View source for Caro–Kann Defence

{{refimprove|date=July 2022}}{{Infobox chess opening
| openingname = Caro–Kann Defence
| image = {{Chess diagram
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| moves = 1.e4 c6
| ECO = B10–B19
| birth = ''Bruederschaft'' (journal), 1886
| nameorigin = [[Horatio Caro]]  and [[Marcus Kann]]
| parentopening = [[King's Pawn Game]]
| AKA = 
| chessgid = 339095&move=2&moves=e4.c6&nodes=21720.339095
}}

The '''Caro–Kann Defence''' is a [[chess opening]] characterised by the moves:
:1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|e4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6|c6]]

The Caro–Kann is a common defence against [[King's Pawn Opening|1.e4]]. It is classified as a [[Semi-Open Game]], like the [[Sicilian Defence]] and [[French Defence]], although it is thought to be more solid and less dynamic than either of those openings. It often leads to good [[chess endgame|endgames]] for Black, who has the better [[pawn structure]].

Black prepares to contest the {{chessgloss|centre}} with 2...d5. Unlike the similarly motivated French Defence, the Caro–Kann does not hinder the development of Black's light-squared bishop. It comes at the cost of a [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]], however, because Black has to play 1...c6 before {{chessgloss|pushing}} the pawn to c5, whereas Black can push c7–c5 in one move in the French Defence. White can combat the Caro–Kann in several different ways, often gaining a space advantage; additionally, Black has less mobility and can lag in {{chessgloss|development}}. 

The Caro–Kann remains a popular opening in top level chess, being employed by among others [[Alireza Firouzja]], [[Vladislav Artemiev]] and [[Ding Liren]].
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}

==History==
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|Mieses vs. Kann, Hamburg 1885
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|Position after 17...Rc1
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The opening is named after the English player [[Horatio Caro]] and the Austrian player [[Marcus Kann]], both of whom analysed it in 1886. Kann scored an impressive 24-move victory with the Caro–Kann Defence against German-British chess champion [[Jacques Mieses]] at the 4th [[German Chess Championship|German Chess Congress]] in Hamburg in May 1885:

{{block indent|1=1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Bd3 Bxd3 5.Qxd3 e6 6.f4 c5 7.c3 Nc6 8.Nf3 Qb6 9.0-0 Nh6 10.b3 cxd4 11.cxd4 Nf5 12.Bb2 Rc8 13.a3 Ncxd4 14.Nxd4 Bc5 15.Rd1 Nxd4 16.Bxd4 Bxd4+ 17.Qxd4 Rc1 ({{em|diagram}}) 18.Kf2 Rxd1 19.Qxb6 axb6 20.Ke2 Rc1 21.Kd2 Rg1 22.g3 Kd7 23.a4 Rc8 24.b4 Rc1 {{chessAN|0–1}}<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1421894 Jacques Mieses vs. Marcus Kann, Hamburg 1885] [[Chessgames.com]]</ref>}}
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==Main line: 2.d4 d5==
After 2.[[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4|d4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5|d5]] the most common moves are 3.[[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nc3|Nc3]] (Classical and Modern variations), 3.[[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. Nd2|Nd2]], 3.[[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. exd5|exd5]] (Exchange Variation), and 3.[[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. d4/2...d5/3. e5|e5]] (Advance Variation).
{{clear}}

===3.Nc3 and 3.Nd2===
3.Nc3 and 3.Nd2 usually transpose into each other after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4. Since the 1970s, 3.Nd2 has increased in popularity to avoid the Gurgenidze Variation (3.Nc3 g6) and to retain the option of 4.c3.

