View source for Cascais

{{Short description|City and municipality in the Lisbon District of Portugal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox Portuguese subdivision
| type              = municipality
|official_name      = Cascais
|image_flag         = Pt-csc1.png
|flag_border        = no
|image_shield       = CSC.png
|image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| photo1a           = Guia, Cascais. Panorama outubro 2017.jpg 
| photo2a           = View on Estoril and Cascais 2012.jpg
| photo2b           = Palacete Seixas, Cascais, Portugal, 2022-07-25, DD 22-24 HDR.jpg
| photo3a           = Lagoa no Parque Marechal Carmona, Cascais. 05-19.jpg
| photo3b           = Scotturb 612, Cascais. 03-20.jpg
| photo4a           = Praia do Guincho, west coast of Portugal. View to north 2014-09-19 (cropped).jpg 
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 260
| foot_montage            = Clockwise: Along the coast west of [[Boca do Inferno]]; Palacete Seixas; [[Carlos I of Portugal|King Carlos I]] Ave.; [[Praia do Guincho]]; [[Óscar Carmona|Marechal Carmona]] Park; View of Cascais and Estoril.
}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-point = none
|region             = [[Lisboa Region|Lisbon]]
|metro              = [[Lisbon metropolitan area|Lisbon]]
|district           = [[Lisbon District|Lisbon]]
|parishes           = [[#Geography|4]]
|leader_name        = Carlos Carreiras
|leader_party       = [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PSD]]-[[CDS – People's Party|CDS–PP]]
|coordinates        = {{coord|38|42|N|9|25|W|type:city(214,000)_region:PT-11_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
|elevation          = 
|elevation_min      = 
|elevation_max      = 
|area_total         = 97.40
|population_as_of   = 2021
|population_total   = 214158
|patron             = [[Anthony of Padua|Saint Anthony]]
|postal_code        = 2750 
|area_code          = 214 
|website            = {{URL|https://www.cascais.pt/}}
}}

'''Cascais''' ({{IPA|pt-PT|kɐʃˈkajʃ|-|Pt-pt Cascais FF.ogg}}) is a town and municipality in the [[Lisbon District]] of [[Portugal]], located on the [[Portuguese Riviera|Estoril Coast]]. The municipality has a total of 214,158 inhabitants<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2021 — Provisional Results |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=473161655&DESTAQUESmodo=2&xlang=en |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|Instituto Nacional de Estatística]] |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> in an area of 97.40&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name=dgt>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/|website=dgterritorio.pt|title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/|archive-date=5 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cascais is an important [[tourism in Portugal|tourist destination]]. Its [[Cascais Marina|marina]] hosts events such as the [[America's Cup]] and the town of [[Estoril]], part of the Cascais municipality, hosts conferences such as the [[Horasis Global Meeting]].

Since the 1870s, Cascais has been a popular seaside resort after King [[Luís I of Portugal]] and the [[House of Braganza|Portuguese royal family]] made the seaside town their residence every September, thus also attracting members of the [[Portuguese nobility]], who established a summer community there. Cascais is known for the many members of royalty who have lived there, including King [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom]], when he was the Duke of Windsor, King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]], and King [[Umberto II of Italy]]. Former Cuban president [[Fulgencio Batista]] was also once a resident of the municipality. The [[Casino Estoril]] inspired [[Ian Fleming]]'s first [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] novel, [[Casino Royale (novel)|''Casino Royale'']].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/travel/europe/alternative-algarve-1.1276923|title=Alternative Algarve|date=8 January 2011|work=Irish Times|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

The municipality is one of the wealthiest in both Portugal and the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/lisboa-cascais-e-sintra-sao-os-municipios-que-mais-encaixam-com-imi-190008|title=Jornal Economico - Lisboa, Cascais e Sintra são os municípios que mais encaixam com IMI|access-date=2018-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091336/https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/lisboa-cascais-e-sintra-sao-os-municipios-que-mais-encaixam-com-imi-190008|archive-date=2019-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/economia/seis-dos-quinze-concelhos-mais-ricos-situam-se-na-regiao-de-lisboa_n366224|title=Seis dos quinze concelhos mais ricos situam-se na Região de Lisboa|first=RTP, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal-António Carneiro|last=RTP|website=www.rtp.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2003/10/13/economia/noticia/grande-lisboa-e-a-regiao-iberica-mais-rica-em-poder-de-compra-1170450|title=Grande Lisboa é a região ibérica mais rica em poder de compra|first=Cristina|last=Ferreira|website=PÚBLICO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/sintra-fica-do-lado-de-lisboa-e-tem-a-maior-cara-de-conto-de-fadas/|title=Sintra fica do lado de Lisboa e tem a maior cara de conto de fadas|first=Victor|last=Villarpando|date=17 November 2014|website=Jornal CORREIO - Notícias e opiniões que a Bahia quer saber|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506000128/https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/sintra-fica-do-lado-de-lisboa-e-tem-a-maior-cara-de-conto-de-fadas/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has one of the most expensive real estate markets and one of the highest costs of living in the country,<ref>[https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/turismo/2018/06/mercado-imobiliario-em-alta-da-apelido-de-nova-miami-a-lisboa.shtml Folha de S. Paulo - Mercado imobiliário em alta dá apelido de nova Miami a Lisboa]</ref><ref>[https://24.sapo.pt/economia/artigos/investir-13-milhoes-de-euros-para-vender-imoveis-de-luxo-em-lisboa Sapo Economia - Investir 1,3 milhões de euros para vender imóveis de luxo em Lisboa]</ref><ref>[https://www.dn.pt/dinheiro/interior/portugal-e-a-nova-miami-para-os-brasileiros-ricos-6244332.html Diario de Noticias - Portugal é a nova Miami para os brasileiros ricos]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/economia/o-negocio-milionario-das-casas-de-luxo-em-portugal=f903094#gs.tIlGSvs |title=Expresso - O negócio milionário das casas de luxo em Portugal |access-date=2018-07-29 |archive-date=2018-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812151449/https://expresso.sapo.pt/economia/o-negocio-milionario-das-casas-de-luxo-em-portugal=f903094#gs.tIlGSvs |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is consistently ranked highly for its quality of life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cascais é a terceira melhor cidade do país |url=https://observador.pt/2017/04/05/cascais-e-a-terceira-melhor-cidade-do-pais-depois-de-lisboa-e-porto/ |publisher=Observador |access-date=5 June 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.eurodicas.com.br/melhores-cidades-de-portugal-para-morar/ Eurodicas - Melhores Cidades de Portugal]</ref>

