ref name="Cohen1985" /> In 1968, special Jewish services were authorized outside the usual permitted hours on the Jewish New Year and Day of Atonement, leading to a hand-grenade attack on 9 October which injured 47 Israelis;<ref name="Cohen1985" /><ref name="Dishon1973"/> and a second bombing on 4 November, which wounded 6 people.<ref name="Dishon1973" /> In 1972, the Israeli government increased the Jewish prayer area.<ref name="Cohen1985" /> New changes to the "status quo" were made by Israeli authorities in 1975, which again led to protests by Muslims. 

In 1976, a scuffle took place between Jewish and Muslim worshippers, during which a [[Quran]] was torn. Muslim and Arab figures went to Hebron the next day to protest what was called a "profanation of the Quran". The Tomb was closed and a curfew was imposed on the whole city. A few days later, about two hundred Arab youths entered the Tomb and destroyed [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]] and prayer books.<ref name="Alon2003" /> In May 1980, an [[1980 Hebron attack|attack on Jewish worshippers]] returning from prayers at the tomb left 6 dead and 17 wounded.<ref name="Birnbaum1990" /> In 1994, the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]] occurred at the Ibrahimi Mosque, in which an armed [[Israeli settlement|Israeli settler]] entered the complex during the Islamic holy month of [[Ramadan]] and opened fire on [[Islam in Palestine|Palestinian Muslims]] who had gathered to pray at the site, killing 29 people, including children, and wounding over 125.

== Etymology of "Makhpela" ==

=== [[Amoraim|Amoraic]] proposals ===
The etymology of the [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]] name for the site, ''Me'arat haMakhpela'', is uncertain. The word ''Me'arat'' means "cave of" and ''haMakhpela'' may mean "doubled", "multiplied" or "twofold", so a literal translation would be "cave of the double". Two hypotheses are discussed by the [[Talmud]] in [[Talmud|b.]] [[Eruvin (Talmud)|Eruvin]] 53a:<blockquote>The cave of ''makhpela'': <blockquote>[[Abba Arikha]] and [[Samuel of Nehardea]] [disputed]; one said, "It is two chambers, one behind the other", and one said, "It is two chambers, one above the other."{{Efn|In all printings of b. Eruvin, beginning with the 1509 Florence edition, this line reads "one chamber and a mezzanine above it", which reflects the citation of [[Rashi|Samuel b. Isaac]] in his commentary to Gen. 23:9. "Two chambers, one above the other", however, reflects all extant manuscripts and b. Bava Batra 58a.}}</blockquote>The position that the chambers are stacked is satisfactory—this is ''makhpela''. However, according to the position that one is behind the other, what is ''makhpela''? That it is doubled in [that it contains] couples:<blockquote>"And [[Jacob]] came to his father [[Isaac]], [to] [[Mamre]], the 'City of the Four' which is [[Hebron]] ..." (Gen. 35:27). [[Isaac the smith|Isaac the Smith]] said, "The City of the Four Couples: [[Adam and Eve]], [[Abraham]] and [[Sarah]], [[Isaac]] and [[Rebecca (biblical figure)|Rebecca]], and [[Jacob]] and [[Leah]]".</blockquote></blockquote>According to b. [[Bava Batra]] 58a, Abba Arikha and Samuel of Nehardea agreed that the two chambers, whatever their layout, shared identical dimensions. [[Genesis Rabbah]] 58 gives a third hypothesis:<blockquote>"And [[Ephron the Hittite|Epron]]'s field which was in the ''makhpela'' ..." (Gen. 23:17). This teaches that it universally "doubles" the renown of those [within], as whoever is interred within is believed to have earned a very great reward [in Heaven].</blockquote>

=== Later scholarship ===
[[Saadia Gaon|Saadia b. Joseph]] and [[Abraham ibn Ezra]] believed it referred to a "cave within a cave".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=MikraotGedolot – AlHaTorah.org |url=https://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Bereshit/23.8#e0n6 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=mg.alhatorah.org |language=he |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127111431/https://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Bereshit/23.8#e0n6 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another hypothesis, supported by [[Rashbam|Samuel b. Meir]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashbam on Genesis 23:9:1 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Rashbam_on_Genesis.23.9.1 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.sefaria.org |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607015607/https://www.sefaria.org/Rashbam_on_Genesis.23.9.1 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nachmanides|Moses b. Nachman]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramban on Genesis 23:9:2 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Ramban_on_Genesis.23.9.2 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.sefaria.org |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203201404/https://www.sefaria.org/Ramban_on_Genesis.23.9.2 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Obadiah Sforno]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sforno on Genesis 23:9:1 |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Sforno_on_Genesis.23.9.1 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=www.sefaria.org |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607015609/https://www.sefaria.org/Sforno_on_Genesis.23.9.1 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Moses Mendelssohn]], [[Ernst Friedrich Karl Rosenmüller|Ernst Rosenmüller]], and [[Samuel David Luzzatto]],<ref name=":2" /> holds that ''makhpela'' isn't an adjective describing the cave but rather is a proper noun describing the tract of land on which it sits.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Cave of Machpelah |journal=The Old and New Testament Student |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=327–335 |first=Selah |last=Merrill |year=1890 |jstor=3157472 |doi=10.1086/470621 |doi-access=}}</ref> This hypothesis is supported by the phrasing of some Bible verses, such as {{bibleref|Genesis|49:30|9}}, "the cave in the field of the Makhpela . . ." The question over the right interpretation of ''makhpela'' has been discussed extensively in various Biblical commentaries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/genesis/23-9.htm |title=Genesis 23:9 |access-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053916/https://biblehub.com/commentaries/genesis/23-9.htm |archive-date=4 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Strong's Concordance]]'' derives ''makhpela'' from ''kaphal'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H4375&t=KJV |title=Strong's H4375 - Makpela |publisher=Blue Letter Bible |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022162658/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H4375&t=KJV |url-status=live }}</ref> a verb meaning “to double”.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H3717&t=KJV |title=Strong's H3717 - kaphal |publisher=Blue Letter Bible |access-date=2022-06-07 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318104354/http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H3717&t=KJV |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biblical origin ==
[[File:Burial of Sarah.png|thumb|Woodcut by [[Gustave Doré]] depicting the burial of [[Sarah]] in the cave]]
[[File:Grave of Sarah Ibrahimi mosque,hebron.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Sarah in the Mosque]]
According to {{bibleref|Genesis|23:1–20|9}}, Abraham's wife Sarah dies in [[Kiryat Arba]] near Hebron in the land of Canaan at the age of 127, being the only woman in the Bible whose exact age is given, while Abraham is tending to business elsewhere. Abraham comes to mourn for her. After a while he stands up and speaks to the [[Biblical Hittites]]. He tells them that he is a foreigner in their land and requests that they give him a burial site so that he can bury his dead. The Hittites flatter Abraham, call him a Lord and mighty prince, and say that he can bury his dead in any of their tombs. Abraham doesn't take them up on their offer and instead asks them to contact [[Ephron the Hittite]], the son of [[Zohar]], who lives in Mamre and owns the cave of Machpelah which he is offering to buy for "the full price". Ephron slyly replies that he is prepared to give Abraham the field and the cave within it, knowing that it would not result in Abraham having a permanent claim to it.<ref name=theol>{{cite web |url=https://www.theologyofwork.org/old-testament/genesis-12-50-and-work/abraham-genesis-121-2511/a-burial-plot-for-sarah-genesis-231-20 |title=A Burial Plot for Sarah (Genesis 23:1–20) |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201222824/https://www.theologyofwork.org/old-testament/genesis-12-50-and-work/abraham-genesis-121-2511/a-burial-plot-for-sarah-genesis-231-20 |archive-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Abraham politely refuses the offer and insists on paying for the field. Ephron replies that the field is worth four hundred [[shekels]] of silver and Abraham agrees to the price without any further bargaining.<ref name=theol/> He then proceeded to bury his dead wife [[Sarah]] there.<ref>{{bibleref|Genesis|23:9–20}}</ref>

The burial of Sarah is the first account of a [[burial]]<ref>[[s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Burial|Easton's Bible Dictionary "Burial"]]</ref> in the Bible, and Abraham's purchase of Machpelah is the first commercial transaction mentioned.