====Classical Variation: 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 <span class="anchor" id="Classical Variation"></span>====
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| Classical Variation after 4...Bf5
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The most common way of handling the Caro–Kann, the Classical Variation (often referred to as the Capablanca Variation after Cuban world champion [[José Raúl Capablanca]]), is defined by the moves: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 (or 3.Nd2) dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5. This was long considered to represent best play for both sides in the Caro–Kann. White usually continues: 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.h4 h6 7.Nf3 Nd7 8.h5 Bh7 9.Bd3 Bxd3 10.Qxd3. Although White's [[pawn (chess)|pawn]] on h5 looks ready to attack, it can prove to be a weakness in an [[chess endgame|endgame]].<ref>Schiller, p. 33</ref>

Much of the Caro–Kann's reputation as a {{chessgloss|solid}} defence stems from this variation. Black makes very few compromises in [[pawn structure]] and plays a timely c6–c5 to contest the d4-square. Variations with Black [[castling]] {{chessgloss|queenside}} gave the Caro–Kann its reputation of being solid but somewhat boring. More popular recently are variations with Black castling {{chessgloss|kingside}} and even leaving his king in the {{chessgloss|centre}}. These variations can be {{chessgloss|sharp}} and dynamic.

Here is a {{chessgloss|brilliancy}} illustrating White's attacking chances when the players castle on opposite sides in the Classical Variation:
{{block indent|1=Lev Milman vs. Joseph Fang, Foxwoods Open 2005 <br />'''1. e4 c6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 dxe4 4. Nxe4 Bf5 5. Ng3 Bg6 6. h4 h6 7. Nf3 Nd7 8. h5 Bh7 9. Bd3 Bxd3 10. Qxd3 e6''' (10...Qc7 avoids White's next) '''11. Bf4 Bb4+ 12. c3 Be7 13. 0-0-0 Ngf6 14. Kb1 0-0 15. Ne5 c5{{chesspunc|?!}}''' (15...Qa5 is usual and better) '''16. Qf3 Qb6{{chesspunc|?}}''' (necessary was 16...cxd4 17.Rxd4 Nxe5 18.Bxe5 Qc8 19.Rhd1 Rd8 20.Ne4 with a small White advantage) '''17. Nxd7 Nxd7 18. d5 exd5 19. Nf5{{chesspunc|!}} Bf6 20. Rxd5 Qe6 21. Bxh6 Ne5''' (21...gxh6 22.Rd6 Qe8 23.Rxf6 Nxf6 24.Qg3+ [[Checkmate|mates]] on g7) '''22. Qe4 Nc6 23. Qf3 Ne5?''' (23...gxh6 24.Rd6 Qe5 25.Nxh6+ Kg7 26.Nf5+ Kh7 with an unclear position) '''24. Qe4 Nc6 25. Qg4! Qxd5''' (25...Ne5 26.Rxe5 Qxe5 27.Bxg7 Bxg7 28.h6 wins) '''26. Bxg7 Qd3+ 27. Ka1 Ne5 28. Ne7+{{chesspunc|!!}} Kh7 29. Qg6+!! fxg6 30. hxg6+ Kxg7 31. Rh7{{chessAN|#}}''' (White is down a queen, a rook, and a bishop!)<ref>Notes based on Milman's much more extensive notes in ''[[Chess Life]]'', July 2005, pp. 11–12.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1340393 |title=Milman vs. Fang, 7th Foxwoods Open 2005 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] |access-date=2009-10-30 }}</ref>}}
{{clear}}

====Modern Variation: 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 <span class="anchor" id="Modern Variation"></span>====
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Another solid {{chessgloss|positional play|positional}} line, this variation is characterised by the moves: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 (or 3.Nd2) dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7. It has been played by and named after the first, seventh, and twelfth world champions [[Wilhelm Steinitz]], [[Vasily Smyslov]] and [[Anatoly Karpov]], but is now most commonly known as the Modern Variation. The short-term goal of 4...Nd7 is to ease {{chessgloss|development}} by the early exchange of a pair of knights without compromising the structural integrity of Black's position.