==History==
[[File:33037-Cascais (35538412783).jpg|thumb|left|Coast view of Cascais, Portugal.]]
Human settlement of the territory today known as Cascais dates to the late [[Paleolithic]], as indicated by remnants encountered in the north of Talaíde, in Alto do Cabecinho (Tires) and south of Moinhos do Cabreiro.<ref name="CMHistoria">{{cite web |editor=Câmara Municipal |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Cascais |location=Cascais, Portugal |year=2011 |access-date=8 March 2013 |language=pt |url=http://www.cm-cascais.pt/sub-area/historia |title=História |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313073116/http://www.cm-cascais.pt/sub-area/historia |archive-date=13 March 2013 }}</ref> It was during the [[Neolithic]] that permanent settlements were established in the region, their inhabitants utilizing the natural grottoes (such as the [[Caves of Poço Velho]] in Cascais) and artificial shelters (like those in [[Artificial caves of Alapraia|Alapraia]] or São Pedro) to deposit their dead. The bodies were buried along with offerings, a practice that continued to the [[Chalcolithic]].<ref name=CMHistoria/>

Roman interventions in the area occurred with the settlement of the ''villae'' of [[Roman villa of Freiria|Freiria]] (today São Domingos de Rana) and [[Roman ruins of Casais Velhos|Casais Velhos]] (Charneca), evidence for which includes a group of ten tanks discovered along the ''Rua Marques Leal Pancada'' in Cascais, which was the location of a salting factory for fish.<ref name=CMHistoria/> Roman dominion over the territory also influenced place names in the region, as was the case with the word "Caparide" (from the Latin ''capparis'', meaning "''[[caper]]''"), as well as several inscriptions associated with funerary graves.<ref name=CMHistoria/>

The [[Visigoths]] also left their mark especially on the Visigothic Cemetery of Alcoitão,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cemitério visigótico de Alcoitão |url=http://www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/pt/patrimonio/patrimonio-imovel/pesquisa-do-patrimonio/classificado-ou-em-vias-de-classificacao/geral/view/73236 |website=www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> as well as in the late-Roman and medieval necropolis of Talaíde.<ref>{{cite book |last1=d'Encarnação |first1=José |title=História e geografia de Cascais |date=1979 |publisher=Cascais: Publigráfica |url=https://biblioteca.cascais.pt/bibliotecadigital/129022/129022_0000_Obra%20completa_t24-C-R0300.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cardoso |first1=J.L |last2=Cardoso |first2=G. |last3=Guerra |first3=M. F. |title=A necrópole tardo-romana e medieval de Talaíde (Cascais). Caracterização e integração cultural. Análises não destrutivas do espólio metálico. |date=1995 |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Oeiras |url=https://repositorioaberto.uab.pt/bitstream/10400.2/4536/1/1995%2C%20a%20necropole%20tardo-romana%20e%20medieval%20de%20Talaide%2C%20Cascais.pdf}}</ref>

Similarly, Muslim settlers in the region left their mark on local place names, including "Alcoitão" and "Alcabideche", where the romantic poet Ibn Muqana al-Qabdaqi, who wrote of the region's agriculture and windmills, was born at the beginning of the 11th century.<ref name=CMHistoria/> The discovery of several corpses in 1987 at Arneiro, in [[Carcavelos]], led to the identification of fifteen burials that, due to their characteristics, made it possible to verify that the individuals buried there were of [[Berbers|Berber]] origin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cardoso |first1=Guilherme |last2=d'Encarnação |first2=José |title=Património Arqueológico |date=2010 |publisher=Câmara Municipal de Cascais |location=Cascais |pages=61–62 |url=https://biblioteca.cascais.pt/bibliotecadigital/DG16/DG16_item1/DG16_PDF/DG16_PDF_24-C-R0150/DG16_ObraCompleta_t24-C-R0150.pdf |isbn=978-972-637-225-7 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

The development of Cascais began in earnest in the 12th century, when it was administratively subordinate to the town of [[Sintra]], located to the north. In its humble beginnings, Cascais depended on the products of the sea and land, but by the 13th century its fish production was also supplying the nearby city of [[Lisbon]]. The toponym "''Cascais''" appears to derive from this period, a plural derivation of ''cascal'' (''monte de cascas'') which signified a "mountain of shells", referring to the abundant volume of marine mollusks harvested from the coastal waters.<ref name=CMHistoria/> During the 14th century, the population spread outside the walls of its [[Citadel of Cascais|fortress castle]].

