View source for Catalan Atlas

{{short description|1375 world map}}
[[File:1375 Atlas Catalan Abraham Cresques.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Montage of 8 pages (the third to sixth leaves) of the original 1375 Catalan Atlas]]
[[File:Compass rose from Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Detail of the Catalan Atlas, the first [[compass rose]] depicted on a map]]
The '''Catalan Atlas''' ({{langx|ca|Atles català}}, {{IPA|ca|ˈatləs kətəˈla|label=Eastern Catalan:}}) is a medieval world map, or [[mappa mundi]], probably created in the late 1370s or the early 1380s (often conventionally dated 1375),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferandez-Armesto |first1=F.F.R. |title=The European opportunity |date=1995 |publisher=Aldershot, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt. : Variorum |isbn=978-0-86078-501-9 |page=291 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0860785017/page/291/mode/2up|quote=The Catalan Atlas is conventionally attributed to 1375, because that year is used as the starting-point for the computation of the Golden Number, but 1376 and 1377 are also mentioned in its accompanying texts; it conforms closely to the description of such an atlas in the French royal library catalogue, dated 1380 [...] The Catalan Atlas can be assigned with some confidence to the late 1370s or the early 1380s.}}</ref><ref>The date "1375" is mentioned in several places in the map: {{cite book |last1=Gunn |first1=Geoffrey C. |title=Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region |date=15 October 2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-9014-3 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCRyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |language=en}}</ref> that has been described as the most important map of the [[Middle Ages]] in the [[Catalan language]],<ref name="The Jewish Contribution To Civilization" /><ref name="The late medieval age of crisis and renewal, 1300-1500" /> and as "the zenith of medieval map-work".<ref name="The late medieval age of crisis and renewal, 1300-1500" />

It was produced by the [[Majorcan cartographic school]], possibly by [[Cresques Abraham]], a Jewish book [[illuminated manuscript|illuminator]] who was described by a contemporary as a master of ''mappae mundi'' as well as of compasses.<ref name="To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Change the World" /> It was in the royal library of France by 1380, during the reign of [[Charles V of France|King Charles V]], and is still preserved in the {{Lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|italic=no}}. The Catalan Atlas originally consisted of six [[vellum]] leaves (each circa {{cvt|64.5|by|50|cm|disp=sqbr}}) folded vertically, painted in various colours including gold and silver.<ref name="bnf">{{cite web |url=https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc78545v |work=Bibliothèque nationale de France |title=Espagnol 30 |language=fr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208091702/https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc78545v |archive-date= Feb 8, 2023 }}</ref> They were later mounted on the front and back of five wooden panels, with the ends enclosed in a leather binding by [[Simon Vostre]] {{Circa|1515}}, restored most recently in 1991. Wear has split each leaf into two.<ref name="bnf"/>

==Description==
{{Location map+
|Eurasia
| width=300  <!--  DO NOT CHANGE MAP SIZE (300) AS THIS WILL DISPLACE THE LABELS  -->
| float = right
| border   =
| nodiv   = 1
| mini    = 1
| relief  = yes
| places  = 
<!--additional markings for the map, such as {{Annotation|178|76|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|30px]]}}-->
{{Annotation|270|05|[[1300 CE|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">1330</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|155|52|[[Chagatai Khanate|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAGATAI<br />KHANATE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|110|33|[[Golden Horde|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">GOLDEN HORDE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|205|55|[[Yuan dynasty|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">EMPIRE<br />OF THE<br />GREAT KHAN</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|114|69|[[Ilkhanate|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">ILKHANATE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|157|75|[[Delhi Sultanate|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">DELHI<br />SULTANATE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|170|102|[[Kollam|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">CO-<br />LOM-<br />BO</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=4|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|180|90|[[Prester John|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">King<br />Stephen</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=4|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|205|15|[[Gog and Magog|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">''Gog and Magog''</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|245|30|[[Antichrist|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">''Antichrist''</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|83|59|[[Anatolian beyliks|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">BEYLIKS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=4.8|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|67|53|[[Byzantine Empire|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTIUM</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|27|43|[[Philip IV of France|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">FRANCE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|14|33|[[Edward II of England|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">ENGLAND</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|18|55|[[Ferdinand IV of Castile|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">SPAIN</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|15|72|[[Marinid Sultanate|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">MARINIDS</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|7|104|[[Mali Empire|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">MALI<br />EMPIRE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|77|75|[[Mamluk Sultanate|<span style="color:#4F311CFF">MAMLUK<br />SULTANATE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
| caption={{center|The world of the Catalan Atlas {{circa|1330}} }}
}}{{Original research|section|date=July 2024|reason=Text may include some assumptions about identification of historical lands and states not supported by citations or by reliable sources.}}
The first two leaves contain texts in Catalan covering [[cosmography]], [[astronomy]], and [[astrology]]. These texts are accompanied by illustrations. The texts and illustration emphasise the Earth's spherical shape and the state of the then known world. They also provide information to sailors on tides and how to tell time at night.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.martianherald.com/9-maps-have-shaped-world/page/4|title=Catalan World Atlas |work=9 Maps That Have Shaped The World |publisher=Martian Herald|author=Edwin Castano|access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711073448/https://www.martianherald.com/9-maps-have-shaped-world/page/4 |archive-date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