Play is similar to the Classical Variation except that Black has more freedom by delaying the development of his bishop, and is not forced to play it to the g6-square. This freedom comes at a cost, however, as White enjoys added freedom in taking up space in the centre, and often plays the aggressive 5.Ng5{{chesspunc|!?}} where Black's development is brought into question as well as the positional weakness of the f7-square. The famous [[Deep Blue versus Kasparov, 1997, Game 6|last game]] of the [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] versus [[Garry Kasparov]] rematch where Kasparov committed a known [[blunder (chess)|blunder]] and lost was played in this line. Black must also beware of the quick mating {{chessgloss|trap}} for White, 5.Qe2 Ngf6{{chesspunc|??}} 6.Nd6#, but after 5... Ndf6, Black enjoys a solid position.
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====3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+====

=====Bronstein–Larsen Variation: 5...gxf6 <span class="anchor" id="Bronstein–Larsen Variation"></span>=====
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| Bronstein–Larsen Variation: 5...gxf6!?
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Black has voluntarily opted for an inferior pawn structure and a practical necessity of castling queenside, while gaining dynamic [[compensation (chess)|compensation]] in the form of the open g-file for the rook and unusually active play for the Caro–Kann. It is generally considered somewhat unsound, though world championship challenger [[David Bronstein]] and former world championship candidate [[Bent Larsen]] employed it with some success.
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=====Korchnoi (or Tartakower) Variation: 5...exf6 <span class="anchor" id="Korchnoi Variation"></span>=====
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| Korchnoi/Tartakower Variation: 5...exf6
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[[Viktor Korchnoi]] played 5...exf6 many times (including his first [[World Chess Championship|world championship]] match with [[Anatoly Karpov]]), and this line has also been employed by [[Ulf Andersson]]. Black's 5...exf6 is regarded as sounder than 5...gxf6!? of the Bronstein–Larsen Variation and offers Black rapid development, though also ceding White the superior pawn structure and long-term prospects (Black has to be cautious that the d-pawn is now a potential [[passed pawn]] in the endgame).
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====Gurgenidze Variation: 3.Nc3 g6 <span class="anchor" id="Gurgenidze Variation"></span>====
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|Gurgenidze Variation: 3...g6
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The Gurgenidze Variation is 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 g6. Black prepares to [[fianchetto]] the bishop on g7, creating pressure against White's d4-pawn. After 4.Nf3 Bg7 White usually plays 5.h3 to prevent the ...Bg4 pin. This variation, originated by [[Bukhuti Gurgenidze]], led to a rise in the popularity of 3.Nd2 during the 1970s. After 3.Nd2, 3...g6 is met by 4.c3, when the fianchettoed bishop has little to do because of a dark squared pawn chain. 3.Nd2 will usually transpose into the Classical Variation after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4.
{{clear}}

====3.Nc3 a6====
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
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Black is waiting for an opportunity to develop his queenside bishop without giving up his d5-pawn: 4.Nf3 Bg4, often switching into a [[French Defence|"French"]] structure after moves like 5.Be2 e6 6.0-0 Nf6 7.e5 Nfd7 followed by c5, Nc6 and Qb6. Other options for White are the transpositions into the Exchange or the Advance Variation (with Nc3 and ...a6).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chessbites Database (opening explorer) - List of relevant games |url=https://www.chessbites.com/Games.aspx?ps=1&p=0C234210555CC555CC1CCCCCCCC55CCCCCCBCCCCBCBCCCCCCBCCBBBB6789A876 |access-date=June 11, 2024}}</ref>
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===Advance Variation: 3.e5 <span class="anchor" id="Advance Variation"></span>===
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The variation that follows 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 has gained popularity after having previously been widely regarded as inferior for many years, owing chiefly to the strategic demolition that [[Aron Nimzowitsch]] (playing as White) suffered at the hands of [[José Raúl Capablanca|José Capablanca]] in one of their games at the New York 1927 tournament.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1007846 Nimzowitsch vs. Capablanca, New York 1927] [[Chessgames.com]]</ref>

The Advance Variation has since been revitalized by aggressive lines such as the Bayonet Attack (4.g4) or the Van der Wiel Attack (4.Nc3 e6 5.g4), a popular line in the 1980s and later favoured by Latvian [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]] (GM) [[Alexei Shirov]], or the less ambitious variation 4.Nf3 e6 5.Be2 c5 6.Be3, popularised by English GM [[Nigel Short]] and often seen in the 1990s. Another less popular but aggressive line is 4.h4, the Tal Variation,{{cn|date=May 2025}} popularised by GM [[Mikhail Tal]].
{{clear}}