[[File:Walking around Cascais (49663277256).jpg|thumb|left|Center of Cascais ([[Peter I of Portugal|King Peter I]] statue).]]
The settlement's prosperity led to its administrative independence from Sintra in 1364. On 7 June 1364, the people of Cascais obtained from [[Peter I of Portugal|King Peter I]] the elevation of the village to the status of town, necessitating the appointment of local judges and administrators. The townspeople were consequently obligated to pay the Crown 200 pounds of gold annually, as well as bearing the expense of paying the local administrators' salaries. Owing to the regions' wealth, these obligations were easily satisfied.<ref name=CMHistoria/> The town and the surrounding lands were owned by a succession of feudal lords, the most famous of whom was [[João das Regras]] (died 1404), a lawyer and professor of the [[University of Coimbra|University of Lisbon]] who was involved in the ascension of [[John I of Portugal|King John I]] to power as the first King of the [[House of Aviz]].

The castle of Cascais was likely constructed during this period, since by 1370, King [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand]] had donated the castle and Cascais to Gomes Lourenço de Avelar to hold as a seigneurial fiefdom.<ref name=CMHistoria/> These privileges were then passed on to his successors, among them João das Regras and the Counts of Monsanto, and later the Marquess of Cascais.<ref name=CMHistoria/> Meanwhile, despite its conquest and sack by [[Crown of Castile|Castilian]] forces in 1373, and blockade of the port in 1382 and 1384, Cascais continued to grow beyond its walls.<ref name=CMHistoria/> By the end of the 14th century, this resulted in the creation of the [[parish]]es of Santa Maria de Cascais, [[Alcabideche|São Vicente de Alcabideche]] and [[São Domingos de Rana]].<ref name=CMHistoria/>

[[File:Braun Cascais UBHD.jpg|thumb|left|A 1572 sketch of the coast of Cascais.]]
From the [[Middle Ages]] onward, Cascais depended on fishing, maritime commerce (it was a stop for ships sailing to Lisbon), and agriculture, producing [[wine]], [[olive oil]], cereals, and fruits. Due to its location at the mouth of the [[Tagus]] estuary, it was also seen as a strategic post in the defence of Lisbon. Around 1488, [[John II of Portugal|King John II]] built a small fortress in the town, situated by the sea. On 15 November 1514, [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] conceded a [[foral]] (''charter'') to Cascais, instituting the region's municipal authority.<ref name="CMHistoria"/> It was followed on 11 June 1551 by a license from [[John III of Portugal|King John III]] to institutionalise the ''Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Cascais''.<ref name=CMHistoria/> The [[Mother Church]] of Cascais, the [[Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Cascais)|Church of Nossa Senhora da Assunção]], dates back to the early 16th century. The town's medieval fortress was inadequate to repel invasions, and in 1580 Spanish troops led by the Duque of Alba took the village during the conflict that led to the [[Struggle for the throne of Portugal|union of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns]]. The fortress was enlarged towards the end of the 16th century by [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip I]] (Philip II of Spain), turning it into a typical [[Renaissance]] [[citadel]] with the characteristic flat profile and star-shaped [[floorplan]]. Following the Portuguese restoration in 1640, a dozen bulwarks and redoubts were constructed under the direction of the [[Count of Cantanhede]], who oversaw the defences of the Tagus estuary, the gateway to the city of Lisbon.<ref name=CMHistoria/> Of these structures, the [[citadel of Cascais]], which was constructed alongside the fortress of Our Lady of Light, considerably reinforced the strategic defences of the coast.<ref name=CMHistoria/>
[[File:GuimaraesPalace.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Palácio dos Condes de Castro Guimarães]] in Cascais, Portugal.]]

In 1755, the great [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake]] destroyed a large portion of the city. Around 1774, the [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal|Marquis of Pombal]], prime-minister of [[José I of Portugal|King José I]], took protective measures for the commercialisation of the wine of [[Carcavelos]] and established the Royal Factory of Wool in the village, which existed until the early 19th century. During the [[Invasion of Portugal (1807)|invasion of Portugal by Napoleonic troops]] in 1807, the citadel of Cascais was occupied by the [[French people|French]], with [[Andoche Junot|General Junot]] staying some time in the village.

In 1862, the [[Joaquim António Velez Barreiros|Visconde da Luz]] built a summer house in Cascais. He and a group of friends also organized the construction of a road from Cascais to [[Oeiras, Portugal|Oeiras]], effectively linking Cascais to Lisbon, and also promoted other improvements to the town. As a result of these improvement, [[Luís I of Portugal|King Luís I]] decided to make Cascais into his summer residence and, from 1870 to 1908, the Portuguese royal family from the [[House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] spent part of the summer in Cascais to enjoy the sea, turning the quiet fishing village into a cosmopolitan address. Thanks to King Luís, the citadel was equipped with the country's first [[electric light]]s in 1878. Cascais also benefited from the construction of a better road to Sintra, a [[bullring|bullfight ring]], [[Sporting Club of Cascais|a sports club]], and improvements to basic infrastructure for the population. Many noble families built impressive mansions in an eclectic style commonly referred to as ''[[summer architecture]]'', many of which are still to be seen in the town centre and environs. The first railway arrived in 1889. Another important step in the development of the area was made in the first half of the 20th century with the building of a casino and infrastructure in neighbouring [[Estoril]].
[[File:Cascais Conde Castro Guimaraes.jpg|thumb|left|[[Condes de Castro Guimarães Museum]]]]

In 1882 Cascais installed one of the first [[Cascais tide gauge|tide gauges]] in Europe in order to assist with navigation into the port of Lisbon. In 1896, [[Carlos I of Portugal|King Carlos I]], a lover of all maritime activities, installed in the citadel the first oceanographic laboratory in Portugal. The King himself led a total of 12 scientific expeditions to the coast; these ended in 1908 after his [[Lisbon Regicide|assassination in Lisbon]].