The next burial in the cave is that of Abraham himself, who at the age of 175 years was buried by his sons Isaac and Ishmael.<ref>{{bibleref|Genesis|25:7–8|9}} {{bibleref|Hebrews|11:9|9}}</ref> The title deed to the cave was part of the property of Abraham that passed to his son Isaac.<ref>{{bibleref|Genesis|25:5–6|9}}</ref><ref>[[s:Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Machpelah|Easton's Bible Dictionary "Machpelah"]]</ref> The third burial was that of Isaac, by his two sons Esau and Jacob, who died when he was 180 years old.<ref>{{bibleref|Genesis|35:28–29|9}}</ref> There is no mention of how or when Isaac's wife Rebecca died, but she is included in the list of those that had been buried in Machpelah in Jacob's final words to the children of Israel. Jacob himself died at the age of 147 years.<ref>{{bibleref|Genesis|47:28|9}}</ref>

In the final chapter of Genesis, Joseph had his physicians embalm his father Jacob, before they removed him from Egypt to be buried in the cave of the field of Machpelah.<ref>{{bibleref|Genesis|50:1–14|9}}</ref> When Joseph died in the last verse, he was also embalmed. He was buried much later in Shechem<ref>{{bibleref|Joshua|24:32|9}}</ref> after the children of Israel came into the [[Promised Land]].

===Extra-biblical parallels===
In the [[Ugaritic texts]] (13th–12th century BCE), three out of the six real estate contracts discovered were for the sum of 400 silver shekels, and the terms of sale in them parallel the Biblical description of the sale of Machpelah. Apparently 400 shekels was a common price for Canaanite real estate transactions in this period.<ref>Stieglitz, Robert R. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/598945 Commodity Prices at Ugarit.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821040528/https://www.jstor.org/stable/598945 |date=21 August 2020 }}” ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', vol. 99, no. 1, 1979, pp. 15–23.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Tomb of Isaac.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Isaac, c. 1911]]

===First and Second Temple period===
In 2020, Israeli archaeologists led by David Ben-Shlomo ([[Ariel University]]) dated pottery from the caves (recovered surreptitiously by local residents in 1981) to the 8th century BCE.<ref name="Arnon" /> The different origins of the shards, from various areas around Hebron and Jerusalem, suggest the site may have been a pilgrimage site as early as this date, according to the study authors.<ref name="Arnon" />

The time from which the Israelites regarded the site as sacred is unknown, though some scholars consider that the biblical story of Abraham's burial there probably dates from the 6th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last=Niesiolowski-Spano |first=Lukasz |date=2014 |title=The Origin Myths and Holy Places in the Old Testament |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMLsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |page=120 |isbn=978-1-84553-334-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Nadav |last=Na'aman |title=Canaan in the Second Millennium B.C.E. |chapter=The 'Conquest of Canaan' in the Book of Joshua and in History |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=2005 |page=374 |quote=The story reflects a time when Hebron was settled by non-Israelites, following the exile or desertion after 587/586 BCE. One may safely assume that it was composed to justify the rights of the post-Exilic community to the burial site in the former Judahite city of Hebron.}}</ref>

Between 31 and 4 BCE, [[Herod the Great]] built a large, rectangular enclosure over the cave to commemorate the site for his subjects.<ref name="BAR">{{cite web |url=https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/11/3/1 |title=Patriarchal Burial Site Explored for First Time in 700 Years |author=Nancy Miller |date=May–June 1985 |publisher=Biblical Archaeology Society |access-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310071640/https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/11/3/1 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the only fully surviving Herodian structure from the period of [[Hellenistic Judaism]]. Herod's building, with {{Convert|6|ft|m|-thick|adj=mid}} stone walls made from stones that were at least {{convert|3|ft|m}} tall and sometimes reach a length of {{convert|24|ft|m}}, did not have a roof. Archaeologists are not certain where the original entrance to the enclosure was located, or even if there was one.<ref name=BAR /> The Herodian building stands on an earlier structure possibly built during the [[Hasmonean dynasty]] ({{circa}} 2nd century BCE).<ref name="Arnon" />

===Byzantine Christian period===
Until the era of the [[Byzantine Empire]], the interior of the enclosure remained exposed to the sky. Under Byzantine rule, a simple [[basilica]] was constructed at the southeastern end and the enclosure was roofed everywhere except at the centre.

During this period, the site became an important Christian pilgrimage destination. The [[Itinerarium Burdigalense|Pilgrim of Bordeaux]], c. 333, reported "a monument of square form built of stone of wondrous beauty, in which lie Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sara, Rebecca, and Leah".<ref>{{cite book |author=Palestine Pilgrims Text Society |title=Itinerary from Bordeaux to Jerusalem |translator=Aubrey Stewart |page=27 |year=1887}}</ref> [[The Piacenza Pilgrim]] (c. 570) noted in his pilgrimage account that Jews and Christians shared possession of the site.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Avni |first1=Gideon |title=The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0199684335 |chapter=Prologue: Four Eyewitness Accounts versus ‘Arguments in Stone’}}</ref>

===Arab period===
In 614, the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanid Persians]] conquered the area and destroyed the castle, leaving only ruins; but in 637, the area came under the control of the Arab Muslims and the building was reconstructed as a roofed mosque.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ws4uAQAAIAAJ |title=This is Israel: pictorial guide & souvenir |first=Sylvia |last=Mann |date=1 January 1983 |publisher=Palphot Ltd. |isbn=9789652800008 |via=Google Books |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110234536/https://books.google.com/books?id=ws4uAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=10 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Muslims permitted the building of two small synagogues at the site.<ref name ="Roth">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBwrJjiElr4C&q=Cave+of+the+Patriarchs+synagogue&pg=PA98 |title=Daily Life of the Jews in the Middle Ages |author=Norman Roth |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2005 |page=98 |isbn=978-0313328657 |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225071211/https://books.google.com/books?id=tBwrJjiElr4C&q=Cave+of+the+Patriarchs+synagogue&pg=PA98 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the 10th century, an entrance was pierced through the north-eastern wall, some way above the external ground level, and steps from the north and from the east were built up to it (one set of steps for entering, the other for leaving).<ref name=BAR/> A building known as the ''qal'ah'' (قلعة i.e. ''castle'') was also constructed near the middle of the southwestern side. Its purpose is unknown but one historic account claims that it marked the spot where Joseph was buried (see [[Joseph's Tomb]]), the area having been excavated by a Muslim [[caliph]], under the influence of a local tradition regarding Joseph's tomb.<ref name=BAR/> Some archaeologists believe that the original entrance to Herod's structure was in the location of the ''qal'ah'' and that the northeastern entrance was created so that the kalah could be built by the former entrance.<ref name=BAR/>

===Crusader period===
[[File:Tombs of the patriarchs, Hebron, Holy Land, (i.e., West Bank)-LCCN2002724989.jpg|thumb|Print from c. 1890]]
In 1100, after the area was captured by the [[Crusades|Crusaders]], the enclosure once again became a church and Muslims were no longer permitted to enter. During this period, the area was given a new [[gable]]d roof, [[clerestory]] windows and [[Vault (architecture)|vaulting]].

