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{{Short description|Stone circle in Cumbria, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Castlerigg Stone Circle
| native_name = 
| alternate_name = 
| image = Castlerigg Stone Circle.JPG
| alt = 
| caption = The stone circle in 2005
| map_type = England
| map_caption = Location in England, United Kingdom
| map dot label = Castlerigg
| map_alt = 
| map_size = 
| relief = yes
| location = [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| region = 
| coordinates = {{coord|54.6028366|-3.098384|format=dms|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Stone circle]]
| part_of = 
| length = 
| width = 
| area = 
| height = 
| builder = 
| built = {{circa|3200 BC}}
| abandoned = 
| epochs = [[Neolithic]] / [[Bronze Age]]
| cultures = 
| dependency_of = 
| occupants = 
| event = 
| excavations = 
| archaeologists = 
| condition = 
| ownership = [[English Heritage]]
| public_access = 
| website = 
| notes = 
| designation1 = Scheduled monument
| designation1_number = 1011362<ref>{{NHLE|num=1011362 |grade=Scheduled|desc= Castlerigg stone circle and two bowl barrows|access-date=9 July 2014}}</ref>
| designation1_date = 18 August 1882<ref name=hunter>{{cite wikisource |last=Hunter |first=Robert |chapter=Appendix A |wslink=The Preservation of Places of Interest or Beauty |plaintitle=The Preservation of Places of Interest or Beauty |year=1907 |publisher=Manchester University Press}}</ref>
}}

'''Castlerigg''' '''Stone Circle''' (alternatively '''Keswick Carles''', or '''Carles''')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cavendish |first1=Richard |year=1983 |title=Prehistoric England |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81LJRuRdZwQC&q=%22across+it+is+also+known+as+druids+circle%22 |location=London |publisher=English Tourist Board |page=142 |isbn=0297783157 |access-date=14 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thom |first1=A. |author-link=Alexander Thom |last2=Thom |first2=A. S. |year=1990 |title=Stone Rows and Standing Stones: Britain, Ireland and Brittany. Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEZmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22carsles%22+corruptly |location=Oxford |publisher=British Archaeological Reports |page=27 |isbn=0860547086 |access-date=14 June 2017 }}</ref> is situated on a prominent hill to the east of [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]], in the [[Lake District|Lake District National Park]], [[North West England]].<ref name="Ibbotson 2021">{{Cite book |last=Ibbotson |first=Adam Morgan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1256672101 |title=Cumbria's prehistoric monuments |date=2021 |isbn=978-0-7509-9763-8 |location=Cheltenham |oclc=1256672101 | publisher=The History Press}}</ref> It is one of around 1,300 [[stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany]], constructed as a part of a [[megalith]]ic tradition that lasted from approximately 3200 BC to 2500 BC, during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages.{{sfn|Burl|2000|p=13}}

Various archaeologists have mentioned the beauty and romance of Castlerigg and its surrounding landscape. In his study of the stone circles of Cumbria, archaeologist John Waterhouse commented that the site was "one of the most visually impressive prehistoric monuments in Britain."{{sfn|Waterhouse|1985|p=43}}

Every year, thousands of tourists travel to the site, making it the most visited stone circle in Cumbria.{{sfn|Waterhouse|1985|p=43}}{{sfn | Díaz-Andreu | Brooke | Rainsbury | Rosser | 2006 |p=1580}} This plateau forms the raised centre of a natural amphitheatre created by the surrounding fells and from within the circle it is possible to see some of the highest peaks in Cumbria: [[Helvellyn]], [[Skiddaw]], [[Grasmoor]] and [[Blencathra]].

==Description==
The stones are [[glacial erratic]] boulders composed of volcanic rock from the [[Borrowdale Volcanic Group]]. Both andesitic lavas and tuffs (volcanic ashes) are represented.{{Original research inline|date=January 2024|certain=y}} Castlerigg sits on a deposit of glacial till,<ref>British Geological Survey GeoIndex{{Full citation needed|date=January 2024}}</ref> and it is likely that the boulders were originally part of this deposit. The stones are set in a flattened circle, measuring {{convert|32.6|m}} at its widest and {{convert|29.5|m}} at its narrowest. The heaviest stone has been estimated to weigh around 16 tons and the tallest stone measures approximately 2.3 meters high. There is a 3.3 meter wide gap in its northern edge, which may have been an entrance. Within the circle, abutting its eastern quadrant, is a roughly rectangular setting of a further 10 stones. The circle was probably constructed around 3200 BC (Late [[Neolithic]]/Early [[Bronze Age]]), making it one of the earliest stone circles in Britain and possibly in Europe.{{sfn|Burl|2005}} It is important to [[archaeoastronomy|archaeoastronomers]] who have noted that the sunrise during the [[September equinox]] (Autumn equinox) appears over the top of Threlkeld Knott, a hill 3.5&nbsp;km to the east.