Due to Portugal's [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutrality]] in World War II and the town's elegance and royal past, Cascais became home to many of the exiled royal families of Europe, including those of Spain ([[House of Bourbon]]), Italy ([[House of Savoy]]), Hungary and Bulgaria. Their stories are told at the [[Exiles Memorial Centre]].

Nowadays, Cascais and its surroundings are a popular vacation spot for the Portuguese as well as for the international [[jet set]] and regular foreign tourists, all of them drawn by its fine beaches. The town hosts many international events, including sailing and surfing. In 2018 it was the [[European Youth Capital]].

==Geography==
[[File:Cascais (20909928930).jpg|thumb|View of the municipality]]
[[File:Cascais (20243630091) (cropped).jpg|thumb|View of Cascais Bay]]
[[File:Cascais beach 02.JPG|thumb|''Praia da Rainha'' (Queen's Beach), a beach in the centre of Cascais.]]
Cascais is situated on the western edge of the Tagus estuary, between the Sintra mountains and the Atlantic Ocean; the territory occupied by the municipality is limited in the north by the municipality of [[Sintra Municipality|Sintra]], south and west by the ocean, and east by the municipality of [[Oeiras Municipality, Portugal|Oeiras]].<ref name=CMHistoria/>

Administratively, the municipality is divided into 4 civil parishes (''[[freguesia (Portugal)|freguesias]]''),<ref>{{cite web|title=Law nr. 11-A/2013, page 552 30|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2013/01/01901/0000200147.pdf |access-date=20 July 2014|author=[[Diário da República]]|language=pt}}</ref> with municipal authority vested in the ''Câmara Municipal'' of Cascais:
* [[Alcabideche]]
* [[Carcavelos e Parede]]
* [[Cascais e Estoril]]
* [[São Domingos de Rana]]

Cascais' coastline is home to 17 beaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ambiente.cascais.pt/pt/espacos/praias|title=Beaches of Cascais - Cascais Municipality Website|date=2018|website=Praias {{!}} Cascais Ambiente}}</ref> These are:
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Praia das Avencas
* Praia da Azarujinha
* Praia da Bafureira
* Praia da Conceição
* Praia da Cresmina
* Praia da Duquesa
* Praia da Parede
* Praia da Poça
* Praia da Rainha
* Praia da Ribeira de Cascais
* Praia das Moitas
* Praia de Carcavelos
* Praia de S. Pedro do Estoril
* Praia de Santa Marta
* Praia do Abano
* Praia do Tamariz
* Praia do Guincho
}}

[[Praia do Guincho|Guincho Beach]] and Carcavelos Beach are especially well known as good surf spots. Close to Praia do Guincho is the [[Cresmina Dune]], which is an unstable dune system due to the constant drifting of sand particles caused by strong winds.

===Climate===
Cascais has a [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csb'', [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Csbl''),<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Average Temperature by month, Cascais water temperature - Climate Data|url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/portugal/cascais/cascais-7051|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref> with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Moderated by the [[Atlantic]] and the typical [[urban heat island]] of a city, temperatures in Cascais rarely get below {{convert|5|C}} or above {{convert|30|C}}.

{{Weather box
|location = [[Monte Estoril]], 1931-1960
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes

|Jan record high C = 22.0
|Feb record high C = 23.5
|Mar record high C = 27.6
|Apr record high C = 32.1
|May record high C = 34.0
|Jun record high C = 39.2
|Jul record high C = 38.9
|Aug record high C = 39.5
|Sep record high C = 35.3
|Oct record high C = 34.8
|Nov record high C = 28.2
|Dec record high C = 22.2
|year record high C =

|Jan high C = 14.9
|Feb high C = 15.8
|Mar high C = 17.3
|Apr high C = 19.4
|May high C = 20.8
|Jun high C = 23.6
|Jul high C = 25.7
|Aug high C = 26.0
|Sep high C = 24.9
|Oct high C = 22.0
|Nov high C = 18.4
|Dec high C = 15.7
|year high C =

|Jan mean C = 11.8
|Feb mean C = 12.3
|Mar mean C = 14.0
|Apr mean C = 15.7
|May mean C = 17.1
|Jun mean C = 19.6
|Jul mean C = 21.4
|Aug mean C = 21.7
|Sep mean C = 20.8
|Oct mean C = 18.3
|Nov mean C = 15.0
|Dec mean C = 12.4
|year mean C =

|Jan low C = 8.6
|Feb low C = 8.8
|Mar low C = 10.6
|Apr low C = 12.0
|May low C = 13.4
|Jun low C = 15.6
|Jul low C = 17.0
|Aug low C = 17.4
|Sep low C = 16.8
|Oct low C = 14.6
|Nov low C = 11.7
|Dec low C = 9.2
|year low C =