The four remaining leaves make up the actual map, with [[Jerusalem]] located close to the centre; two depict the Orient; the remaining two show Europe, along with North and West Africa. The map is around {{cvt|1.3|sqm}} in size. It shows illustrations of many cities—Christian cities with a cross, other cities with a dome—and with each city's political allegiance indicated by a flag. Wavy blue vertical lines are used to symbolise oceans. Place names of important ports are transcribed in red, while others are indicated in black. The illustrations and most of the text are oriented towards the edges of the map, suggesting it was intended to be used by laying it flat and walking around it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brotton |first1=Jerry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HkRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |title=Great Maps |date=2014 |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-602-72449-6-2 |page=62 |access-date=26 July 2018}}</ref>

The oriental portion of the Catalan Atlas illustrates numerous religious references as well as a synthesis of medieval ''[[mappa mundi|mappae mundi]]'' and the travel literature of the time, especially [[Marco Polo]]'s ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo|Book of Marvels]]'' and [[Sir John Mandeville|Mandeville]]'s ''Travels and Voyage of Sir John Mandeville''. Many Indian and Chinese cities can be identified.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dhani Irwanto|title=Taprobana: Classical Knowledge of an Island in the Opposite-Earth|date=27 March 2019|publisher=Indonesia Hydro Media |isbn=978-1-4654-3561-3 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F6qODwAAQBAJ&q=catalan+atlas+taprobana&pg=PA15 |access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref> The explanatory texts report customs described by Polo and catalogue local economic resources, real or supposed.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

The Western portion is similar to contemporary [[portolan chart]]s, but contains the first [[compass rose]] known to have been used on such a chart.<ref name="The late medieval age of crisis and renewal, 1300-1500" />

===Mali Empire===
[[File:Catalan_Atlas_BNF_Sheet_6_Mansa_Musa.jpg|thumb|Depiction of [[Mansa Musa]], ruler of the [[Mali Empire]], holding a gold object]]
The [[Mali Empire]] and its riches are shown under the rule of [[Mansa Musa]]. The caption reads:
{{blockquote|''This black Lord is called [[Mansa Musa|Musse Melly]] and is the sovereign of the land of the black people of Gineva ([[Ghana]]). This king is the richest and noblest of all these lands due to the abundance of gold that is extracted from his lands.''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel III |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-iii |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

===Organa===
[[File:Oghene(Organa) the Ooni of Ife - Catalan Atlas.jpg|thumb|Depiction of The King Organa, "Rey de Organa".]]

There are different interpretations of the depiction of Organa in the Catalan Atlas, on which the caption reads: {{blockquote|''Here rules the King of Organa, a [[Saracen]] that constantly battles with the Saracens of the coast and with other Arabs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-iv |title=Panel IV |website=The Cresques Project}}</ref>''}}

====Ife Empire====
The first interpretation is by [[Suzanne Blier|Suzanne Preston Blier]], who identified Organa as the [[Ife Empire]]. Blier claimed that the name ''Organa'' alluded to an early dynasty of Ife rulers with the title 'Ogane (Oghene, Ogene)'.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Parrinder |first=E. G. |date=2014 |title=Art and risk in ancient Yoruba: Ife history, power and identity c. 1300 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=6|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139128872 |isbn=978-1-107-02166-2  }}</ref> She also points out that this same title is referenced in a Portuguese account from the 1480s by the seafarer Joao Afonso de Aveiro, whose work describes an inland ruler that played a central role in [[Benin kingdom|Benin]]  royal enthronements by providing a brass crown, staff, and cross to acknowledge a new king.<ref name=":0"></ref> 

