View source for Catholic Church in Timor-Leste

{{Short description|None}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                = Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg
| icon_width          = 25px
| icon_alt            =
| name                = Catholic Church in Timor-Leste
| native_name         = {{langx|pt|Igreja Católica em Timor-Leste}}<br>{{langx|tet|Igreja Katólika iha Timor-Leste}}<br>{{langx|id|Gereja Katolik di Timor Leste}}
| image               = DiliSé.jpg
| imagewidth          = 200px
| alt                 = 
| caption             = [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Dili]]
| abbreviation        = 
| type                = [[National polity]]
| main_classification = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| orientation         = [[Latin Church|Latin]]
| scripture           = [[Bible]]
| theology            = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity              = 
| governance          = Episcopal Conference of Timor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/114.htm|title=Conferência Episcopal Timorense|publisher=GCatholic.org|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407205557/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/conference/114.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| structure           =
| leader_title        = [[Pope]]
| leader_name         = {{incumbent pope}}
| leader_title1       = 
| leader_name1        = 
|leader_title2 = 
|leader_name2 = 
| leader_title3       = Apostolic Nuncio 
| leader_name3        = ''vacant''<ref>{{cite press release | publisher = Holy See Press Office | access-date = 11 October 2019 | url = http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/10/11/0790/01620.html | title = Rinunce e Nomine, 11.10.2019 | language = it | archive-date = 11 October 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191011104035/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/10/11/0790/01620.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
| fellowships_type    =
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| division            =
| division_type1      =
| division1           =
| division_type2      =
| division2           =
| division_type3      =
| division3           =
| associations        = 
| area                = [[Timor-Leste]]
| language            = [[Tetun language|Tetum]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]]
| headquarters        = 
| origin_link         =
| founder             = 
| founded_date        = 1515<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last=Molnar|first=Andrea Katalin|isbn=9781135228859|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2009|title=Timor Leste: Politics, History, and Culture|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUKOAgAAQBAJ&q=catholicism+in+east+timor+was+introduce&pg=PA19}}</ref>
| founded_place       = [[Pre-colonial Timor]] (Later [[Portuguese Timor]], [[Portuguese Empire]])<ref name="Routledge"/>
| separated_from      = 
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| merger              = 
| absorbed            =
| separations         = 
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| defunct             =
| congregations_type  = 
| congregations       = 
| members             =  
| ministers_type      =
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| missionaries        =
| churches            =
| hospitals           = 
| nursing_homes       = 
| aid                 = 
| primary_schools     = 
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| other_names         = 
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| footnotes           = 
}}{{Catholic Church by country}}
The '''Catholic Church in [[Timor-Leste]]''' is part of the worldwide [[Catholic Church]], under the spiritual leadership of the [[pope]] in [[Rome]]. 

== Organization ==
Upon its independence from [[Indonesia]], Timor-Leste became only the second predominantly Catholic country in Asia (after the [[Philippines]]), a legacy of its status as a former [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colony.

About 98.3% of the population was Catholic in Timor-Leste in 2016, which meant over 1,000,000 faithful.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf |title=Demographic and Health Survey 2016 |access-date=2021-01-28 |archive-date=2018-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422133047/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR329/FR329.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The country was divided into three dioceses: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dili|Dili]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baucau|Baucau]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Maliana|Maliana]] (erected in 2010). These dioceses are immediately subject to the [[Holy See]].

The [[Apostolic Nunciature to East Timor]] is [[Marco Sprizzi]],<ref>[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2022-09/pena-parra-speaks-on-fraternity-inaugurates-new-nunciature.html Vatican News website, article dated August 22, 2022]</ref> who took over from [[Wojciech Załuski]] in 2022.

==History==
[[File:Prozession in Becora.jpg|thumb|Procession in Becora, Dili]]
[[File:Virgin and child.jpg|thumb|Virgin and child from Timor-Leste, 19th century]]