|Jan record low C = -0.3
|Feb record low C = -0.9
|Mar record low C = 3.1
|Apr record low C = 5.8
|May record low C = 7.4
|Jun record low C = 10.4
|Jul record low C = 12.6
|Aug record low C = 12.6
|Sep record low C = 11.0
|Oct record low C = 8.3
|Nov record low C = 3.0
|Dec record low C = -0.9
|year record low C =

|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 97.0
|Feb rain mm = 67.6
|Mar rain mm = 91.0
|Apr rain mm = 49.6
|May rain mm = 38.0
|Jun rain mm = 13.0
|Jul rain mm = 2.4
|Aug rain mm = 4.4
|Sep rain mm = 28.6
|Oct rain mm = 68.4
|Nov rain mm = 82.3
|Dec rain mm = 93.9
|year rain mm =

|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 14
|Feb rain days = 11
|Mar rain days = 14
|Apr rain days = 9
|May rain days = 9
|Jun rain days = 4
|Jul rain days = 2
|Aug rain days = 2
|Sep rain days = 5
|Oct rain days = 10
|Nov rain days = 13
|Dec rain days = 13
|year rain days =

|Jan humidity = 82
|Feb humidity = 77
|Mar humidity = 78
|Apr humidity = 73
|May humidity = 74
|Jun humidity = 74
|Jul humidity = 71
|Aug humidity = 73
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 76
|Nov humidity = 79
|Dec humidity = 81

|Jan sun = 161.1
|Feb sun = 183.0
|Mar sun = 209.1
|Apr sun = 275.7
|May sun = 315.6
|Jun sun = 342.8
|Jul sun = 383.7
|Aug sun = 356.6
|Sep sun = 279.1
|Oct sun = 234.9
|Nov sun = 184.2
|Dec sun = 162.8
|year sun =

|Jan percentsun= 53
|Feb percentsun= 60
|Mar percentsun= 56
|Apr percentsun= 70
|May percentsun= 71
|Jun percentsun= 77
|Jul percentsun= 85
|Aug percentsun= 84
|Sep percentsun= 75
|Oct percentsun= 68
|Nov percentsun= 61
|Dec percentsun= 55
|year percentsun=

|source 1 = [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera]]<ref>{{cite book |title=O Clima de Portugal: Normais climatológicas do Continente, Açores e Madeira correspondentes a 1931-1960 |date=1965 |publisher=Serviço Meteorológico Nacional, Observatório do Infante D. Luís (Lisboa) |page=108 |url=https://i.imgur.com/AZFPCZh.jpg |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=O Clima de Portugal: Normais climatológicas do Continente, Açores e Madeira correspondentes a 1931-1960 |date=1965 |publisher=Serviço Meteorológico Nacional, Observatório do Infante D. Luís (Lisboa) |page=109 |url=https://i.imgur.com/e7xQxze.jpg |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|1864|6575|1878|6738|1890|8436|1900|9463|1911|14308|1920|15251|1930|22932|1940|29641|1950|42177|1960|59617|1970|92907|1981|141498|1991|153294|2001|170683|2011|206479|2021|214124|align=none|cols=2|source=INE<ref>Instituto Nacional de Estatística. [https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes (Recenseamentos Gerais da População)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408005823/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes |date=8 April 2008 }}</ref>}}

==Economy==
[[File:Horasis meetings in Cascais.jpg|thumb|Horasis Global Meeting Reception at the Hotel Palácio [[Estoril]], 2016.]]
[[File:Hotel Museu do Farol de Santa Marta IMG 7103 (2497377933).jpg|thumb|[[Santa Marta Lighthouse (Cascais)|Saint Martha's Lighthouse]] and the [[Casa de Santa Maria, Cascais|House of Saint Mary (''Casa de Santa Maria'')]]]]

Cascais is easily reached from Lisbon by car on the A5 Lisbon-Cascais highway, or alternatively on the scenic "marginal" road, as well as by frequent inexpensive [[Linha de Cascais|commuter trains]]. Taxis are also a common and inexpensive mode of transport in the area. The city has the ruins of a [[Citadel of Cascais|castle]], an [[Casa das Histórias Paula Rego|art]] museum and an [[Museum of the Sea, Cascais|ocean museum]], as well as parks and the cobbled streets of the historic centre. The town has many hotels and tourist apartments as well as many good restaurants of varying cost. It is a fine base to use for those visiting Lisbon and its environs who prefer to stay outside of the city.

Cascais ranks ninth in population density and sixth in percentage of population employed among Portuguese municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cascaisinvest.pt/en/cascais/|title=Cascais|publisher=Cascais Invest: economic promotion and investment unit|access-date=2018-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713020547/https://www.cascaisinvest.pt/en/cascais/|archive-date=2018-07-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Cascais is surrounded by popular beaches. [[Guincho Beach]] to the northwest is primarily a [[surfing]], [[windsurfing]], and [[kitesurfing]] beach because of the prevailing winds and sea swells, while the calm waters of the beaches to the east attract sunbathers. The lush [[Sintra-Cascais Natural Park|Sintra]] mountains to the north are a further attraction. The shoreline to the west has cliffs, attracting tourists who come for the panoramic views of the sea and other natural sights such as the [[Boca do Inferno]]. It is also becoming a popular golf destination, with over 10 [[Golf|golf courses]] nearby.