====Kanem-Bornu Empire====
The second interpretation comes from [[David Northrup (historian)|David Northrup]] who posits the [[Kanem-Bornu Empire]] as the polity Organa depicts. He suggests that the name ''Organa'' was given by Europeans.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G34zDwAAQBAJ| title=Seven Myths of Africa in World History |date=2017 |publisher=Hackett Publishing |last=Northrup |first=David |page=ix |isbn=978-1-62466-641-4|quote=Organa was the name that Europeans gave to the powerful central African empire of Kanem-Bornu.}}</ref>

===India===
[[File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg|thumb|left|Western and southern India.]]
The western part of the Indian subcontinent is clearly depicted, and several of the location names are accurate.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cartography between Christian Europe and the Arabic-Islamic World, 1100-1500: Divergent Traditions |date=17 June 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-44603-8 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq0zEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GG68"/> To the north appears the Sultan of Delhi (''Rey de delli''), the ruler of the contemporary [[Delhi Sultanate]], with his flag on numerous cities ({{flagicon image|Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png}}). The caption reads:
{{blockquote|''Here is a great sultan, powerful and very rich: the sultan has seven hundred elephants and a hundred thousand horsemen under his command. He also has countless foot soldiers. In this part of the land there is a lot of gold and precious stones.''<ref name="VL5">{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |page=5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf}}</ref>}}

In the center of India appears the traditional [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] capital of ''Diogil'' ("Deogiri", or [[Devagiri]] {{flagicon image|Diogil_(Deogil._Dwaigir._Daulatabad)_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg}}). On top of the city of ''Diogil'' floats a peculiar flag ({{flagicon image|Flag of Diogil, Catalan Atlas 1375.png}}), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ({{flagicon image|Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png}}).<ref>{{cite book |title=Antiquities from San Thomé and Mylapore |date=1936 |pages=264–265 |url=https://archive.org/details/AntiquitiesFromSanThomeAndMylaporeHenriHosten1936/page/n319/mode/2up?q=diogil}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid flag |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |volume=2 |page=148 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816|quote="...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602-962/1206-1555)."}}</ref> Devagiri was ultimately captured by [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] in 1307.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beaujard |first1=Philippe |title=The worlds of the Indian Ocean: a global history |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42456-1 |chapter=Chapter 8 |quote=The sultan captured the Rajput fort of Chitor, in Rājasthān, and in 1310 he subjected most of the Deccan to his power. He took Devagiri – the capital of the Yādava – in 1307.}}</ref> The trading ship raises the flag of the [[Ilkhanate]] ({{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg}}). Its caption reads:

{{blockquote|''Let it be known that these ships are named nichi, and measure sixty cubits in depth and thirty-four cubits in length; there are few with less than four masts and some even have ten. The sails are made of reed and palm leafs.''<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel V">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel V |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-v |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

To the south, at the tip of India, appears the "[[Kollam|King of Colombo]]" with a Christian flag ({{flagicon image|Flag of the Kigdom of Colombo, Catalan Atlas 1375.png}}). He was identified as Christian due to the early [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christianity]] there (since at least the 8th century), and the Catholic mission there under [[Jordan Catala]] since 1329.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf}}</ref> His caption reads:

{{blockquote|''Here rules the king of [[Kollam|Colombo]], a Christian.''<ref name="VL5"/>}}
Jordan, Christian missionary to Colombo from 1329, who wrote "Book of Marvels" (''Mirabilia descripta'', 1340), was probably the source of the information about [[Kollam|Colombo]] in the Catalan Atlas.<ref name="VL4">{{cite journal |last1=Liščák |first1=Vladimír |title=Mapa mondi (Catalan Atlas of 1375), Majorcan cartographic school, and 14th century Asia |journal=International Cartographic Association |date=2017 |volume=1 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.5194/ica-proc-1-69-2018 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018PrICA...1...69L |url=https://www.proc-int-cartogr-assoc.net/1/69/2018/ica-proc-1-69-2018.pdf}}</ref> He mentions the earlier presence of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] in India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordanus |first1=Catalani |last2=Yule |first2=Henry |last3=Parr |first3=Charles McKew donor |last4=Parr |first4=Ruth |title=Mirabilia descripta: the wonders of the East |date=1863 |publisher=London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society |page=23, paragraph 31 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wQUVAAAAQAAJ/page/n52/mode/1up}}</ref>