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The variation that follows 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 is an important alternative and avoids the weight of theory associated with 3...Bf5. It was used by [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] in his [[World Chess Championship 1961|1961 match]] versus [[Mikhail Tal]] (though with a negative outcome for Botvinnik – two [[draw (chess)|draws]] and a loss). The line was christened the "Arkell/Khenkin Variation" in the leading chess magazine ''[[New in Chess]]'' yearbook 42 in recognition of the work these two grandmasters did and the success they were having with the variation. In comparison to the French Defence, Black lacks the [[tempo (chess)|tempo]] normally spent on 1...e6; however, White can only exploit this by the weakening of his own central {{chessgloss|bind}} with 4.dxc5 when Black has good chances of regaining the pawn.
{{clear}}

===Exchange Variation: 3.exd5 cxd5 <span class="anchor" id="Exchange Variation"></span>===
The Exchange Variation is 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5.

====Main line: 4.Bd3====
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The Exchange Variation begins with 4.Bd3 (to prevent ...Bf5 while still developing) 4...Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6.Bf4 Bg4 7.Qb3. This line is considered to offer White a slightly better game and was tried by [[Bobby Fischer]]. The [[pawn structure]] resembles a [[Carlsbad Structure|Carlsbad structure]] with {{chessgloss|colors reversed|reversed colours}}, so some of the strategic ideas are analogous to the [[Queen's Gambit Declined]], Exchange Variation (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5).
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====Panov–Botvinnik Attack: 4.c4 <span class="anchor" id="Panov–Botvinnik Attack"></span>====
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The Panov–Botvinnik Attack begins with the move 4.c4. It is named after [[Vasily Panov]] and the world champion [[Mikhail Botvinnik]]. This system often leads to typical {{chessgloss|isolani|isolated queen's pawn}} (IQP) positions, with White obtaining rapid development, a grip on e5, and kingside attacking chances to compensate for the long-term structural weakness of the [[Isolated pawn|isolated]] d4-pawn. The major variation in this line is 4...Nf6 5.Nc3 e6 6.Nf3, when Black's main alternatives are 6...Bb4 (a position often transposing into lines of the [[Nimzo-Indian Defence]]) and 6...Be7, once the most common line. 6...Nc6?! is inferior as it is favourably met by 7.c5!, after which White plans on seizing the e5-square by advancing the b-pawn to b5, or by exchanging the black knight on c6 after Bb5.
{{clear}}

===Fantasy Variation: 3.f3 <span class="anchor" id="Fantasy Variation"></span>===
The Fantasy Variation, formerly known as the Tartakower or Maróczy Variation, 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.f3, somewhat resembles the [[Blackmar–Diemer Gambit]]. 3...e6 is probably the most solid response, preparing to exploit the dark squares via ...c5, though 3....g6 has been tried by [[Yasser Seirawan]]. GM Lars Schandorff and GM Sam Shankland both prefer 3...dxe4 4.fxe4 e5 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Bc4 Nd7 7.0-0 Ngf6 8.c3 Bd6 with play being sharp and double-edged, though recent theory suggest that 7.c3! is more critical, giving a small objective advantage for White. Interesting, though probably insufficient, is 3...e5. This so-called 'Twisted Fantasy Variation' aims to exploit White's weaknesses on the a7–g1 diagonal, an idea similar to 3...Qb6, a variation championed by [[Baadur Jobava]]. Related to the Fantasy Variation are the gambits 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.f3, originated by [[Stuart Milner-Barry|Sir Stuart Milner-Barry]], and 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Bc4 Nf6 5.f3  (von Hennig).