There is a tradition, as with other stone circles in Britain, that it is impossible to count the number of stones within Castlerigg; every attempt will result in a different answer. This tradition, however, may not be far from the truth. Due to erosion of the soil around the stones, caused by the large number of visitors to the monument, several smaller stones have 'appeared' next to some of the larger stones. Because these stones are so small, they are likely to have been packing stones used to support the larger stones when the circle was constructed and would originally have been buried. Differences in opinion as to the exact number of stones within Castlerigg are usually down to whether the observer counts these small packing stones, or not; some count 38 and others, 42. The 'official' number of stones, as represented on the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] information board at the monument, is 40.

In the early 20th century, a single outlying stone was erected by a farmer approximately 90m to the south west of Castlerigg. This stone has many linear 'scars' along its side from being repeatedly struck by a [[plough]], suggesting that it was once buried below the surface and also why the farmer dug it up. It is not possible to say whether this stone was originally part of the circle, or a naturally deposited boulder.

==Archaeological speculation==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2020}}
[[Image:CastleriggStoneCircle(SimonLedingham)Jul2005.jpg|thumb|Castlerigg Stone Circle, 20:13, 11 July 2005]]

The original motives behind the construction of Castlerigg, its subsequent uses, and how these may have changed over time are not known. Current thinking has linked Castlerigg with the Neolithic [[Langdale axe industry]] in the nearby Langdale fells: the circle may have been a meeting place where these axes were traded or exchanged. Ritually deposited stone axes have been found all over Britain, suggesting that their uses went far beyond their practical capabilities. Exchange or trading of stone axes may not have been possible without first taking part in a ritual or ceremony. Recent dating of the notable 'axe factory' at Pike o' Stickle, Great Langdale, indicates that production here likely ceased by 3300 BC, which predates proposed date for Castlerigg by at least 100 years.<ref>Edinborough, Kevan; Shennan, Stephen; Teather, Anne; Baczkowski, Jon; Bevan, Andrew; Bradley, Richard; Cook, Gordon; Kerig, Tim; Parker Pearson, Mike; Pope, Alexander & Schauer, Peter (2020). "New Radiocarbon Dates Show Early Neolithic Date of Flint-mining and Stone Quarrying in Britain" (PDF). Radiocarbon. Cambridge University Press. 62 (1): 75–105. Bibcode:2020Radcb..62...75E. doi:10.1017/RDC.2019.85. ISSN 0033-8222. S2CID 197554465.</ref>

==Antiquarian study of Castlerigg==
[[File:The Castlerigg Standing Stones.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The Castlerigg Standing Stones towards the south east]]
[[Image:Castlerigg2.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.1|The Circle with [[Blencathra]] in the background]]

Two of Britain's earliest antiquarians, [[John Aubrey]] and [[William Camden]] visited Cumbria with an interest in studying the area's megalithic monuments. Both described [[Long Meg and Her Daughters]], another large stone circle to the northeast of [[Penrith, Cumbria|Penrith]], and recounted local legend and folklore associated with this monument, but neither writers mentions a visit to Castlerigg or the area around Keswick.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayman |first=R |year=1997 |title=Riddles in Stone: Myths, Archaeology, and the Ancient Britons |location=Rio Grande, OH |publisher=Hambledon Press}}</ref> John Aubrey was also the first writer to erroneously connect Neolithic and Bronze Age megalithic monuments with the [[Iron Age]] [[Druid]]s.

It was not until the early 18th century that Castlerigg came to the attention of the wider public, when [[William Stukeley]] visited the site in 1725.