When the Crusaders took control of the site Jews were banned from using the synagogues.<ref name="Roth" />

In the year 1113 during the reign of [[Baldwin II of Jerusalem]], according to [[Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi|Ali of Herat]] (writing in 1173), a certain part over the cave of Abraham had given way, and "a number of Franks had made their entrance therein". And they discovered "(the bodies) of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob", "their shrouds having fallen to pieces, lying propped up against a wall. ... Then the King, after providing new shrouds, caused the place to be closed once more". Similar information is given in [[Ali ibn al-Athir|Ibn al Athir]]'s Chronicle under the year 1119; "In this year was opened the tomb of Abraham, and those of his two sons Isaac and Jacob. ... Many people saw the Patriarch. Their limbs had nowise been disturbed, and beside them were placed lamps of gold and of silver."<ref>{{harvnb|Le Strange|1890|pp=317–318}} = [[commons:File:Strange.317.jpg|p. 317]], [[commons:File:Strange.318.jpg|p. 318]].</ref> The [[Damascus|Damascene]] nobleman and historian [[Ibn al-Qalanisi]] in his chronicle also alludes at this time to the discovery of [[relics]] purported to be those of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, a discovery that excited eager curiosity among all three communities in the southern Levant, Muslim, Jewish, and Christian.<ref>{{harvnb|Kohler|1896|pp=447ff.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Runciman|1965b|p=319}}.</ref>

Towards the end of the period of Crusader rule, in 1166 [[Maimonides]] visited Hebron and wrote, "On Sunday, 9 Marheshvan (17 October), I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the tombs of my ancestors in the Cave. On that day, I stood in the cave and prayed, praise be to God, (in gratitude) for everything."<ref>{{harvnb|Kraemer|2001|p=422}}.</ref>

In 1170, [[Benjamin of Tudela]] visited the city, which he called by its Frankish name, St. Abram de Bron. He reported:
:"Here that there is the great church called St. Abram, and this was a Jewish place of worship at the time of the Mohammedan rule, but the Gentiles have erected there six tombs, respectively called those of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah. The custodians tell the pilgrims that these are the tombs of the Patriarchs, for which information the pilgrims give them money. If a Jew comes, however, and gives a special reward, the custodian of the cave opens unto him a gate of iron, which was constructed by our forefathers, and then he is able to descend below by means of steps, holding a lighted candle in his hand. He then reaches a cave, in which nothing is to be found, and a cave beyond, which is likewise empty, but when he reaches the third cave behold there are six sepulchres, those of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, respectively facing those of Sarah, Rebekah and Leah, upon which the names of the three Patriarchs and their wives are inscribed in Hebrew characters. The cave is filled with barrels containing bones of people, which are taken there as to a sacred place. At the end of the field of the Machpelah stands Abraham's house with a spring in front of it".<ref>"Itinerary," ed. Asher, pp. 40–42, Hebr.</ref><ref>Another translation: {{cite book |title=Early Travels in Palestine: Comprising the Narratives of Arculf, Willibald, Bernard, Saewulf, Sigurd, Benjamin of Tudela, Sir John Maundeville, de |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890 |first=Thomas |last=Wright |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32890/page/n124 86] |year=1848}}
"The Gentiles have erected six sepulchres in this place, which they pretend to be those of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah. The pilgrims are told that they are the sepulchres of the fathers, and money is extorted from them. But if any Jew comes, who gives an additional fee to the keeper of the cave, an iron door is opened, which dates from the time of our forefathers who rest in peace, and with a burning candle in his hands, the visitor descends into a first cave, which is empty, traverses a second in the same state, and at last reaches a third, which contains six sepulchres, those of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and of Sarah, Rebekah, and Leah, one opposite the other. All these sepulchres bear inscriptions, the letters being engraved. Thus, upon that of Abraham we read: – "This is the sepulchre of our father Abraham; upon " whom be peace," and so on that of Isaac, and upon all the other sepulchres. A lamp burns in the cave and upon the sepulchres continually, both night and day, and you there see tombs filled with the bones of Israelites—for unto this day it is a custom of the house of Israel to bring hither the bones of their saints and of their forefathers, and to leave them there."</ref>

===Ayyubid period===
[[File:Muslims pray, in January 2014.jpg|thumb|Muslims pray, in January 2014.]]

In 1188 [[Saladin]] conquered the area, reconverting the enclosure to a mosque but allowing Christians to continue worshipping there. Saladin also added a [[minaret]] at each corner—two of which still survive—and added an existing [[Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque|minbar]] ([[Minbar|pulpit]]) from the [[Shrine of Husayn's Head]] near [[Ascalon]] to the mosque's interior.<ref name=BAR/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=al-Natsheh |first=Yusuf |title=Haram al-Ibrahimi |url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;13;en |access-date=October 18, 2020 |website=Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080746/http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;isl;pa;mon01;13;en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Samuel ben Samson]] visited the cave in 1210; he says that the visitor must descend by twenty-four steps in a passageway so narrow that the rock touches him on either hand.<ref>"Pal. Explor. Fund," Quarterly Statement, 1882, p. 212).</ref>

=== Mamluk period ===

Between 1318 and 1320, the [[Bahri dynasty|Mamluk]] governor of [[Gaza City|Gaza]], a province that included Hebron, [[Sanjar al-Jawli]] ordered the construction of the [[al-Jawali Mosque|Amir Jawli Mosque]] within the Haram enclosure to enlarge the prayer space and accommodate worshipers.<ref name="H&H">Dandis, Wala. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/71913073/History-of-Hebron History of Hebron] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305165557/https://www.scribd.com/doc/71913073/History-of-Hebron |date=5 March 2016 }}. 7 November 2011. Retrieved on 2 March 2012.</ref> In the late 14th century, under the [[Mamluk]]s, two additional entrances were pierced into the western end of the south western side and the ''kalah'' was extended upwards to the level of the rest of the enclosure. A [[cenotaph]] in memory of Joseph was created in the upper level of the ''kalah'' so that visitors to the enclosure would not need to leave and travel round the outside just to pay respects.<ref name=BAR/> The Mamluks also built the northwestern staircase and the six cenotaphs (for Isaac, Rebecca, Jacob, Leah, Abraham, and Sarah, respectively), distributed evenly throughout the enclosure. The Mamluks forbade Jews from entering the site, allowing them only as close as the fifth step on a staircase at the southeast, but after some time this was increased to the seventh step.