==Two Knights Variation: 2.Nc3 d5 3.Nf3 (or 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3) <span class="anchor" id="Two Knights Variation"></span>==
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The Two Knights Variation 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Nf3 (or 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3) was played by [[Bobby Fischer]] in his youth, but has since declined in popularity. White's intention is to benefit from rapid development as well as to retain options regarding the d-pawn. Black's logical and probably best reply is 3...Bg4. After 4.h3 Bxf3 5.Qxf3, the positional continuation, Black has the option of 5...Nf6 or 5...e6. The Retreat Line 4...Bh5 is {{chessgloss|playable}} but Black must be careful. In [[Daniel Noteboom|Noteboom]]–Mindeno 1927 Black lost quickly after 5.exd5 cxd5 6.g4 Bg6 7.Ne5 a6? (7...Nc6 is necessary) 8.h4 d4 9.h5! dxc3 10.hxg6 cxd2+ 11.Qxd2 Qxd2+ 12.Bxd2 and Black must lose {{chessgloss|material}}.<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1590007 Noteboom vs. Mindeno, Holland 1927] [[Chessgames.com]]</ref>

This variation sets a trap: playing along the lines of the Classical Variation gets Black in trouble after 3...dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 (4...Nd7 is playable) 5.Ng3 Bg6?! (5...Bg4) 6.h4 h6 7.Ne5 Bh7 (7...Qd6 may be best) 8.Qh5! g6 ({{chessgloss|forced move|forced}}) 9.Bc4! e6 (9...gxh5{{chesspunc|??}} 10.Bxf7#) 10.Qe2!? (10.Qf3!)with a huge advantage for White. Now 10...Qe7! is best. Instead, [[Emanuel Lasker|Lasker]]–Radsheer, 1908 and [[Alexander Alekhine|Alekhine]]–Bruce, 1938 ended quickly after, respectively, 10...Bg7?? 11.Nxf7! and 10...Nf6?? 11.Nxf7!<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1380166 Lasker vs. Radsheer, simultaneous exhibition 1908]. [[Chessgames.com]]. Retrieved on 2009-04-14.</ref><ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1250739 Alekhine vs. R. Bruce, Plymouth 1938]. [[Chessgames.com]]. Retrieved on 2009-04-14.</ref>

After the moves 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Qf3!? (Goldman Variation), White's position is sound according to [[Graham Burgess]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://brooklyn64.com/2011/the-dunst-attacking-the-caro-kann-with-an-early-queen-sortie/ |title=The Dunst: Attacking the Caro–Kann with an early Queen sortie |access-date=2011-02-03 |archive-date=2011-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301020304/http://brooklyn64.com/2011/the-dunst-attacking-the-caro-kann-with-an-early-queen-sortie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear right}}

==Other lines==
2.c4, the Accelerated Panov Attack, is an effective move for White. Black will probably play 2...d5 (see [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4/2...d5|1.e4 c6 2.c4 d5]]). This can transpose to the Panov–Botvinnik (B14, given above, with 3.exd5 cxd5 4.d4) or Caro–Kann (B10, with the double capture on d5). Alternatively, Black may play 2...e5, the Open Variation (see [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...c6/2. c4/2...e5|1.e4 c6 2.c4 e5]]). The 2.c4 line can also arise by transposition from the [[English Opening]]: 1.c4 c6 2.e4.

The Hillbilly Attack,<ref>{{cite book |title=Taming Wild Chess Openings: How to Deal with the Good, the Bad and the Ugly over the Chess Board |first1=John |last1=Watson |publisher=New In Chess |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-5691-571-1 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fidBCwAAQBAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=fidBCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA148 Extract of page 148]</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Unorthodox Chess Openings |edition=illustrated |first1=Eric |last1=Schiller |publisher=Cardoza |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-940685-73-4 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpMXAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> 1.e4 c6 2.Bc4?!, is most often played by weaker players unfamiliar with the Caro–Kann Defence. If 2...d5 3.exd5 cxd5, Black has simply gained a [[Tempo (chess)|tempo]] on the bishop. Nevertheless, GM [[Simon Williams (chess player)|Simon Williams]] has experimented with this move, following it up by gambiting the pawn with 2...d5 3.Bb3!?<ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1662720 Simon Kim Williams vs. Gawain Jones, 4NCL 2011] [[Chessgames.com]]</ref>