A large [[Cascais Marina|marina]] with 650 berths was opened in 1999 and has since held many sailing events. It was the official host of the [[2007 ISAF Sailing World Championships]] for dinghies and racing yachts. The municipality also hosts international [[tennis]] and motorcycling events and for many years hosted the [[FIA]] F1 Portugal Grand Prix at the [[Autódromo Fernanda Pires da Silva|Estoril race track]]. The [[Casino Estoril|Estoril Casino]] is one of the largest in Europe. Near the casino is the ''"Hotel Palácio"'' (Palace Hotel), where scenes of the [[James Bond]] movie ''[[On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)|On Her Majesty's Secret Service]]'' were shot.

In 2017, the municipality started charging a small tourist tax, as the city had become one of the most visited destinations in Portugal. It is estimated that around 1.2 million tourists stay in the city's hotels each year (2016).<ref>{{cite web |title=Taxa turística de um euro cobrada em Cascais a partir de hoje |url=https://www.dn.pt/dinheiro/interior/taxa-turistica-de-um-euro-cobrada-em-cascais-a-partir-de-hoje-5640807.html |publisher=Diário de Notícias |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>

The [[Cascais Municipal Aerodrome|Cascais Aerodrome]] in Tires (São Domingos de Rana) serves [[general aviation]] and also offers domestic scheduled flights by [[Aero VIP (Portugal)|Aero VIP]].

==Education==
{{expand section|date=May 2016}}
The [[Carcavelos]] community houses the [[St. Julian's School|Saint Julian's School]], a British international school.

The [[Estoril]] community hosts a kindergarten and elementary school campus of the [[German School of Lisbon]].<ref name="Kontakt">"[http://www.dslissabon.com/kontakt Kontakt]"/"[http://www.dslissabon.com/pt-pt/contactos Contactos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217020952/http://dslissabon.com/pt-pt/contactos |date=2017-12-17 }}." [[German School of Lisbon]]. Retrieved on May 5, 2016. German: "Deutsche Schule Lissabon Kindergarten, Grundschule, Gymnasium Rua Prof. Francisco Lucas Pires 1600-891 Lisboa Portugal" and "Deutsche Schule Lissabon - Standort Estoril Kindergarten, Grundschule Rua Dr. António Martins, 26 2765-194 Estoril Portugal" ; Portuguese: "Escola Alemã de Lisboa Jardim Infantil, Escola Primária e Liceu Rua Prof. Francisco Lucas Pires 1600-891 Lisboa Portugal" and "Escola Alemã de Lisboa - Dependência do Estoril Jardim de Infância, Escola Primária Rua Dr. António Martins, 26 2765-194 Estoril Portugal"</ref>

Outeiro de Polima, [[São Domingos de Rana]], in Cascais, houses [[Saint Dominic's International School]].<ref>"[http://www.dominics-int.org/Contact Contact]." [[Saint Dominic's International School]]. Retrieved on December 8, 2016.</ref>

==Culture==

The [[Teatro Gil Vicente, Cascais|Gil Vicente theatre]] dates back to 1869. In its early years it was frequently attended by Portugal's royal family. The Cascais Experimental Theatre was established in 1965 and has presented more than a hundred shows since then. Over the years Cascais has developed several art galleries and museums. These are concentrated in a relatively small area of the town, mainly in parkland. Combined, they are known as The Museum Quarter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum Quarter|url=http://www.visitcascais.com/en/museum-quarter/list|publisher=Visit Cascais|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075359/http://www.visitcascais.com/en/museum-quarter/list|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Several occupy large buildings that were formerly private residences and were subsequently taken over and restored by the Municipality. Entrance is either free or for a small fee (usually not more than €4). The galleries and museums are:

'''Art galleries'''
*'''[[Casa das Histórias Paula Rego]].''' This is a relatively modern museum devoted to the paintings of [[Paula Rego]] and her husband [[Victor Willing]].
* '''[[Cascais Cultural Centre]].''' Located on the site of the former convent of Our Lady of Mercy, this colourful building houses rotating exhibitions and also has a small concert hall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cascais Cultural Centre|url=http://www.visitcascais.com/en/museum-quarter/centro-cultural-de-cascais/info|publisher=Visit Cascais|access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>
* '''Casa Duarte Pinto Coelho.''' The former guardhouse of the Condes de Castro Guimarães Palace, this building houses the Duarte Pinto Coelho art collection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Casa Duarte Pinto Coelho|url=http://www.visitcascais.com/en/museum-quarter/casa-duarte-pinto-coelho/info|publisher=Cascais|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075304/http://www.visitcascais.com/en/museum-quarter/casa-duarte-pinto-coelho/info|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Cidadela Arts Centre.''' This occupies a small part of the [[Citadel of Cascais]] and offers space for artists to display and sell their work.
'''Museums'''
*The '''[[Cascais Citadel Palace Museum]]''' is situated inside the grounds of the Citadel. It was used as the summer residence of the royal family from 1870 until 1908, and was subsequently used as one of the official residences of [[List of Presidents of Portugal|Portuguese presidents]]. After extensive restoration it was opened as a museum in 2011, with an emphasis on the role of Portuguese presidents.
* '''[[Condes de Castro Guimarães Museum]].''' This was built as an aristocrat's summer residence and became a museum in 1931. The building follows an eclectic architectural style, while the museum includes paintings, furniture, porcelain, jewellery and a [[neo-Gothic]] organ.
*'''[[Casa de Santa Maria, Cascais|Casa de Santa Maria]].''' This was built for the same person as the building housing the Condes de Castro Guimarães Museum. Both are built on the banks of a small sea cove. It was acquired by the Cascais Municipality in October 2004 and is interesting mainly for the design and the wall tiles.
* '''Lighthouse museum.''' This is built into the [[Santa Marta Lighthouse (Cascais)|Santa Marta Lighthouse]], next to the Casa de Santa Maria. Examples of lighthouse lens and other technology can be seen and at certain times the lighthouse can be climbed.
* '''[[Casa Sommer]]''' is a distinguished private residence converted into a historical museum. It also houses the Municipal Archives. It is the newest museum in the Quarter, having been opened in 2016.
* '''[[Museum of the Sea, Cascais|King D. Carlos Sea Museum]]''' was inaugurated in 1992. It has a variety of exhibitions reflecting the origins of Cascais as a fishing village.
* '''[[Palácio dos Condes da Guarda, Cascais|Town museum]]''' ({{langx|pt|Museu da Vila}}). Provides an introduction to the history of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museu da Vila|url=http://www.visitcascais.com/en/museum-quarter/museu-da-vila/info|publisher=Visit Cascais|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075237/http://www.visitcascais.com/en/museum-quarter/museu-da-vila/info|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal}}
Cascais is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Geminações|url=https://www.cascais.pt/sub-area/geminacoes-0|website=cascais.pt|publisher=Cascais|language=pt|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Biarritz]], France, since 1986
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Vitória, Brazil|Vitória]], Brazil, since 1986
*{{flagicon|STP}} [[Santana, São Tomé and Príncipe|Santana]], São Tomé and Príncipe, since 1986
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Atami]], Japan, since 1990
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wuxi]], China, since 1993
*{{flagicon|CPV}} [[Sal, Cape Verde|Sal]], Cape Verde, since 1993
*{{flagicon|PSE}} [[Gaza City]], Palestine, since 2000
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Guarujá]], Brazil, since 2000
*{{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Xai-Xai]], Mozambique, since 2000
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Sausalito]], United States, since 2012
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Ungheni]], Moldova, since 2012
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Campinas]], Brazil, since 2012
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Sinaia]], Romania, since 2018
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Pampilhosa da Serra]], Portugal, since 2018
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Bucha, Kyiv Oblast|Bucha]], Ukraine, since 2022
{{div col end}}

==Notable residents==
[[File:Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa em fevereiro de 2018.jpg|thumb|Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, 2018]]
[[File:Ana Gomes.jpg|thumb|Ana Gomes, 2014]]
* [[Joaquim António Velez Barreiros]] (1802–1865). As the ''Visconde da Luz'', is celebrated in Cascais with two streets and a park named after him
* [[José de Freitas Ribeiro]] (1868–1929) Portuguese Navy officer, [[List of colonial governors of Mozambique|Governor-General of Mozambique]], 1910-1911 and [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Governor-General of Portuguese India]], 1917-1919
* [[Ricardo Espírito Santo]] (1900-1955) a banker, economist, patron of the arts, international athlete & friend of [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] and President of [[Banco Espírito Santo]]
* [[António da Mota Veiga]] (1915–2005) a politician and former Minister and law professor
* [[Nadir Afonso]] (1920 - 2013 in Cascais), a [[geometric abstract art|geometric abstractionist]] painter, notable for his ''City Series'' [[Nadir Afonso artworks|artwork]]
* [[John Tojeiro]] (1923–2005) known at ''Toj'', an engineer and racing car designer
* [[Francisco Pinto Balsemão]] (born 1937) a former [[Prime Minister of Portugal]], 1981-1983
* [[José Luis Encarnação]] (born 1941) a computer scientist and senior academic in Germany
* [[Pedro Cardoso (Brazilian actor)|Pedro Cardoso]] (born 1962), Brazilian actor, writer and comedian
* [[Manuela Carneiro da Cunha]] (born 1943) a Portuguese-Brazilian anthropologist, studies indigenous people in Brazil.
* [[Ricardo Salgado]] (born 1944) an economist and banker, president of [[Banco Espírito Santo]]
* [[Julião Sarmento]] (1948–2021) a multimedia artist and painter; lived and worked in Estoril
* Manuel Ulrich Garnel (born 1969) a Portuguese logicist who first discovered The Brajevska Polynomial in Cascais, circa 1992
* [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]] (born 1948), a Portuguese politician, former [[Minister (government)|Minister]], law professor, former journalist, political analyst and current [[President of Portugal]] since 2016
* [[Manuel Botelho]] (born 1950) a Portuguese artist who lives and works in [[Estoril]]
* [[Ana Gomes]] (born 1954) a Portuguese former diplomat and politician
* [[Isabel Jonet]] (born 1960) president of the Portuguese Federation of Food Banks 
* [[Aure Atika]] (born 1970) a French actress, writer and director.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004133/  Aure Atika, IMDb Database] retrieved 30 June 2021.</ref>
* [[Chabeli Iglesias]] (born 1971) a Spanish journalist and socialite, daughter of [[Julio Iglesias]]
* [[Luana Piovani]] (born 1976), a Brazilian actress and former model.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0684840/  Luana Piovani, IMDb Database] retrieved 30 June 2021.</ref>
* [[Add Fuel|Diogo Machado]] (born 1980) known as ''[[Add Fuel]]'', a Portuguese visual artist and illustrator
* [[Ricardo Baptista Leite]] (born 1980) a doctor, academic, politician and author
* [[Daniela Ruah]] (born 1983, Boston, Massachusetts), a Portuguese-American actress, brought up in Portugal, currently starring in the TV series ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2079733/  Daniela Ruah, IMDb Database] retrieved 30 June 2021.</ref>
* [[Vera Kolodzig]] (born 1985) a Portuguese actress, brought up in Cascais.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0464299/  Vera Kolodzig, IMDb Database] retrieved 01 July 2021.</ref>
* [[Ana Free|Ana Gomes Ferreira]] (born 1987) known as ''[[Ana Free]]'', singer/songwriter made popular by [[YouTube]]
* [[Mariana Bandhold]] (born 1995) a Portuguese-American singer, actress, and songwriter.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6662944/  Mariana Bandhold, IMDb Database] retrieved 30 June 2021.</ref>