The Jewish geographer [[Ishtori Haparchi]], who visited the site in the 14th century, reported that a large square of high wall surrounded the tomb. According to a local tradition he recorded there, the stones of the wall were taken from the [[Solomon's Temple|Temple]] built by [[Solomon|King Solomon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breslevery |first=Josef |date=1969 |title=לקדמותם של אתרי-המצבות ב"מערת המכפלה" |trans-title=On the antiquity of the tomb sites in the Cave of the Patriarchs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23502554 |journal=Beit Mikra: Journal for the Study of the Bible and Its World |language=he |volume=14 |issue=1 (36) |pages=52 |issn=0005-979X |via=JSTOR}}</ref>

=== Ottoman period ===
During the Ottoman period, the dilapidated state of the patriarchs' tombs was restored, with [[Ali Bey el Abbassi|Ali Bey]], one of the few foreigners to gain access, reporting in 1807 that,<blockquote>all the sepulchres of the patriarchs are covered with rich carpets of green silk, magnificently embroidered with gold; those of the wives are red, embroidered in like manner. The sultans of Constantinople furnish these carpets, which are renewed from time to time. Ali Bey counted nine, one over the other, upon the sepulchre of Abraham.<ref>{{harvnb|Conder|1830|p=198}}. The source was a manuscript, ''The Travels of Ali Bey'', vol. ii, pp. 232–33.</ref></blockquote>

A contemporary traveller, M. [[Ermete Pierotti]], in 1862 described the great jealousy with which the Muslims guarded the sanctuary and the practice of sending petitions to the patriarchs:

{{quote|The true entrance to the Patriarchs' tomb is to be seen close to the western wall of the enclosure, and near the north-west comer; it is guarded by a very thick iron railing, and I was not allowed to go near it. I observed that the Mussulmans themselves did not go very near it. In the court opposite the entrance gate of the Mosque, there is an opening, through which I was allowed to go down for three steps, and I was able to ascertain by sight and touch that the rock exists there, and to conclude it to be about five feet thick. From the short observations I could make during my brief descent, as also from the consideration of the east wall of the Mosque, and the little information I extracted from the Chief Santon, who jealously guards the sanctuary, I consider that a part of the grotto exists under the Mosque, and that the other part is under the court, but at a lower level than that lying under the Mosque. This latter must be separated from the former by a vertical stratum of rock which contains an opening, as I conclude, for two reasons : first, because the east wall being entirely solid and massive, requires a good foundation; secondly, because the petitions which the Mussulmans present to the Santon to be transmitted to the Patriarchs are thrown, some through one opening, some through the other, according to the Patriarch to whom they are directed; and the Santon goes down by the way I went, whence I suppose that on that side there is a vestibule, and that the tombs may be found below it. I explained my conjectures to the Santon himself after leaving the Mosque, and he showed himself very much surprised at the time, and told the Pacha afterwards that I knew more about it than the Turks themselves. The fact is that even the Pacha who governs the province has no right to penetrate into the [[sacred enclosure]], where (according to the Mussulman legend) the Patriarchs are living, and only condescend to receive the petitions addressed to them by mortals.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Mosque of Hebron |url=http://en.hebron.org.il/history/858 |first=Arthur |last=Stanley |date=8 July 2018 |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030551/http://en.hebron.org.il/history/858 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

=== British mandate on Palestine ===

=== Jordanian control ===

After Jordan occupied the West Bank in 1948, no Jews were allowed in the territory and consequently no Jews could visit the tomb. In the 1960s, Jordan renovated the area surrounding the mosque, destroying several historical buildings in the process, among them, the ruins of the nearby Crusader fortress built in 1168.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2016.02.014 |title=Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron |first1=Rabab |last1=Alshweiky |first2=Zeynep |last2=Gül Ünal |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |year=2016}}</ref>

===Israeli control===
[[File:Patriarch tomb.JPG|250px|thumb|Cave of the Patriarchs, 2010, as seen from the Israeli-controlled side]]
[[File:Cave of the Patriarchs4.jpg|thumb|upright|Entrance to Ibrahimi Mosque, Hebron, 2019]]
Following the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]] in the [[Six-Day War]], Hebron came under Jewish control for the first time in 2,000 years, though restrictions on visits by Jews were to continue.  According to the autobiography of the Chief Rabbi of the [[Israel Defense Forces]], Major general Rabbi [[Shlomo Goren]], during the [[Six-Day War]] on 8 June 1967, he made his way from [[Gush Etzion]] to Hebron. In Hebron he realized that the Arabs had surrendered and quickly made his way to the Cave of the Patriarchs. He shot at the doors of the mosque with his Uzi submachine gun. But when that was ineffective in prying the doors open, he attached chains to his Jeep and the doors, proceeding to pull them down. He entered the mosque and began to pray. While praying, a messenger from the Mufti of Hebron delivered a surrender note to him, whereby the rabbi replied "This place, Ma'arat HaMachpela, is a place of prayer and peace. Surrender elsewhere."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.hebron.org.il/history/468 |title=Hebron Liberation Day Celebrates Freedom of Worship |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=30 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202455/http://en.hebron.org.il/history/468 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first Jew to enter the burial caves was [[Michal Arbell-Tor#Cave of the Patriarchs|Michal Arbel]], the 13-year-old daughter of Yehuda Arbel, chief of [[Shin Bet]] operations in the West Bank, because she was slender enough to be lowered into the narrow, {{convert|28|cm}} wide hole on 9 October 1968, to gain access to the tomb site, after which she took photographs.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/This-Week-in-History-1st-Jew-in-Patriarchs-cave "This Week in History: 1st Jew in Patriarch's Cave"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412232113/http://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/This-Week-in-History-1st-Jew-in-Patriarchs-cave |date=12 April 2018 }}, by Tamara Zeve, ''Jerusalem Post'', 7 October 2012</ref>

Israeli settlers reestablished a small synagogue under the mosque.{{Clarify|date=May 2023}} The first Jewish wedding ceremony to take place in it was on 7 August 1968.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hoberman |first=Haggai |year=2008 |title=Keneged Kol HaSikuim |edition=1st |language=he |trans-title=Against All Odds |publisher=Sifriat Netzaim}}</ref> The stone stairway leading to the mosque was also destroyed in order to erase the humiliating "seventh step".<ref name ="Berney">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&q=Cave+of+the+Patriarchs+synagogue&pg=PA338 |title=Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places |editor=K..A. Berney |editor2=Trudy Ring |editor3=Noelle Watson |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |year=1996 |page=338 |isbn=978-1134259939 |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225071211/https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&q=Cave+of+the+Patriarchs+synagogue&pg=PA338#v=snippet&q=Cave%20of%20the%20Patriarchs%20synagogue&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1968, a special arrangement was made to accommodate Jewish services on the Jewish New Year and Day of Atonement. This led to an attack on worshippers, with a hand-grenade being thrown on the stairway leading to the tomb on 9 October; 47 Israelis were injured, 8 seriously.<ref name="Cohen1985">{{cite book |author=Esther Rosalind Cohen |title=Human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories, 1967–1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=awq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA215 |access-date=14 October 2010 |year=1985 |publisher=Manchester University Press ND |isbn=978-0-7190-1726-1 |page=215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103052543/http://books.google.com/books?id=awq8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA215 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dishon1973"/> On 4 November, a large explosion went off near the gate to the compound and 6 people, Jews and Arabs, were wounded.<ref name="Dishon1973">{{cite book |author=Dishon |title=Middle East Record 1968 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wwgXS-iquj0C&pg=PA383 |access-date=14 October 2010 |date=1973 |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |isbn=978-0-470-21611-8 |page=383 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530053141/http://books.google.com/books?id=wwgXS-iquj0C&pg=PA383 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On [[Yom Kippur]] eve, 3 October 1976, an Arab mob destroyed several [[Torah scroll]]s and prayer books at the tomb.<ref name="Alon2003">{{cite book |author=Mati Alon |title=The Unavoidable Surgery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPPaQYSHvP0C&pg=PA160 |access-date=14 October 2010 |year=2003 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4120-1004-7 |page=160 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602041005/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZPPaQYSHvP0C&pg=PA160 |archive-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 1980, an attack on Jewish worshippers returning from prayers at the tomb left 6 dead and 17 wounded.<ref name="Birnbaum1990">{{cite book |author=Ervin Birnbaum |title=In the shadow of the struggle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB8uPatYT6kC&pg=PA286 |access-date=14 October 2010 |year=1990 |publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd |isbn=978-965-229-037-3 |page=286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530052014/http://books.google.com/books?id=GB8uPatYT6kC&pg=PA286 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1981, a group of Jewish settlers from the Hebron community led by Noam Arnon broke into the caves and took photos of the burial chambers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.hebron.org.il/history/593 |title=Entering the Cave of Machpela |date=18 November 2016 |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130030602/http://en.hebron.org.il/history/593 |archive-date=30 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tensions would later increase as the Israeli government signed the [[Oslo Accords]] in September 1993, which gave limited autonomy to the PLO in the West Bank city of Jericho and the Gaza Strip. The city of Hebron and the rest of the major Palestinian population centers in the West Bank were not included in the initial agreement.<ref>William Quandt, ''Peace Process'' 3rd edition, (Brookings Institution and University of California Press, 2005): 321–29.</ref> The [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]] committed by [[Baruch Goldstein]], an Israeli-American settler in February 1994, left 29 Palestinian Muslims dead and scores injured. The resulting riots resulted in a further 35 deaths.