===Il-Khanate===
[[File:Il-Khanate in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|Depiction of the ruler of the Ilkhanate and his realm.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA29 |language=en|page=29}}</ref>]]
The Mongol [[Il-Khanate]] ruler and his dominions are depicted in the area of [[Persia]] under the title ''"Rey del tauris"'', after his capital city of [[Tabriz]]. The Ilkhanate flag also appears: {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg}}.<ref name="JMM29">{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA29 |language=en|page=29}}</ref><ref name="GG68">{{cite book |last1=Gunn |first1=Geoffrey C. |title=Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region |date=15 October 2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-9014-3 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xCRyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |language=en}}</ref>

The caption is only related to the city of [[Babylon]]:
{{blockquote|''Here there was the Great Babylonia, where Nabuconodosor resided, and that is called Baldaca today. Let it be known that many spices, as well as other noble products, come to this city from the Indies and they are distributed by Siria, in particular at the city of Damascus.''<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel V">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel V |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-v |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

[[File:Ilkhante ship sailing the Indian Ocean towards India, in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|left|thumb|A ship under the Ilkhanate flag ({{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg}}), sailing the [[Indian Ocean]] towards the coast of India under the control of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ({{flagicon image|Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dang |first1=Baohai |last2=Rong |first2=Xinjiang |title=Marco Polo and the Silk Road |date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJlWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 |language=zh}}</ref>]]
Over him appears a city within a sphere, with the following caption, mentioning the Persian city of [[Shiraz]] and [[Ptolemy]]:

{{blockquote|''This city is named [[Shiraz|Siras]], and in antiquity, it was named the City of Grace because it was there where astronomy was invented by the great wise man [[Ptolemy]].''<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel V">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel V |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-v |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

Two ships with flags of the Ilkhanate appears on the [[India Ocean]], sailing to and from the Indian coast, where appear flags of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The label attached to one of the ships reads:
{{blockquote|''Know that these ships are called ''[[Junk (ship)|junk]]s'' (''inchi'') and have sixty-cubit hulls with thirty-four cubits of freeboard. They have on top of this between four and ten masts, and their sails are of canes and palm.''<ref>''Sapiats que aquestes naus són appellades Nichi e han ·LX· coldes de carena e hobren ·XXX·IIII· coldes e menys han encara de ·IIII· arbres fins en ·X· e les [lurs] veles són de canes e palma.'' {{cite book |last1=Buchon |first1=Jean Alexandre |title=Notice D'un Atlas En Langue Catalane, Manuscrit de L'An 1375 Conservé Parmi Les Manuscrits de La Bibliothèque Royale Sous Le Numéro 6816, Fonds Ancien |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-271-74145-8 |page=120 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Notices_et_extraits_des_manuscrits_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Roi_-_Vol._XIV%2C_no_1_%281839%29.pdf}}</ref>}}

===Golden Horde===
[[File:Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|left|[[Jani Beg]] of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref name="JMA29+"/>]]
The Mongol polity of the [[Golden Horde]] is accurately depicted north of the [[Caspian Sea]]. The ruler named [[Jani Beg]] has been identified in this representation, being mentioned as ''"Jambech senyor de [[Sarai (city)|Sarra]]"'', and the flag of the Golden Horde also appears ({{flagicon image|Flag of the Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas (published in1375).png}}).<ref name="JMA29+">{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |last2=Albuquerque |first2=Luís de |last3=Brown |first3=Jonathan |last4=González |first4=J. J. Martín |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA29 |language=en|page=29}}</ref> The caption to the right reads:

[[File:Flag of the Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas (published in1375).png|thumb|upright|Flag of the Golden Horde according to the Catalan Atlas.]]
[[File:Golden Horde. Möngke (Mengu) Timur. AH 665-679 AD 1267-1280 Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275).jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Mengu-Timur]] with [[tamgha]] symbol [[File:Tamga_Mengu-Timur.svg|10px]], dated 1273–1275.]]
{{blockquote|''Here resides the emperor of this northern region whose empire starts in the province of Bulgaria and ends at the city of Organcio. The sovereign is named Jambech, Lord of the Sarra. ''<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel V">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel V |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-v |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