Stukeley's account of his visit to Castlerigg is brief and was published in his ''Itinerarium Curiosum''{{sfn|Stukeley |1969}} in 1776, 11 years after his death. Stukeley's visit is important, as it is the earliest written record of the stone circle at Castlerigg:

<blockquote>
...for a mile before we came to Keswick, on an eminence in the middle of a great concavity of those rude hills, and not far from the banks of the river Greata, I observed another Celtic work, very intire: it is 100 foot in diameter, and consists of forty stones, some very large. At the east end of it is a grave, made of such other stones, in number about ten: this is placed in the very east point of the circle, and within it: there is not a stone wanting, though some are removed a little out of their first station: they call it the Carsles, and, corruptly I suppose, Castle-rig. There seemed to be another larger circle in the next pasture toward the town.
(Stukeley 1969 Vol. II, 48).
</blockquote>

Stukeley could be describing the circle as it stands today, as it has changed little in the three centuries since his visit. The rectangular enclosure within the circle, that Stukeley took to be a grave, still consists of 10 stones. It is not clear, however, why Stukeley believed the circle was not missing a single stone. Today there are several large gaps in the circle, suggesting that a number of stones may have indeed been either moved into a different position (possibly after the stone had fallen or been removed completely). Of course, there is no certainty today as to the original appearance of the circle, or how much it may have changed in the preceding millennia, prior to Stukeley's visit. It is believed, however, that the circle survives today in a relatively intact state, changed certainly, but not so far from its original design.

Stukeley's observation of a second circle in the next field is a great revelation that places the stones at Castlerigg in a whole new light; that he fails to deliver a description demonstrates well the frustration felt by modern researchers when dealing with the works of antiquarians. This account could easily be dismissed today as pure fancy or it could be thought that he had mistakenly described a natural feature, as there is no evidence of it today, either above ground or in the observations of later scholars.

==The 19th century==
[[File:Castlerigg A Outlier.jpg|thumb|upright=1.16|alt=Outlying stone at Castlerigg stone circle showing possible damage caused by ploughing.|Outlying stone at Castlerigg stone circle showing possible damage caused by ploughing]]
[[Image:Castlerigg stone circle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Castlerigg stone circle panorama]]
[[Image:Druidical Circle near Keswick in Cumberland.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Druidical]] Circle near Keswick in Cumberland'', by F. Grose, 1783]]
[[File:The Wonders of the World in Nature, Art and Mind Robert Sears 1843.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|alt='Druidical remains, near Keswick, Cumberland', Robert Sears 1843|''Druidical remains, near Keswick, Cumberland'', by Robert Sears, 1843]]

The apparently unspoilt and seemingly timeless landscape setting of Castlerigg stone circle provided inspiration for the poets, painters and writers of the 19th-century [[Romantic movement]]. In [[John Keats]]' [[Hyperion (poem)|''Hyperion'']], the passage ''"Scarce images of life, one here, one there,/Lay vast and edgeways; like a dismal cirque/Of Druid stones, upon a forlorn moor…"'' is alleged to have been inspired by his visit to the stones; a visit, it seems, with which he was less than impressed. [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], in 1799, visited Castlerigg with fellow poet [[William Wordsworth]] and wrote of it, that a mile and a half from Keswick stands ''"…a Druidical circle'' [where] ''the mountains stand one behind the other, in orderly array as if evoked by and attentive to the assembly of white-vested wizards"''.

An early description of Castlerigg stone circle can be found in the 1843 book ''The Wonders of the World in Nature, Art and Mind'', by Robert Sears.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sears | first=Robert | title=The Wonders of the World, in Nature, Art, and Mind ... | year=1843 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKxBz47jKHwC&pg=PA519 | page=519}}</ref> In the passage quoted below, Sears also quotes an earlier description of the circle by [[Ann Radcliffe]] (Mrs. Radcliffe).