[[File:מיומי מתפללת.jpg|thumb|250px|Jewish bride praying at the site before her wedding, 2010]]

The increased sensitivity of the site meant that in 1996 the [[Wye River Accords]], part of the [[Arab–Israeli peace process]], included a temporary status agreement for the site restricting access for both Jews and Muslims. As part of this agreement, the ''[[waqf]]'' (Islamic charitable trust) controls 81% of the building. This includes the whole of the southeastern section, which lies above the only known entrance to the caves and possibly over the entirety of the caves themselves. As a consequence, Jews are not permitted to visit the Cenotaphs of Isaac or Rebecca, which lie entirely within the southeastern section, except for 10 days a year that hold special significance in Judaism. One of these days is the [[Shabbat]] ''[[Chayei Sarah]]'', when the [[Torah portion]] concerning the death of Sarah and the purchase by Abraham of the land in which the caves are situated, is read.

The Israeli authorities do not allow Jewish religious authorities the right to maintain the site and allow only the ''waqf'' to do so. Tourists are permitted to enter the site. Security at the site has increased since the [[Second Intifada|Intifada]]; the [[Israel Defense Forces]] surround the site with soldiers and control access to the shrines. Israeli forces also subject locals to checkpoints and bar all non-Jews from setting foot on some of the main roads to the complex and ban Palestinian vehicles from many of the roads in the area.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2015 |title=Separation policy in Hebron: Military renews segregation on main street; wide part – for Jews, narrow, rough side passage – for Palestinians |url=http://www.btselem.org/hebron/20150401_separation_fence_in_hebron |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225415/http://www.btselem.org/hebron/20150401_separation_fence_in_hebron |archive-date=2 April 2015 |website=B'Tselem}}</ref>

On 21 February 2010, Israel announced that it would include the site in a [[List of National Heritage Sites of Israel|national heritage site protection and rehabilitation plan]]. The announcement sparked protests from the UN, Arab governments and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61K1QL20100221 |title=Israel to include West Bank shrines in heritage plan |date=22 February 2010 |access-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113082214/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE61K1QL20100221 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/u-s-slams-israel-over-designating-heritage-sites-1.263737 |title=US slams Israel over designating heritage sites |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |date=24 February 2010 |access-date=29 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620104403/http://www.haaretz.com/news/u-s-slams-israel-over-designating-heritage-sites-1.263737 |archive-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> A subsequent UNESCO vote in October aimed to affirm that the "al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs in al-Khalil/Hebron"
was "an integral part of the occupied Palestinian Territories."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/ |title=Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UNESCO's work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Territories |date=21 October 2010 |publisher=unesco.org |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111083723/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/executive_board_adopts_five_decisions_concerning_unescos_work_in_the_occupied_palestinian_and_arab_territories/ |archive-date=11 November 2010}}</ref>

Israeli authorities have placed restrictions on calling the faithful to prayer by the [[muezzin]] of the Ibrahimi mosque. The order was enforced 61 times in October 2014, and 52 times in December of that year. This was following numerous complaints by the Jewish residents who claim that the calls violate legal decibel limits. In December 2009 Israeli authorities banned Jewish music played at the cave following similar complaints from the Arab residents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3777410,00.html |title='Loudspeaker war' in Hebron |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=15 September 2009 |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030208/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3777410,00.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live |last1=Waked |first1=Ali |last2=Levy |first2=Yael}}</ref><ref>[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=751607 'Israel banned call to prayer at Ibrahimi mosque 52 times in December,'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182529/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=751607 |date=4 January 2015 }} [[Ma'an News Agency]] 4 January 2015.</ref>

==Structure==

===Building===
[[File:Floor plan of al-Haram al-Ibrahimi.svg|thumb|Plan of the building]]
The rectangular stone enclosure lies on a northwest–southeast axis, and is divided into two sections by a wall running between the northwestern three fifths, and the southeastern two fifths. The northwestern section is roofed on three sides, the central area and north eastern side being open to the sky; the southeastern section is fully roofed, the roof being supported by four columns evenly distributed through the section.
Nearly the entire building itself was built by King Herod and it remains the only Herodian building surviving today virtually intact.<ref>''Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans'' by Peter Richardson p. 61 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>''The Oxford Guide to People & Places of the Bible'' by Bruce Manning Metzger, Michael David Coogan p. 99 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/hebron-tombs-of-the-patriarchs |title=Tombs of the Patriarchs – Hebron, State of Palestine |website=www.sacred-destinations.com |access-date=19 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013190659/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/hebron-tombs-of-the-patriarchs |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Abraham tomb.JPG|thumb|Cenotaph of Abraham]]
In the northwestern section are four [[cenotaph]]s, each housed in a separate octagonal room, those dedicated to Jacob and Leah being on the northwest, and those to Abraham and Sarah on the southeast. A corridor runs between the cenotaphs on the northwest, and another between those on the southeast. A third corridor runs the length of the southwestern side, through which access to the cenotaphs, and to the southeastern section, can be gained. An entrance to the enclosure exists on the southwestern side, entering this third corridor; a mosque outside this entrance must be passed through to gain access.

At the center of the northeastern side, there is another entrance, which enters the roofed area on the southeastern side of the northwestern section and through which access can also be gained to the southeastern (fully roofed) section. This entrance is approached on the outside by a corridor which leads from a long staircase running most of the length of the northwestern side.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.bib-arch.org/nph-proxy.pl/000000A/http/www.basarchive.org/bswb_graphics/BSBA/11/03/BSBA110303200.jpg |archive-date=20 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020092815/http://members.bib-arch.org/nph-proxy.pl/000000A/http/www.basarchive.org/bswb_graphics/BSBA/11/03/BSBA110303200.jpg |title=a floorplan}}</ref> The southeastern section, which functions primarily as a mosque, contains two cenotaphs, symmetrically placed, near the center, dedicated to Isaac and Rebecca. Between them, in the southeastern wall, is a [[mihrab]]. The cenotaphs have a distinctive red and white horizontal striped pattern to their stonework but are usually covered by decorative cloth.