A relatively unknown try is 1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.Ne5!?, sometimes referred to as the Apocalypse Attack. Despite its oddity, this line carries a deceptive amount of venom, e.g. 4...Bf5? immediately runs into trouble after 5.Bb5+, when Black must lose a tempo and the bishop pair with 5...Bd7 (5..Nd7?? 6.Qf3 is disastrous for Black). The game can continue 6.Qh5 g6 7.Nxd7! Nxd7 (7...gxh5?? 8.Nf6#) 8.Qxd5, where White wins a pawn and enjoys a strong [[Initiative (chess)|initiative]]. This variation is similar to the traditional Exchange Caro–Kann (in which playing Ne5 is one of White's goals) with the added benefit that the pin ...Bg4 has been sidestepped entirely. After 3...Nc6, White may proceed with d4 and Bb5, responding to ...Qb6 with c4 (the Neo-Panov-Botvinnik Attack) and to ...Bd7 with Nxd7 to acquire the two bishops, or he may play in a [[Stonewall Attack|Stonewall]] fashion with d4, c3, Bd3, and f4 in some order. While 3...e6 is a perfectly acceptable Black response—and appears to be the most often played—the response 3...g6! is critical, allowing Black flexibility in fighting for e5.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060423140108/http://www.kenilworthchessclub.org/articles/opening/apocalypse/apocalypse.htm The Apocalypse Attack – 1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.Ne5!]}} Retrieved on 2023-06-11.</ref>

Other lines are ineffective or doubtful. These include 2.d3, the Breyer Variation; 2.b3, the Euwe Attack; 2.b4, the Labahn Attack; 2.g4, the Spike Variation; and 2.Ne2, the Bohemian Attack.

==''ECO'' codes==
The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'' has ten codes for the Caro–Kann Defence, B10 through B19:
*B10 (miscellaneous 2nd moves by White)
** Hillbilly Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.Bc4
** Modern; English Variation, Accelerated Panov: 1.e4 c6 2.c4
** Breyer Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d3
** Scorpion-Horus Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.d3 dxe4 4.Bg5
** Spielmann/Goldman Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Qf3
** Two Knights Variation (without 3...Bg4): 1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.Nc3
** Apocalypse Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.Ne5
** Hector Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.Nc3 d5 3.Nf3 dxe4 4.Ng5
*B11 (Two Knights Variation with 3...Bg4)
*B12 (miscellaneous lines with 2.d4)
** Landau Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Bd3 Nf6 4.e5 Nfd7 6.e6
** Mieses Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3
** Diemer–Duhm Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.c4
** Advance Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5
** Masi Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 Nf6
** Massachusetts Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 f5
** Prins Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.b4
** Bayonet Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.g4
** Tal Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.h4
** Van der Wiel Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Nc3
** Dreyev Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Nc3 Qb6
** Bronstein Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Ne2
** Short Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 Bf5 4.Nf3 e6 5.Be2
** Botvinnik–Carls Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5
** Maroczy Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.f3
** Fantasy/Lilienfisch Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.f3
** [[Maróczy Gambit]]: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.f3 dxe4 4.fxe4 e5 5.Nf3 exd4 6.Bc4
** Modern Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2
** New Caro–Kann 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 g6
** Edinburgh Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 Qb6
** Ulysses Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nf3 dxe4 4.Ng5
** De Bruycker Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 Na6
*B13 (Exchange Variation)
** Rubinstein Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.Bd3 Nc6 5.c3 Nf6 6.Bf4
** Panov–Botvinnik: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5. Nc3 e6
*B14 (Panov–Botvinnik Attack without 5...e6)
** Carlsbad Line: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 e6
** Czerniak Line: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 Qa5
** Reifir–Spielmann Line: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.exd5 cxd5 4.c4 Nf6 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.Bg5 Qb6
*B15 (3.Nc3, miscellaneous lines)
** Gurgenidze Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 b5
** Von Hennig Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Bc4
** Milner–Barry Gambit, Rasa-Studier Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.f3
** Knight Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6
** Tarrasch/Alekhine Gambit: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Bd3
** Tartakower Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ exf6
** Forgacs Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ exf6 6.Bc4
** Gurgenidze System: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 g6
** Gurgenidze Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 g6 4.e5 Bg7 5.f4 h5
** Campomanes Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nf6
*B16 (Bronstein–Larsen Variation)
** Finnish Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 h6
** Bronstein–Larsen Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ gxf6
** Korchnoi Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nf6 5.Nxf6+ exf6
*B17 (Steinitz Variation)
** Karpov/Steinitz Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7
** Smyslov Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Bc4 Ngf6 6.Ng5 e6 7.Qe2 Nb6
** Tiviakov–Fischer Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Bc4 Ngf6 6.Nxf6+ Nxf6
** Kasparov Attack: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Nf3 Ngf6 6.Ng3
** Ivanchuk Defense: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Ng5 Ndf6
*B18 (Classical Variation)
** Classical Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5
** Flohr Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.Nh3
*B19 (Classical Variation with 7...Nd7)
** Spassky Variation: 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Bf5 5.Ng3 Bg6 6.h4 h6 7.Nf3 Nd7 8.h5 Bh7 9.Bd3 Bxd3 10.Qxd3