In the early 16th century, Portuguese and Dutch traders made contact with Timor-Leste. A [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] mission was sent by the bishop of [[Malacca]] to [[Solor]] in 1562, and became established at [[Lifau]] in present-day Timor-Leste in 1641.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heuken |first=Adolf |editor-last1=Aritonang |editor-first1=Jan Sihar |editor-last2=Steenbrink |editor-first2=Karel |title=A History of Christianity in Indonesia |publisher=Brill |date=2008 |pages=73–97 |chapter=Chapter 4: The Solor-Timor mission of the Dominicans, 1562-1800 |volume=35 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctv4cbgb1.9 |isbn=978-90-04-17026-1}}</ref> Portugal took over and maintained control of Timor-Leste until 1974, with a brief occupation by Japan during World War II.<ref>{{cite web| date=September 2005| title=Nobel-Winning Bishop Steps Down| work=United States Department of State| url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35878.htm| access-date=2006-06-18| archive-date=2019-06-04| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604192912/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35878.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Indonesian invasion of East Timor|Indonesia invaded East Timor in 1975]] and annexed the former Portuguese colony. East Timorese [[animist]] belief systems did not fit with [[Constitution of Indonesia|Indonesia's constitutional]] [[monotheism]], resulting in mass conversions to Christianity. Portuguese clergy were replaced with Indonesian priests (especially with [[Javanese people|Javanese]] priests) and Latin and Portuguese Mass was replaced by Indonesian Mass.<ref name="Taylor, Jean Gelman 2003, p.381">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003), p.381</ref> Officially splitting from the Portuguese Church in 1975, the Church in East Timor never joined the Indonesian Church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lutz |first1=Nancy Melissa |title=Colonization, Decolonization and Integration: Language Policies in East Timor, Indonesia |url=http://www.ci.uc.pt/timor/language.htm |publisher=Australian National University |access-date=2022-07-02 |archive-date=2022-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531134124/http://www.ci.uc.pt/timor/language.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Church played an important role in society during the [[Indonesian occupation of East Timor]]. While just 20% of East Timorese called themselves Catholics at the time of the 1975 invasion, the figure surged to reach 95% by the end of the first decade after the invasion. 

During the occupation, Bishop [[Carlos Ximenes Belo]] became one of the most prominent advocates for [[human rights]] in Timor-Leste and many priests and nuns risked their lives in defending citizens from military abuses. 

[[Pope]] [[John Paul II]]'s 1989 visit to Timor-Leste exposed the occupied territory's situation to world media and provided a catalyst for independence activists to seek global support. Officially neutral, the [[Holy See|Vatican]] wished to retain good relations with Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim nation. Upon his arrival in Timor-Leste, the pope symbolically kissed a cross then pressed it to the ground, alluding to his usual practice of kissing the ground on arrival in a nation, and yet avoiding overtly suggesting Timor-Leste was a sovereign country. He spoke fervently against abuses in his sermon, whilst avoiding naming the Indonesian authorities as responsible.<ref name="Head">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4410917.stm | work=BBC News | first=Jonathan | last=Head | title=East Timor mourns 'catalyst' Pope | date=2005-04-05 | access-date=2011-05-04 | archive-date=2018-06-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619191639/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4410917.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> The pope spoke out against violence in Timor-Leste, and called for both sides to show restraint, imploring the East Timorese to "love and pray for their enemies."<ref>{{cite web | date= October 11, 1996| title= A courageous voice calling for help in East Timor.| work= National Catholic Reporter | url=http://www.highbeam.com/library/docFree.asp?DOCID=1G1:18777597| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125123421/http://www.highbeam.com/library/docFree.asp?DOCID=1G1:18777597| url-status=dead| archive-date=January 25, 2013| access-date=2006-06-18}}</ref>

In 1996, Bishop Belo and [[José Ramos-Horta]], two leading East Timorese activists for peace and independence, received the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for ""their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1996/|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1996|access-date=2011-05-04|archive-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719053057/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1996/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | date= November 27, 2002| title= East Timor: Nobel-Winning Bishop Steps Down| work= New York Times | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E1D61738F934A15752C1A9649C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fR%2fRoman%20Catholic%20Church%20| access-date=2006-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohen |first1=Arnold S |date=2000 |title=The Catholic Church and the independence of East Timor |journal=Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars |volume=32 |issue=1–2 |pages=19–22 |doi=10.1080/14672715.2000.10415776 |doi-access= }}</ref>

A number of priests and nuns were murdered in the violence in Timor-Leste that followed the 1999 independence referendum. The newly independent nation declared three days of national mourning upon the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005.<ref name="Head" />