Under the present arrangements, Jews are restricted to entering by the southwestern side, and limited to the southwestern corridor and the corridors that run between the cenotaphs, while Muslims may enter only by the northeastern side but are allowed free rein of the remainder of the enclosure.

===Caves===
[[File:The canopy in the Cave of the Patriarchs above the cave where Abraham and Sarah are buried.jpg|thumb|319x319px|The stone canopy above the more visible known entrance to the caves]]
The caves under the enclosure are not themselves generally accessible; the waqf have historically prevented access to the actual tombs out of respect for the dead. Only two entrances are known to exist, the most visible of which is located to the immediate southeast of Abraham's cenotaph on the inside of the southeastern section. This entrance is a narrow shaft covered by a decorative grate, which itself is covered by an elaborate dome. The other entrance is located to the southeast, near the [[mihrab]], and is sealed by a large stone, and usually covered by [[prayer mat]]s; this is very close to the location of the ''seventh step'' on the outside of the enclosure, beyond which the Mamelukes forbade Jews from approaching.

When the enclosure was controlled by crusaders, access was occasionally possible. One account, by Rabbi [[Benjamin of Tudela]] dating from 1163 CE, states that after passing through an iron door, and descending, the caves would be encountered. According to Benjamin of Tudela, there was a sequence of three caves, the first two of which were empty; in the third cave were six tombs, arranged to be opposite to one another.<ref>''International Standard Bible Encyclopedia''</ref>

These caves had been rediscovered only in 1119 CE by a monk named Arnoul, after an unnamed monk at prayer "noticed a draught" in the area near the present location of the mihrab and, with other "brethren", removed the flagstones and found a room lined with Herodian masonry.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Sunday at Home, Volume 31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-p5HAAAAYAAJ&q=%22noticed+a+draught%22+Arnoul&pg=PA296 |year=1884 |publisher=Religious Tract Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414101426/http://books.google.com/books?id=-p5HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA296#v=snippet&q=%22noticed%20a%20draught%22%20Arnoul&f=false |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=live}} Note: English translation based on a paper by Count Riant, "L'Invention de la Sépulture des Patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob à Hébron, le 25 juin 1119," issued by the ''Société de l'Orient Latin'', 1883.</ref> Arnoul, still searching for the source of the draught, hammered on the cave walls until he heard a hollow sound, pulled down the masonry in that area, and discovered a narrow passage. The narrow passage, which subsequently became known as the ''serdab'' ([[Arabic]] for ''passage''), was similarly lined with masonry, but partly blocked up. Having unblocked the passage, Arnoul discovered a large round room with plastered walls. In the floor of the room, he found a square stone slightly different from the others and, upon removing it, found the first of the caves. The caves were filled with dust. After removing the dust, Arnoul found bones; believing the bones to be those of the biblical Patriarchs, Arnoul washed them in wine and stacked them neatly. Arnoul carved inscriptions on the cave walls describing whose bones he believed them to be.<ref name="BAR" />[[File:Abraham cave.jpg|thumb|The more visible known entrance to the caves{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}]]This passage to the caves was sealed at some time after [[Saladin]] had recaptured the area, though the roof of the circular room was pierced, and a decorative grate was placed over it. In 1967, after the [[Six-Day War]], the area fell into the hands of the [[Israel Defense Forces]], and [[Moshe Dayan]], the Defence Minister, who was an amateur archaeologist, attempted to regain access to the tombs. Ignorant of the ''serdab'' entrance, Dayan concentrated his attention on the shaft visible below the decorative grate and had the idea of sending someone thin enough to fit through the shaft and down into the chamber below. Dayan eventually found a slim 12-year-old girl named Michal to assist and sent her into the chamber with a camera.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basarchive.org/bswb_graphics/BSBA/11/03/BSBA110304200.jpg |title=photograph of Michal descending through the grated shaft |access-date=26 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529071931/http://www.basarchive.org/bswb_graphics/BSBA/11/03/BSBA110304200.jpg |archive-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Joseph Free and Howard F. Vos (1992) ''Archaeology and Bible History'' Zondervan, {{ISBN|0-310-47961-4}} p. 62</ref>

Michal explored the round chamber, but failed to find the square stone in the floor that led to the caves. Michal did, however, explore the passage and find steps leading up to the surface, though the exit was blocked by a large stone (this is the entrance near the mihrab).<ref name=BAR /> According to the report of her findings, which Michal gave to Dayan after having been lifted back through the shaft, there are 16 steps leading down into the passage, which is 1 [[cubit]] wide, {{convert|17.37|m}} and {{convert|1|m}} high. In the round chamber, which is {{convert|12|m}} below the entrance to the shaft, there are three stone slabs, the middle of which contains a partial inscription of [[Sura]] 2, verse 255, from the [[Quran]], the famous [[Ayatul Kursi]], Verse of the Throne.<ref name=BAR />

In 1981, [[Seev Jevin]], the former director of the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]], entered the passage after a group of Jewish settlers from Hebron had entered the chamber via the entrance near the mihrab and discovered the square stone in the round chamber that concealed the cave entrance. The reports state that after entering the first cave, which seemed to Jevin to be empty, he found a passage leading to a second oval chamber, smaller than the first, which contained shards of pottery and a wine jug.<ref>''[[Der Spiegel]]'', 52/2008 Title Story: Abraham, p. 104</ref> Findings published in the ''[[Israel Exploration Journal]]'' in 2020 stated that the pottery dated from the 8th century BCE and originated from various locations in the Hebron and Jerusalem areas.<ref name="Arnon">{{cite journal |title=Iron Age Pottery from the Cave of the Patriarchs at Hebron |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/43636436 |last1=Arnon |first1=Noam |issue=1 |volume=70 |pages=49–63 |last2=Ben-Shlomo |first2=David |year=2020 |issn=0021-2059 |jstor=27100275 |last3=Mommsen |first3=Hans |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180802/https://www.academia.edu/43636436 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Religions beliefs and traditions==
===Judaism===
According to the [[Book of Genesis]], Abraham specifically purchased the land for use as a burial plot from Ephron the Hittite, making it one of two purchases by Abraham of real estate in the Land of Canaan, the [[Promised Land]]. The book describes how the three [[Patriarchs (Bible)|patriarchs]] and their wives, the matriarchs, were buried there.
* [[Abraham]] and [[Sarah]] ({{bibleref|Genesis|23:1–20|9}}; {{bibleref|Genesis|49:31|9}})
* [[Isaac]] and [[Rebecca (biblical figure)|Rebekah]] ({{bibleref|Genesis|35:29|9}}; {{bibleref|Genesis|49:31|9}})
* [[Jacob]] and [[Leah]] ({{bibleref|Genesis|49:28–33|9}}; {{bibleref|Genesis|50:4–5|9}}; {{bibleref|Genesis|50:12–13|9}})
The only matriarch missing is Jacob's other wife, [[Rachel]], described in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]<ref>{{bibleref|Genesis|35:19–20|9}}</ref> as having been buried near [[Rachel's Tomb|Bethlehem]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/machpelah.html |title=Cave of Machpelah |encyclopedia=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |access-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209010624/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/machpelah.html |archive-date=9 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> These verses are the common source for the religious beliefs surrounding the cave. While they are not part of the [[Quran]] they exist in Islam's [[oral tradition]]. The story of Abraham's burial is recounted in, for example, [[Ibn Kathir]]'s 14th century [[Stories of the Prophets]].