The symbolism of the Golden Horde flag depicted by the Catalan Atlas ([[File:Golden Horde flag 1339.svg|30px]]) is fairly similar to the type of [[tamgha]] symbols (such as [[File:Tamga_Mengu-Timur.svg|10px]]) actually found on the coinage of the Golden Horde.<ref>[[File:Golden Horde. Möngke (Mengu) Timur. AH 665-679 AD 1267-1280 Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275).jpg|30px]]Coinage of [[Mengu-Timur]]. Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275)</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Asiatische Forschungen |date=1982 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |isbn=978-3-447-02273-6 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSI8AAAAIAAJ |language=en|quote="The tamga ( a sign of ownership or of belonging to a clan ) drawn on the flag can be seen on coins minted in Bulgar and Bilyar at the time of the early Golden Horde. (...) Besides the Catalan atlas of 1375 there is also a 50 x123 cm Catalan map preserved in Paris."}}</ref> Such symbols were used until the time of [[Jani Beg]], but essentially disappear thereafter.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=FEDOROV-DAVYDOV |first1=GERMAN A. |title=The Monetary System of The Golden Horde |journal=Paleograph Press |date=2003 |page=349 |url=http://www.paleog.com/im/fd/summary.pdf|quote="Tamga in the form of a two-pointed prong was retained on the coins minted in Bolgar, Mokhsha and the Crimea up until the reign of Janibek, marking the disappearance of this image for the rest of the 14th century."}}</ref>

The text to the left reads:
{{blockquote|''Let it be known that those that wish to cross this desert stop and rest during a week in a city named Lop. Here, expeditions and their animals relax/enjoy themselves. After that, they procure what is needed for the next seven months of the journey, because in the desert one travels an entire day and night before reaching potable water; however, every day and a half, they can find plenty of it, enough for fifty or a hundred people or even more. And if it happens that a rider, tired by the journey, falls sleep or for any other reason he separates from his companions, he will often hear the voices of devils, similar to the voices of his companions, often calling him by his own name. In this way, the devils take him through the desert to a fro such that the traveler cannot find his companions. A thousand stories are known about this desert. ''<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel V">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel V |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-v |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

===Anatolia===
[[File:Anatolian Beyliks in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|[[Anatolian Beyliks]] in the Catalan Atlas. The map is shown upside down.<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel IV">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel IV |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-iv |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref><ref name="PF"/>]]
The [[Anatolian Beyliks]], a group of Turkic principalities in [[Anatolia]] are also depicted, in the region labelled ''Turqhia'' ([[Turkey]]). The caption next to the seated ruler in Anatolia reads: ''Asia Minor also called Turkey, where there are many cities and castles.''<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel IV"/><ref name="PF">{{cite book |last1=Forêt |first1=Philippe |last2=Kaplony |first2=Andreas |title=The Journey of Maps and Images on the Silk Road |date=30 November 2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2497-0 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rw6wCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |language=en}}</ref> Numerous Turkic principalities appear, with a variety of flags, but very little prominence is given to the Orthodox princes of the [[Byzantine Empire]], although several Byzantine cities appear with the Byzantine imperial flag ({{flagicon image|Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century, square.svg}}), or [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] ({{flagicon image|Trebizond (Catalan Atlas, 1375).png}}).<ref name="PF"/> The Christian kingdom of [[Cilician Armenia]] appears heavily fortified within green walls, with its ports and flags ([[File:Drapeau héthoumide.png|17px]], [[File:Armenian Cilicia with crosses (Catalan Atlas, 1375).png|17px]]) clearly visible.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel|title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA27 |language=en |quote="The Cilician kingdom of Armenia Minor is more clearly indicated. Founded at the end of the twelfth century, it fell to the Turks in 1375"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Galichian |first1=Rouben |title=Historic Maps of Armenia - The Cartographic Heritage. Abridged and updated |date=2014 |publisher=BENNETT & BLOOM |page=59 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36646104}}</ref>

===Gog and Magog===
[[File:Abraham Cresques Atlas de cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg|thumb|left|Land of "Gog i Magog".]]
The land of "Gog i Magog" ([[Gog and Magog]]) appear in the top right corner. Its king is mounted on a horse, followed by a procession. Next to it appears Alexander's Gate, showing Alexander, the [[Antichrist]], and mechanical trumpeters.