<blockquote>
The Druidical Circle, represented in the accompanying plate, is to be found on the summit of a bold and commanding eminence called Castle-Rigg, about a mile and a half on the old road, leading from Keswick, over the hills to Penrith,—a situation so wild, vast, and beautiful, that one cannot, perhaps, find better terms to convey an idea of it than by adopting the language of a celebrated female writer, (Mrs. Radclifle,) who, travelling over the same ground years ago, thus described the scene: ''"Whether our judgment,"'' she says, ''" was influenced by the authority of a Druid's choice, or that the place itself commanded the opinion, we thought this situation the most severely grand of any hitherto passed. There is, perhaps, not a single object in the scene that interrupts the solemn tone of feeling impressed by its general character of profound solitude, greatness, and awful wildness. Castle-Rigg is the centre point of three valleys that dart immediately under it from the eye, and whose mountains form part of an amphitheatre, which is completed by those of Borrowdale on the west, and by the precipices of Skiddaw and Saddleback, close on the north. The hue which pervades all these mountains is that of dark heath or rock; they are thrown into every form and direction that fancy would suggest, and are at that distance which allows all their grandeur to prevail. Such seclusion and sublimity were indeed well suited to the dark and wild mysteries of the Druids."''
</blockquote>

Sears then continues his description:

<blockquote>
The one here represented is of the first, or simple class, and consists, at present, of about forty stones of different sizes, all, or most of them, of dark granite,— the highest about seven feet, several about four, and others considerably less; the few fir-trees in the centre are, of course, of very modern growth. The form may, with more propriety, be called an oval, being thirty-five yards in one direction, and thirty-three yards in another, in which respect it assimilates exactly to that of Rollrich; but what distinguishes this from all other Druidical remains of a similar nature, is the rectangular enclosure on the eastward side of the circle, including a space of about eight feet by four. The object of this is a matter of conjecture;—by some it is supposed to have been a sort of Holy of Holies where the Druids met, separated from the vulgar, to perform their rites, their divinations, or sit in council to determine controversies; others consider it to have been for the purposes of burial; probably it might have been intended for both.
</blockquote>

The later 19th century saw an increase in research into Castlerigg stone circle. C W Dymond visited the circle in 1878 and 1881, from which visits he produced the first accurate plan of the stones. He marked the position of one of the internal cairns, showing that it was clearly visible at that time, but missed the other two cairns observed by Benjamin Williams<ref>{{cite journal |last=Williams |first=B |year=1856 |title=On Some Ancient Monuments in the County of Cumberland and its Borders |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London |volume=3 |pages=224–227}}</ref> in 1856 showing that these two features have never been clearly defined.

The only known archaeological excavation at Castlerigg was carried out by W K Dover in 1882, one year before the site was scheduled. His excavation targeted the internal rectangular enclosure at the eastern side of the circle and his account of his excavation is brief and hidden within details of a day trip to the circle on 5 October 1882, by members of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society, which was published in 1883:{{sfn|Dover|1883 |p=505}}

<blockquote>
Prior to the visit of the Society some excavations had been made under the superintendence of Mr. W Kinsey Dover, with the view of finding whether the subsoil would disclose anything that might lead to some conclusion as to the age or object of the circle. The following is Mr. Dover's report: Length of inclosure within the Keswick stone circle, 22 feet, east and west; breadth, 11 feet, north and south. Length opened out, 18 feet to 19 feet; breadth, 3 feet 3 inches, with two cross cuts of about 2 feet. Depth of dark superficial soil to where the yellow undisturbed soil appears, 14 inches, with the exception of a small portion at the west end where the black soil mixed with stones continued to a depth of 3 feet. Near the bottom here, I found what I think to be a few small pieces of burned wood or charcoal, also some dark unctuous sort of earth, a sample of both I brought away. (Dover 1883, 505).
</blockquote>

What subsequently happened to the samples of 'burned wood or charcoal' and the 'dark unctuous sort of earth' is unknown, other than they are now likely to be lost or, if not, too contaminated to be worth modern scientific analysis. Nevertheless, Dover's excavation is the only one to have been carried out at Castlerigg. It is, however, believed by some,{{sfn|Fraser|Howard-Davis|Winchester|David}} based on the dimensions given by Dover, that if any [[stratigraphy#Archaeological stratigraphy|stratigraphy]] exists within the rectangular enclosure it would not have been completely destroyed and the potential to create a relative sequence between the circle and the enclosure should still be possible. It is unlikely that further excavation around the stones would be permitted today as it is neither threatened by farming or development and erosion of the ground surface by the many visitors to the site is kept in check and is not sufficient to affect the integrity of the stones.