=== Sport ===
* [[Nuno Durão]] (born 1962) a Portuguese rugby union footballer and coach with 44 caps for [[Portugal national rugby union team|Portugal]]
* [[Fernando Gonçalves]] (born 1967) a former footballer with 43 goals
* [[Paulo Ferreira]] (born 1979) a former footballer with 306 club caps and 62 for [[Portugal national football team|Portugal]]
* [[Duarte Félix da Costa]] (born 1985) racing car driver
* [[António Félix da Costa]] (born 1991) racing car driver a former [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]] test driver and the [[2019-20 Formula E Championship|2020]] [[Formula E]] Champion
* [[Camilla Kemp]] (born 1996) is an Olympic surfer who competed for Germany<ref>{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunk.de |title=Camilla Kemp - erste deutsche Surferin bei Olympischen Spielen |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/olympia-paris-surfen-camilla-kemp-portrait-100.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de}}</ref>
* [[Fernando Varela (Cape Verdean footballer)|Fernando Varela]] (born 1987) a footballer with over 350 club caps and 49 for [[Cape Verde national football team|Cape Verde]]
* [[Frederico Morais]] (born 1992) a surfer in the [[World Surf League]]
* [[Teresa Bonvalot]] (born 1999) a surfer in the [[World Surf League]] the 2016 and 2017 European Junior Champion and 2021-22 WSL Qualifying Series European Champion

=== Royalty ===
[[File:Villa Italia Cascais.jpg|thumb|Villa Italia was the abode of the exiled King of Italy for forty years in Cascais, now used as a hotel]]
[[File:Umberto II, 1944.jpg|thumb|Umberto II, 1944]]
*King [[Luís I of Portugal]] (1838 – 1889 in Cascais) a member of the ruling [[House of Braganza]] and [[King of Portugal]] from 1861 to 1889. 
*King [[Carol II of Romania]] (1893–1953) and [[Miklós Horthy]] (1868–1957), [[Regent of Hungary|Regent]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]], both lived and died in [[Estoril]], in Cascais.
*[[Edward VIII|Edward, Duke of Windsor]] (1894–1972) formerly Edward VIII during his brief reign as [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British King]] and his wife [[Wallis Simpson|Wallis, Duchess of Windsor]] (1896–1986), stayed in Cascais in July 1940 waiting for a ship to the [[Bahamas]].
*[[King of Italy|King]] [[Umberto II of Italy]] (1904–1983) the last Italian monarch until a [[referendum]] ended the Italian monarchy in 1946. He lived the rest of his life at Cascais.
*[[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona|Prince Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona]] (1913–1993), (son of the King [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]] and Princess [[Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg]]), the designated heir to the Spanish throne, also lived in the municipality of Cascais with his family. Prince Juan's son, future King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]] (born 1938) lived his childhood in exile in [[Estoril]], while his youngest brother [[Infante Alfonso of Spain|Prince Alfonso of Bourbon]] (1941–1956) died there and was originally buried in Cascais.
*[[Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo, 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia]] (1936–2008) holder of the [[Duke of Medina Sidonia|Dukedom of Medina Sidonia]] in Spain.
*[[Tsar]] [[Simeon II of Bulgaria]] (born 1937), arrived in the municipality, with his mother [[Tsarina]] [[Giovanna of Italy]] (1907-2000) who died in Estoril.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/29/world/ioanna-ex-queen-of-bulgaria-dies-in-portuguese-exile-at-92.html|title=Ioanna, Ex-Queen of Bulgaria, Dies in Portuguese Exile at 92|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=29 February 2000|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref> He returned from exile to be elected [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] from 2001 to 2005.
*[[Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou]] (born 1973) descendant of the last King of France has lived in Cascais since 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingincascais.com/testemunhos/prince-charles-philippe/?lang=en|title=Prince Charles Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Anjou|website=Living in Cascais|access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Portugal}}
* [[Estoril]]
* [[Lisbon]]
* [[Portuguese Riviera]]

==References==
{{Expand Portuguese|topic=geo|Cascais |date=May 2021}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category|Cascais}}
* [http://www.visitcascais.com/en/ Cascais Tourism office]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084232/http://www.cascaisinvest.pt/en/ Cascais Investments office]

{{Municipalities of Lisbon}}
{{Parishes of Cascais}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cascais| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Lisbon District]]
[[Category:Populated places in Lisbon District]]
[[Category:Seaside resorts in Portugal]]
[[Category:Towns in Portugal]]