===Chagatai Khanate===
[[File:Kingdom of Chagatai in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|Kingdom of Chagatai in the Catalan Atlas (1375).]]
The Khan [[Kebek]], Mongol ruler of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] is depicted with the following caption:

{{blockquote|''Here reigns the King Chabech ([[Kebek]]), lord of the Medeja [Media] Empire. He resides at Emalech ([[Almaliq, Xinjiang|Almaliq]]).''<ref>''Açi senyoreya lo rey Chabech, seynior qui es dit del imperi de Medeia. Aquest esta en Emalech.'' in {{cite book |last1=Buchon |first1=Jean Alexandre |title=Notice D'un Atlas En Langue Catalane, Manuscrit de L'An 1375 Conservé Parmi Les Manuscrits de La Bibliothèque Royale Sous Le Numéro 6816, Fonds Ancien |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-271-74145-8 |page=135 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Notices_et_extraits_des_manuscrits_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Roi_-_Vol._XIV%2C_no_1_%281839%29.pdf}}</ref><ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel VI">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel VI |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

His cities appear with the Chagatai flag ({{flagicon image|Flag of the Chagatai Khanate.svg}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massing |first1=Jean Michel |title=Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration |date=1 January 1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-05167-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA30 |language=en|page=30}}</ref>

{{clear}}

===Cathay (China)===
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align    = left
| direction =horizontal
| image1   = Catalan Atlas black flag in Yuka Kadoi, Plate 10.png
| caption1 = Flag over the city is ''camull'' ([[Hami|Khamil]]) in [[Xinjiang]].<ref name="JAB131"/><ref name=YK>{{cite journal |last1=Kadoi |first1=Yuka |title=On the Timurid flag |journal=Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |volume=2 |pages=144, 149 |doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816}}</ref>
| image2   = Flag of Cathay in the Catalan Atlas (Label...The city of Carnan. Here ends Catay).jpg
| caption2 = Flag of Cathay in the Catalan Atlas (Label: "The city of Carnan. Here ends Catay").<ref name="JAB131">{{cite book |last1=Buchon |first1=Jean Alexandre |title=Notice D'un Atlas En Langue Catalane, Manuscrit de L'An 1375 Conservé Parmi Les Manuscrits de La Bibliothèque Royale Sous Le Numéro 6816, Fonds Ancien |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-271-74145-8 |page=131 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Notices_et_extraits_des_manuscrits_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Roi_-_Vol._XIV%2C_no_1_%281839%29.pdf}}</ref><ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel VI">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel VI |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>
| footer= 
}}
[[File:Empire_of_the_Great_Khan_(Catayo)_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg|thumb|Empire of the Great Khan (''Catayo'') according to the Catalan Atlas (rotated 180°). The flag with three red crescent moons ({{flagicon image|Catalan Atlas, Flag of Cathay (Chinese Empire).png}}) appears on all the territory.]]
The cities of Cathay, at that time the [[Empire of the Great Khan]] ([[Yuan China]]), are shown raising a flag with three red crescent moons ({{flagicon image|Catalan Atlas, Flag of Cathay (Chinese Empire).png}}). The flag is seen all over eastern Asian cities in the Catalan Atlas.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cavallo |first1=Jo Ann |title=The World Beyond Europe in the Romance Epics of Boiardo and Ariosto |date=28 October 2013 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-6667-2 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYyBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Kubilai Khan]] appears enthroned and wearing a green coat, with the following caption:

{{blockquote|The most powerful prince of the Tartars is named Holubeim [Kubilay Khan], that means Great Khan. This emperor is richer than any other emperor in the world. This emperor is protected by twelve thousand horsemen with their four captains that stay at the court three months of the year.<ref name="The Cresques Project - Panel VI">{{cite web |title=The Cresques Project - Panel VI |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

{{clear}}

===Antichrist===
[[File:Antechrist in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|Antichrist in the Catalan Atlas (1375).]]
The [[Antichrist]] appears beyond the [[Great Wall]] of China, next to the territory of [[Gog and Magog]]. The label reads:

{{blockquote|Antichrist. He will be raised in Goraym of Galilea, and at the age of thirty he will start to preach in Jerusalem; contrary to the truth, he will proclaim that he is Christ, the living son of God. It is said that he will rebuild the Temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catalan Atlas. The Cresques Project - Panel VI |url=https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi |website=www.cresquesproject.net}}</ref>}}

In the top corner is [[Alexander the Great]] (''"Allexandri"'') fighting the devil.