==Recent research==
[[Image:castlerigg.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Castlerigg Stone Circle, April 2005]]
Much of our knowledge and understanding of Castlerigg stone circle has been passed down to us by the work of 18th-century antiquarians and 19th-century amateurs. Considering that the stone circles of Cumbria in general are of such antiquity, being among the earliest stone circles in the whole of Europe, it is surprising that so little work has been carried out here under modern conditions, and that none of the stone circles of Cumbria have so far been scientifically dated.{{sfn|Hodgson|Brennand|2004}}

Since the 1960s, the names [[Aubrey Burl]] and [[Alexander Thom]] have become synonymous with stone circles and both men have contributed significantly to the literature on this subject, whilst taking opposing sides regarding their purpose and significance. The works of Burl strongly support the idea that any geometry within the circle, or astronomical alignments, are either purely coincidental or symbolic in nature. Thom, on the other hand, is a proponent of the circle builders being adept astronomers and mathematicians and suggests that these skills can be seen in all stone circles, everywhere.{{sfn|Michell|1982}} While neither Burl's nor Thom's works deal with Castlerigg exclusively, they do attempt to place all the stone circles of Britain in context to each other and to explain their purpose.

[[English Heritage]] subjected the scheduled area and the field to its immediate west to a [[Archaeological geophysics|geophysical survey]] in 1985 in order to improve our understanding of the stone circle and to provide a better interpretation for visitors.<ref>{{cite report |last=David |first=A |year=1986 |at=Castlerigg Stone Circle |title=Preliminary Report on Geophysical Survey, 1985 |publisher=Ancient Monuments Laboratory}}</ref> A full report of the findings from 1985 has still to be published.{{As of?|date=January 2024}}

In 2004, Margarita Díaz-Andreu, of the Department of Archaeology at [[Durham University]], commissioned a survey of the stones at Castlerigg in response to claims that a "spiral carving" had been discovered there. A laser-scanning survey was used to record three-dimensional images of the stones. Only graffiti from more recent times was discovered and no trace of the alleged spiral was found.<ref name="Ibbotson 2021"/>

==Pagan connections==
Castlerigg has no discernible [[Archaeoastronomy|solar alignments.]] Nevertheless, it remains a popular site to visit during solstice celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keswickplus.co.uk/forum/thread-211-post-846.html#pid846 |title=castlerigg stone circle/summer solstice |website =keswickplus.co.uk |date=2009-06-04|access-date=2011-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323041913/http://www.keswickplus.co.uk/forum/thread-211-post-846.html#pid846 |archive-date=2012-03-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ibbotson 2021"/> In recent years this has seen damage caused to the site, and illegal pits, from fires or cremation deposits, are often visible within the centre of the circle.

==Conservation history==
Castlerigg stone circle was one of the monuments included in the [[Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882]], which included a 'Schedule' of 68 sites in Great Britain and Ireland.<ref name=hunter/> It thus became one of the first [[scheduled ancient monument]]s. The following year the stone circle was 'taken in to state care'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.landscapebritain.co.uk/section/4871/castlerigg-stone-circle/ | title=Castlerigg Stone Circle | website=Landscape Britain and Ireland |accessdate=9 July 2014}}</ref> Under the 1882 act a deed of guardianship could be entered into by a landowner, in which the monument, but not the land it stands on, becomes the property of the state. As one of the first such sites to enter into such an agreement it occupies a small place in the history of archaeological conservation.{{sfn|Hodgson|Brennand|2004}} In 1913, Canon [[Hardwicke Rawnsley]], one of the founders of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], was among the prime organisers of a public subscription which bought the field in which the stone circle stands, which he then donated to the National Trust.{{sfn|Fraser|Howard-Davis|Winchester|David}} Responsibility for the stone circle remains with English Heritage, the successor body to the [[Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Works]], whilst ownership of the site is retained by the National Trust.