[[File:Cenotaph of Abraham - northwestern view.JPG|thumb|250px|Tomb of Abraham]]
Jewish [[midrashic]] literature avows that, in addition to the patriarch couples, [[Adam]], the first man, and his wife, [[Eve]], were also interred in the Cave of the Patriarchs,<ref>[[Jerusalem Talmud]], ''Taanith'' 4:2; Babylonian Talmud, ''Erubin'' 53a; ''Pirke Rebbe Eliezer'', chapter 20; [[Midrash Rabba]] (''Genesis Rabba''), ch. 28:3</ref> a tradition supported by ancient Samaritan texts.<ref>''[[The Asatir]]'' (ed. Moses Gaster), The Royal Asiatic Society: London 1927, pp. 210, 212</ref> The tradition is supported by the simple wording of Genesis 23:2, which refers to "Kiryat Arba... Hevron" ("arba" means 'four'). Commenting on that passage, [[Rashi]] listed the four couples chronologically, starting with Adam and Eve.

Another Jewish tradition tells that when Jacob was brought to be buried in the cave, [[Esau]] prevented the burial, claiming that he had the right to be buried in the cave; after some negotiation [[Naphtali]] was sent to Egypt to retrieve the document stating Esau sold his part in the cave to Jacob. As this was going on, [[Hushim]], the son of [[Dan (son of Jacob)|Dan]], and who was hard of hearing, did not understand what was transpiring, and why his grandfather was not being buried, so he asked for an explanation; after being given one he became angry and said: "Is my grandfather to lie there in contempt until Naphtali returns from the land of Egypt?" He then took a club and killed Esau, and Esau's head rolled into the cave.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sefaria |url=https://www.sefaria.org/Sotah.13a |title=Talmud Bavli, Sotah 13a |publisher=www.sefaria.org |access-date=17 May 2019 |author-link=Sefaria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517141301/https://www.sefaria.org/Sotah.13a |archive-date=17 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> This implies that the head of Esau is also buried in the cave. Some Jewish sources record the selling of Esau's right to be buried in the cave—according to a commentary on the "Book of Exodus", Jacob gave all his possessions to acquire a tomb in the Cave of the Patriarchs. He put a large pile of gold and silver before Esau and asked, "My brother, do you prefer your portion of this cave, or all this gold and silver?"<ref>"Shemot Rabbah" 31:17</ref> Esau's selling to Jacob his right to be buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs is also recorded in ''Sefer HaYashar''.<ref>[[Sefer haYashar (midrash)|''Sefer Hayashar'']] Chapter 27 p. 77b</ref>

An early Jewish text, the [[Genesis Rabbah]], states that this site is one of three that enemies of Judaism cannot taunt the Jews by saying "you have stolen them," as it was purchased "for its full price" by [[Abraham]].<ref>[[Genesis Rabbah]] 79.7: "And he bought the parcel of ground, where he had spread his tent... for a hundred pieces of money." Rav Yudan son of Shimon said: ‘This is one of the three places where the non-Jews cannot deceive the Jewish People by saying that they stole it from them, and these are the places: Ma’arat HaMachpela, the Temple and Joseph's burial place. Ma’arat HaMachpela because it is written: ‘And Abraham hearkened unto Ephron; and Abraham weighed to Ephron the silver,’ ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], 23:16); the Temple because it is written: ‘So David gave to Ornan for the place,’ ([[I Chronicles]], 21:26); and Joseph's burial place because it is written: ‘And he bought the parcel of ground... Jacob bought Shechem.’ (Genesis, 33:19)." See also: [[Abraham Isaac Kook|Kook, Abraham Isaac]], ''Moadei Hare'iya'', pp. 413–15.</ref>

According to the [[Midrash]], the Patriarchs were buried in the cave because the cave is the threshold to the [[Garden of Eden]]. The Patriarchs are said not to be dead but "sleeping". They rise to beg mercy for their children throughout the generations. According to the [[Zohar]],<ref>Zohar 127a</ref> this tomb is the gateway through which souls enter into [[Gan Eden]] (heaven).

There are Hebrew prayers of supplication for marriage on the walls of the Sarah cenotaph.

===Islam===
Muslims believe that [[Muhammad]] visited Hebron on his [[Isra' and Mi'raj|nocturnal journey from Mecca]] to Jerusalem to stop by the tomb and pay his respects.<ref name=vitullo2003>{{cite journal |year=2003 |title=People Tied to Place: Strengthening Cultural Identity in Hebron's Old City |first=Anita |last=Vitullo |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=33 |pages=68–83 |doi=10.1525/jps.2003.33.1.68}}</ref> For this reason the tomb quickly became a popular Islamic pilgrimage site. It was said that Muhammad himself encouraged the activity, saying "He who cannot visit me, let him visit the Tomb of Abraham" and "He who visits the Tomb of Abraham, Allah abolishes his sins."<ref name="Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Grac"/>

According to one tradition, childless women threw petitions addressed to Sarah, known for giving birth at an advanced age, through a hole in the mosque floor to the caves below.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hebron, City of Abraham, the Friend of God |journal=Journal of Bible and Religion |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=94–99 |first=Eric F. F |last=Bishop |jstor=1457287 |year=1948}}</ref>

After the [[History of Palestine#Palestine from the Byzantines to the Ottomans|conquest]] of the city by [[Umar]], this holy place was "simply taken over from the Jewish tradition"<ref>[[Adrian Hastings|Hastings, Adrian]], "Holy lands and their political consequences", Nations and Nationalism, Volume 9, Issue 1, pp. 29–54, January 2003.</ref> by the new rulers; the Herodian enclosure was converted into a mosque and placed under the control of a [[waqf]]. The waqf continues to maintain most of the site, while the Israeli military controls access to the site.