The Catholic Church remains very involved in politics, with its 2005 confrontations with the government over religious education in school and the forgoing of war crimes trials for atrocities against East Timorese by [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite web| date= April 27, 2005| title= E Timor may reconsider religious education ban| work= AsiaNews.it| url= http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=3149| access-date= 2006-07-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20051113123843/http://www.asianews.it/view.php?l=en&art=3149| archive-date= November 13, 2005| url-status= dead}}</ref> They have also endorsed the new prime minister in his efforts to promote national reconciliation.<ref>{{cite web| date= July 18, 2006| title= Bishops encourage new premier in East Timor| work= Fides| url= http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=45399| access-date= 2006-07-19| archive-date= 2018-06-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180619213926/http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=45399| url-status= live}}</ref> In June 2006 [[Catholic Relief Services]] received aid from the [[United States]] to help victims of months of unrest in the country.<ref>{{cite web|author=Griffin, Elizabeth |date=June 6, 2006 |title=NEW SUPPLIES ARRIVE IN EAST TIMOR, MORE THAN 50,000 GET RELIEF |work=Catholic Relief Services |url=http://www.crs.org/about_us/newsroom/press_releases/releases.cfm?ID=344 |access-date=2006-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717193728/http://www.crs.org/about_us/newsroom/press_releases/releases.cfm?ID=344 |archive-date=2006-07-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The number of churches grew from 100 in 1974 to over 800 in 1994.<ref>Robinson, G. “If you leave us here, we will die” Princeton University Press 2010 p 72.</ref>

In 2015, the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]] and the [[Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco|Daughters of Mary Help of Christians]], with the help of an international relief organization [[Rise Against Hunger|Stop Hunger Now]], provided more than 1,100 students across the country with better nutrition through fortified rice-meals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://missionnewswire.org/east-timor-donation-of-nutritious-rice-meals-by-stop-hunger-now-benefits-more-than-1100-youth/ |title=Mission Newswire July 5, 2015 |access-date=May 17, 2018 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190107/http://missionnewswire.org/east-timor-donation-of-nutritious-rice-meals-by-stop-hunger-now-benefits-more-than-1100-youth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Pope Francis]] visited [[Dili]] from 9 to 11 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2024-04/pope-francis-visit-four-asian-states-september.html |title=Pope Francis to visit 4 nations across Asia and Oceania in September |last=Watkins |first=Devin |date=12 April 2024 |website=Vatican News |publisher= |access-date=12 May 2024 |archive-date=3 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803194319/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2024-04/pope-francis-visit-four-asian-states-september.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Catholicism|Timor-Leste}}
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in East Timor]]
** [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Díli|Archdiocese of Díli]] (erected 1940 from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau]])
*** [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Baucau|Diocese of Baucau]] (erected 1996 from Roman Catholic Diocese of Díli)
*** [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Maliana|Diocese of Maliana]] (erected 2010 from Roman Catholic Diocese of Díli)
* [[Religion in Timor-Leste]]
* [[Apostolic Nunciature to East Timor]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Roman Catholic Church in East Timor}}
{{reflist|2|refs=}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Bernardo |last2=Chambon |first2=Michel |title=Catholicism's Overlooked Importance in Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/catholicisms-overlooked-importance-in-asia/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=15 February 2024 |date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808040925/https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/catholicisms-overlooked-importance-in-asia/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |last1=Cavanaugh |first1=Ray |title=Timor-Leste: A young nation with strong faith and heavy burdens |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/04/24/timor-leste-a-young-nation-with-strong-faith-and-heavy-burdens/ |website=[[The Catholic World Report]] |access-date=15 February 2024 |date=24 April 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408004941/https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/04/24/timor-leste-a-young-nation-with-strong-faith-and-heavy-burdens/ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/sep/26/indonesia.easttimor |title=Sisters of mercy defy Timor's demons |author=Maggie O'Kane |work=The Guardian |date=26 September 1999}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.canossian.org/en/2024/09/25/m-erminia-and-mother-celeste-martyrs-for-love/ |title=M. Erminia and Mother Celeste: martyrs for love |publisher=Figlie della Carità Canossiane |date=25 Sep 2024}}

{{refend}}

{{Asia topic|Catholic Church in|groupstyle=background-color:gold|titlestyle=background-color:gold}}
{{Asia topic|Christianity in}}

[[Category:Catholic Church in Timor-Leste| ]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Southeast Asia|Timor-Leste]]
[[Category:Catholic Church by country|Timor-Leste]]