==See also==
* [[List of chess openings]]
* [[List of chess openings named after people]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{Cite book
|last=Schiller|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Schiller
|year=2003
|title=Complete Defense to King Pawn Openings
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Cardoza
|isbn= 978-1-58042-109-6 }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
 |last = Gallagher
 |first = Joe
 |author-link=Joseph Gallagher
 |year = 2002
 |title = Starting Out: the Caro–Kann
 |publisher = Everyman Chess
 |isbn=1-85744-303-9}}
*{{cite book
 |last= Houska
 |first=Jovanka
 |author-link=Jovanka Houska
 |title=Play the Caro–Kann: A Complete Chess Opening Repertoire Against 1 e4
 |publisher=[[Everyman Chess]]
 |location=London |year=2007
 |isbn=978-1-85744-434-6 }}
*{{cite book
 |last= Karpov
 |first=Anatoly
 |author-link=Anatoly Karpov
 |title=Caro–Kann Defence: Advance Variation and Gambit System
 |publisher=[[Anova Books]]
 |location=London
 |year=2006
 |isbn=0-7134-9010-1}}
*{{cite book
 |author=Kasparov, Garry
 |author-link=Garry Kasparov
 |author2=Shakarov, Aleksander
 |title=Caro–Kann: Classical 4.Bf5
 |year=1984
 |publisher=Batsford
 |isbn=0-7134-4237-9}}
*{{cite book
 |author=Keene, Raymond
 |author-link=Raymond Keene
 |author2=Mednis, Edmar
 |author2-link=Edmar Mednis
 |author3=Soltis, Andy |author3-link=Andy Soltis |title=Understanding The Caro–Kann Defense
 |isbn=978-1-84382-134-2
 |year=2004
 |publisher=Hardinge Simpole Limited}}
* Martin, Andrew (2007). ''The ABC of the Caro Kann''. [[ChessBase]] Publications, [[Fritz (chess)|Fritz]] Trainer DVD.
*{{cite book
 |title=Dynamic Karo Kann
 |author=Silman, Jeremy
 |author-link=Jeremy Silman
 |year=1990
 |publisher=Summit Pub
 |isbn=978-0-945806-02-8}}
*{{cite book
 |last= Wells
 |first=Peter
 |author-link=Peter Wells (chess player)
 |title=Grandmaster Secrets – The Caro–Kann
 |publisher=[[Gambit Publications]]
 |location=London
 |year=2007
 |isbn=978-1-904600-61-9}}
*[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/carokann.html "The Caro-Kann Defence" by Edward Winter]

==External links==
{{wikibooks|Chess Opening Theory|1. e4/1...c6|Caro–Kann Defence}}
* [https://chess.com/openings/Caro-Kann-Defense Chess.com Caro-Kann Page]
* [https://chessdoctrine.com/chess-openings/kings-pawn/caro-kann-defense/ Caro-Kann Defense] Guide by Emre Sancakli

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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caro-Kann Defence}}
[[Category:Chess openings]]
[[Category:1886 in chess]]