According to some Islamic sources the cave is also the tomb of [[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]]. Though the Bible has Joseph buried in [[Shechem]] (the present-day Palestinian city of [[Nablus]]), Jewish [[aggadic]] tradition conserved the idea that he wished to be interred at Hebron,{{citation needed|reason=Where is this aggada?|date=August 2015}} and the Islamic version may reflect this.<ref>Shalom Goldman, ''The Wiles of Women/the Wiles of Men: Joseph and Potiphar's Wife in Ancient Near Eastern, Jewish, and Islamic Folklore,'' SUNY Press, 1995 pp. 126–27</ref> The Jewish apocryphal book, The [[Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs]], also states that this is the burial place of Jacob's twelve sons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/patriarchs-charles.html |title=The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (R. H. Charles) |publisher=Earlychristianwritings.com |access-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402062519/http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/patriarchs-charles.html |archive-date=2 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to some sources, the mosque is the 4th [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest in Islam]];<ref name=":0">{{cite book |chapter=The Gate of Legacy |first=Shai |last=Har-El |quote=Hebron is regarded by the Jews as second in sanctity to Jerusalem, and by the Muslims as the fourth-holiest city after Mecca. |doi=10.1057/9781137388124_6 |title=Where Islam and Judaism Join Together |pages=69–86 |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-349-48283-2}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal |title=An approach to risk management and preservation of cultural heritage in multi identity and multi managed sites: Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Abraham's Tombs of the Patriarchs in Al-Khalil/Hebron |first1=Rabab |last1=Alshweiky |first2=Zeynep |last2=Gül Ünal |journal=Journal of Cultural Heritage |volume=20 |pages=709–14 |year=2016 |quote=According to the Islamic belief, Al-Haram Al-Ibrahimi/Tombs of the Patriarchs is considered to be the fourth most important religious site in Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem and the second holiest place after the Aqsa Mosque in Palestine. Additionally, according to the Jewish belief, it is the world's most ancient Jewish site and the second holiest place for the Jews, after Temple Mount in Jerusalem. |doi=10.1016/j.culher.2016.02.014}}</ref><ref name=sellic1994>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=69–82 |title=The Old City of Hebron: Can It be Saved? |year=1994 |first=Patricia |last=Sellic |quote=This deterioration has long-term implications for the Palestinians, since the old city of Hebron forms an important part of the Palestinian and indeed the Muslim heritage. It is one of the four holiest cities in Islam, along with Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem. |jstor=2538213 |doi=10.2307/2538213}}</ref> other sources rank other sites as 4th.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&dq=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121 Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106165606/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&dq=damascus+%22fourth+holiest%22&pg=PA121 |date=6 November 2023 }}, edited by Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley, ABC CLIO, p. 121</ref><ref>[https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/ Damascus: What’s Left] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005633/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2013/08/02/damascus-whats-left/ |date=4 December 2018 }}, Sarah Birke, New York Review of Books</ref><ref>Totah, Faedah M. "Return to the origin: negotiating the modern and unmodern in the old city of Damascus." City & Society 21.1 (2009): 58–81.</ref><ref>Berger, Roni. "Impressions and thoughts of an incidental tourist in Tunisia in January 2011." Journal of International Women's Studies 12.1 (2011): 177–78.</ref><ref>Nagel, Ronald L. "Jews of the Sahara." Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 21.1 (2016): 25–32.</ref><ref>Harris, Ray, and Khalid Koser. "Islam in the Sahel." ''Continuity and Change in the Tunisian Sahel''. Routledge, 2018. 107–20.</ref><ref>Jones, Kevin. "Slavs and Tatars: Language arts." ''ArtAsiaPacific'' 91 (2014): 141.</ref><ref>Sultanova, Razia. ''From Shamanism to Sufism: Women, Islam and Culture in Central Asia''. Vol. 3. IB Tauris, 2011.</ref><ref>Okonkwo, Emeka E., and C. A. Nzeh. "Faith–Based Activities and their Tourism Potentials in Nigeria." ''International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences'' 1 (2009): 286–98.</ref><ref>Mir, Altaf Hussain. Impact of tourism on the development in Kashmir valley. Diss. Aligarh Muslim University, 2008.</ref><ref>Desplat, Patrick. "The Making of a ‘Harari’ City in Ethiopia: Constructing and Contesting Saintly Places in Harar." ''Dimensions of Locality: Muslim Saints, Their Place and Space'' 8 (2008): 149.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40656946 Harar – the Ethiopian city known as 'Africa's Mecca'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204012629/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40656946 |date=4 December 2018 }}, BBC, 21 July 2017</ref>

A [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]]-era [[Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque|minbar]] is kept at the mosque. According to an Arabic inscription written on the minbar, it was commissioned by Fatimid [[Vizier (Fatimid Caliphate)|vizier]] [[Badr al-Jamali]] during the reign of Caliph [[Al-Mustansir Billah|al-Mustansir]] when he discovered the head of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in 1092 CE (448 [[Hijri year|AH]]) at [[Ascalon]] and kept it at a mosque and shrine there.<ref name=Williams1983>Williams, Caroline. 1983. "The Cult of 'Alid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo. Part I: The Mosque of al-Aqmar". In Muqarnas I: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Oleg Grabar (ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press, 37–52 [41], Wiet, "notes," pp. 217ff. RCEA, 7:260–63.</ref><ref>''Brief History of Transfer of the Sacred Head of Hussain ibn Ali, From Damascus to Ashkelon to Qahera'' By: Qazi Dr. Shaikh Abbas Borhany & Shahadat al A'alamiyyah. ''Daily News'', Karachi, Pakistan on 3 January 2009 [http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51310a3ca52c8.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214142006/http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51310a3ca52c8.pdf|date=14 December 2017}}.</ref><ref name=":3" />

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Judaism|Christianity|Islam|Palestine}}}}
* [[Islam in Palestine]]
* [[Judaism in Palestine]]
* [[Christianity in Palestine]]
* [[List of mosques in Palestine]]
* [[List of burial places of founders of religious traditions]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in the State of Palestine]]
* [[The Cave (opera)|''The Cave'']] – a 1993 multimedia opera set in the cave
* [[Tomb of the Matriarchs]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book |title=The Modern Traveller: A Description, Geographical, Historical, and Topographical, of the Various Countries of the Globe |last=Conder |first=J. |author-link=Josiah Conder (editor and author) |publisher=J. Duncan |year=1830 |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8saAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA198 |access-date=26 July 2011}}
*{{Cite journal |title=Un nouveau récit de l'invention des Patriarches Abraham, Isaac et Jacob à Hebron |last=Kohler |first=C. |journal=[[Revue de l'Orient Latin]] |location=Paris |volume=4 |year=1896 |page=477}}
*{{Cite book |chapter=The Life of Moses Ben Maimon |title=Judaism in Practice: From the Middle Ages Through the Early Modern Period |last=Kraemer |first=Joel L |editor-last=Fine |editor-first=Lawrence |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001 |pages=413–428 |isbn=978-0-691-05787-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohYOD34VlXEC |access-date=20 July 2011}}
*{{Cite book |title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500. |last=Le Strange |first=G. |author-link=Guy Le Strange |publisher=Alexander P. Watt |location=London |year=1890 |isbn=978-1-143-27239-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |access-date=25 July 2011}}
*{{Cite book |title=A History of the Crusades:The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100–1187 |last=Runciman |first=S. |author-link=Steven Runciman |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1965b |orig-year=1952 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ |access-date=26 July 2011 |isbn=9780521347716}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://archive.today/20130703231026/http://www.chabad.org/588225 Cave of the Patriarchs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040615052537/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/machpelah.html The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarch] Jewish Virtual Library
* [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/hebron-tombs-of-the-patriarchs.htm Tombs of the Patriarchs Article and Photos] Sacred Destinations
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810072645/http://www.hebron.org.il/web/maara_demands.htm Demands for Equal Rights for the Jewish People at Ma'arat HaMachpela] Hebron.org.il
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&ie=UTF8&z=17&ll=31.524447,35.110803&spn=0.004115,0.005643&t=h&om=1 Aerial Photograph] Google Maps
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Machpelah}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080417072813/http://www.biblelandshop.net/LIBRARY/Library15.html Bible Land Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100218063200/http://www.hebron.com/english/article.php?id=282 Photos and Diagram of Underground at Caves of Machpela]

{{Holy sites in Judaism}}
{{Religious Sites in the Palestinian Authority}}
{{Mosques in Palestine}}
{{Hebron Governorate|state=collapsed}}
{{Caves in the State of Palestine}}
{{Adam and Eve}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Abraham]]
[[Category:Jewish mausoleums]]
[[Category:Arabic architecture]]
[[Category:Jewish pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Book of Genesis]]
[[Category:Caves of Palestine]]
[[Category:Cenotaphs]]
[[Category:Christian pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible places]]
[[Category:Israel National Heritage Site]]
[[Category:Isaac]]
[[Category:Islamic pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Jacob]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hebron]]
[[Category:Tombs of biblical people|Patriarchs]]
[[Category:Torah places]]
[[Category:Ziyarat]]
[[Category:7th-century mosques]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Palestine]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in the West Bank]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Hebron]]
[[Category:Tombs in Palestine]]
[[Category:Sacred caves]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hebron]]
[[Category:Jewish World Heritage Sites]]