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===

====Academic books====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title= Rings of Stone |last=Burl |first=Aubrey  |author-link=Aubrey Burl |year=1979 |publisher=Francis Lincoln |location=London }}
* {{cite book |title= The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany |url= https://archive.org/details/stonecirclesofbr0000burl |url-access= registration |last=Burl |first=Aubrey  |author-link=Aubrey Burl |year=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=978-0-300-08347-7 }}
* {{cite book |title= A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany |last=Burl |first=Aubrey  |author-link=Aubrey Burl |year=2005 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London }}
* {{cite book |title= The Significance of Monuments: On the Shaping of Human Experience in Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe |last=Bradley |first=Richard  |author-link=Richard Bradley (archaeologist) |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-15204-4 }}
* {{cite book |title= Prehistoric Monuments of the Lake District |last=Clare |first=Tom  |year=2007 |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud |isbn=978-0-7524-4105-4 }}
* {{cite book |title= The Stone Circles of Cumbria |last=Waterhouse |first=John  |year=1985 |publisher=Phillimore |location=Chichester }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal | last1=Díaz-Andreu | first1=Margarita | last2=Brooke | first2=Christopher | last3=Rainsbury | first3=Michael | last4=Rosser | first4=Nick | title=The spiral that vanished: the application of non-contact recording techniques to an elusive rock art motif at Castlerigg stone circle in Cumbria | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=33 | issue=11 | year=2006 | issn=0305-4403 | doi=10.1016/j.jas.2006.02.010 | pages=1580–1587| bibcode=2006JArSc..33.1580D | url=https://dro.dur.ac.uk/3682/1/3682.pdf }}
*{{cite journal |last=Dover |first=W. K. |year=1883 |title=Excursions and Proceedings: Thursday and Friday, October 5 and 6 |journal=Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society|volume=VI |page=505}}{{Doi|10.5284/1064490}}
*{{cite book |last=Dyer |first=J |title=Discovering Prehistoric England |publisher=Shire |year=2001}}
*{{cite report |last1=Fraser|first1=D. |last2=Howard-Davis|first2=C. |last3=Winchester|first3=V. |last4=David |first4=A. |title=Castlerigg Stone Circle Documentary and Field Survey}}
*{{cite report |editor-last1=Hodgson |editor-first1=J |editor-last2=Brennand |editor-first2=M |title=North West Region Archaeological Research Framework Prehistoric Resource Assessment Draft |date=November 2004}}
*{{cite book |last=Michell |first=J |year=1982 |title=Megalithomania: Artists, Antiquarians, and Archaeologists at the Old Stone Monuments |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson}}
*{{cite book |last=Stukeley |first=W |year=1969 |orig-year=1776 |title=Itinerarium Curiosum: or, An Account of the Antiquities, and Remarkable Curiosities in Nature or Art, Observed in Travels through Great Britain |volume=II |location=Farnborough |publisher=Gregg International Publishers Limited}}
*{{cite book | last1=Thom | first1=A. | last2=Thom | first2=A.S. | last3=Burl | first3=A. | title=Megalithic Rings: Plans and Data for 229 Monuments in Britain | publisher=University of Michigan Press | publication-place=Ann Arbor, MI | year=1980 | isbn=978-0-86054-094-6 | doi=10.30861/9780860540946 | page=}}
*{{cite journal | last1=Trinks | first1=I | last2=Díaz-Andreu | first2=M. | last3=Hobbs | first3=R. | last4=Sharpe | first4=K.E. | title=Digital rock art recording: visualising petroglyphs using 3D laser scanner data | journal=Rock Art Research | volume=22 | issue=2 | date=2005-01-01 | issn=0813-0426 | pages=131–139 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325722576}}
*{{cite book |last=Wood |first=JE |title=Sun Moon and Standing Stones |publisher=Oxford |year=1980}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Castlerigg Stone Circle}}
*{{cite web | title=Castlerigg Stone Circle | website=English Heritage | url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/castlerigg-stone-circle/}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/majorsites/castlerigg.html |title=Castlerigg |website=mysteriousbritain.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027074020/http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/majorsites/castlerigg.html |archive-date=27 October 2004 }}
*{{cite web | title=Castlerigg | website=The Modern Antiquarian.com | date=2010-08-13 | url=https://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/70}}
*{{cite web | title=Castlerigg stone circle | website=Stones of England | url=https://www.stonepages.com/england/castlerigg.html }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.lakedistrictwalks.net/castlerigg-stone-circle |website=Lake District Walks |title=Castlerigg Stone Circle}}

{{European Standing Stones}}
{{English heritage cumbria}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Castlerigg Stone Circle}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 4th millennium BC]]
[[Category:English Heritage sites in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Stone circles in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Scheduled monuments in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Keswick, Cumbria]]
[[Category:Bronze Age sites in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Autumn equinox]]