Beyond is the ocean ("Mare Oceanis"), without mention of [[Japan]].
{{clear}}

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:El mar Mediterráneo en el Atlas catalán de Cresques Abraham.jpg|Modern copy of western half
File:Atles català (full 4, ca000004).jpg|A modern reproduction of the Catalan Atlas depicting the eastern Mediterranean region.
File:Atles català (full 1, ca000003).jpg|Reproduction of the first leaf
File:Atles català (full 2, ca000001).jpg|Reproduction of the second leaf
File:Original representation of Abu Bakr ibn Umar al-Lamtuni from the Catalan Atlas of 1375 AD.jpg|Depiction of a [[Sanhaja|Sanhaja Berber]], known as 'the veiled ones' due to their custom of wearing a face veil.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Berber_Identity_Movement_and_the_Cha/RTiUCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22sanhaja%22+%22veiled+ones%22&pg=PA14&printsec=frontcover |title=The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States (Maddy-Weitzman 2011) |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/North_Africa_Islam_and_the_Mediterranean/SUIAAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22sanhaja%22+%22veiled+ones%22&pg=PA42&printsec=frontcover |title=North Africa, Islam and the Mediterranean World  |page=42}}</ref> The caption reads: "All this land is populated by people who cover themselves such that only their eyes can be seen; they live in tents and ride in camels. There are animals named ''lemp'' [orice] whose skin can be used to make good leather shields."
</gallery>

==See also==

* [[Rhumbline network]]
* [[Early world maps]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="The Jewish Contribution To Civilization">{{cite book| title=The Jewish Contribution To Civilization |author= Cecil Roth |pages=69–72|year=1940|publisher =Harper|isbn= 978-1-4437-2523-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2EkvyjWlA4gC&q=The+Jewish+Contribution+To+Civilisation|access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref>

<ref name="The late medieval age of crisis and renewal, 1300-1500">{{cite book|title= The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500: A Biographical Dictionary (The Great Cultural Eras of the Western World) |author= Clayton J. Drees |year=2001 | publisher =Greenwood | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jDfydG6ReAC&q=Abraham+Cresques&pg=PA119|pages =119–120 | isbn=0-313-30588-9}}</ref>

<ref name="To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Change the World">{{cite book|first=Jeremy|last=Harwood|title=To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World|year=2006|publisher=F+W Publications Inc.}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last=Edson|first=Evelyn|title=The World Map 1300-1492|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8018-8589-1|location=Baltimore|pages=74–86}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web|title=Mapamundi: Edizione digitale a cura di Giulio Avincola, Paolo Canettieri, Emanuele Di Meo, Max Mercader, Elisa Verzilli |url=https://letteraturaeuropea.let.uniroma1.it/?q=laboratorio/mapamundi}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator -->
* [http://expositions.bnf.fr/ciel/catalan/index.htm Bibliothèque nationale de France – L'Atlas Catalan] {{in lang|fr}}
* Complete transcription of the [[Catalan language]] text, and translation to French (1839): {{cite book |last1=Buchon |first1=Jean Alexandre |title=Notice D'un Atlas En Langue Catalane, Manuscrit de L'An 1375 Conservé Parmi Les Manuscrits de La Bibliothèque Royale Sous Le Numéro 6816, Fonds Ancien |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-271-74145-8 |page=135 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Notices_et_extraits_des_manuscrits_de_la_Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Roi_-_Vol._XIV%2C_no_1_%281839%29.pdf}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080206170425/http://www.bnf.fr/enluminures/texte/atx2_07.htm  The Catalan Atlas] {{in lang|en}} [via Internet Archive]
* [http://www.cresquesproject.net ''cresquesproject.net''] – translation of the works of Riera i Sans and Gabriel Llompart on the Jewish Majorcan Map-makers of the Late Middle Ages {{in lang|en}}
* [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002481n?rk=21459;2 <nowiki>Abraham Cresques ? Atlas de cartes marines, dit [Atlas catalan]</nowiki>], gallica.bnf.fr

{{cartography topics}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Atlases]]
[[Category:Medieval Catalan literature]]
[[Category:History of the Balearic Islands]]
[[Category:14th century in Aragon]]
[[Category:1370s works]]
[[Category:Bibliothèque nationale de France collections]]
[[Category:14th-century maps]]
[[Category:Historic maps of the world]]