View source for Canzone

{{Short description|Italian or Provençal song or ballad}}

{{Redirect|Canzoni}}
{{For-multi|the 1968 song|Canzone (Don Backy song)|the American baseball player|Dominic Canzone}}
{{Distinguish|Calzone}}
{{Expand French|topic=cult|Canzone|date=March 2024}}

Literally 'song' in [[Italian language|Italian]], a '''[[wikt:canzone#Italian|canzone]]''' ({{IPA|it|kanˈtsoːne|lang}}; {{plural form}}: ''canzoni''; cognate with English ''to [[chant]]'') is an Italian or [[Provence|Provençal]] song or [[ballad]]. It is also used to describe a type of lyric which resembles a [[madrigal (music)|madrigal]]. Sometimes a composition which is simple and songlike is designated as a canzone, especially if it is by a non-Italian; a good example is the aria "Voi che sapete" from [[Mozart]]'s [[The Marriage of Figaro|Marriage of Figaro]].

The term ''canzone'' is also used interchangeably with [[canzona]], an important Italian instrumental form of the late 16th and early 17th century. Often works designated as such are ''canzoni da sonar''; these pieces are an important precursor to the [[sonata]]. Terminology was lax in the late [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] and early [[Baroque music]] periods, and what one composer might call "canzoni da sonar" might be termed "canzona" by another, or even "[[fantasia (music)|fantasia]]". In the work of some composers, such as [[Paolo Quagliati]], the terms seem to have had no formal implication at all.

Derived from the [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] ''[[Canso (song)|canso]]'', the very lyrical and original Italian canzone consists of 5 to 7 stanzas typically set to music, each stanza resounding the first in rhyme scheme and in number of lines (7 to 20 lines). The canzone is typically hendecasyllabic (11 syllables). The ''congedo'' or ''commiato'' also forms the pattern of the Provençal ''tornado'', known as the French ''envoi'', addressing the poem itself or directing it to the mission of a character, originally a personage. Originally delivered at the Sicilian court of Emperor Frederick II during the 13th century of the Middle Ages, the lyrical form was later commanded by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, and leading Renaissance writers such as Spenser (the marriage hymn in his ''Epithalamion'').

=={{lang|de|Minnesang}}==
The canzone (German: ''Kanzone'') is the characteristic [[strophe|strophic form]] of {{lang|de|[[Minnesang]]}}, the [[Middle High German]] lyric genre. In {{lang|de|Minnesang}}, the canzone follows the tri-partite structure of the Provençal ''[[Canso (song)|canso]]'': two metrically identical {{lang|de|Stollen}} ("supports") form the {{lang|de|Aufgesang}} (literally "up-song"), which is followed by a metrically distinct {{lang|de|Abgesang}} ("down-song"). The following rules generally apply:
* each line in the first {{lang|de|Stollen}} rhymes with the matching line in the second
* the {{lang|de|Abgesang}} introduces new rhymes and may contain a non-rhyming line
* the {{lang|de|Abgesang}} is longer than a single {{lang|de|Stollen}} but shorter than the entire {{lang|de|Aufgesang}}.<ref name="Paul">{{cite book |last1=Paul |first1=Otto |last2=Glier |first2=Ingeborg |title=Deutsche Metrik|publisher=Max Hueber |year=1979|edition=9th |location=Munich|isbn=3190017190|page=88}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="border; margin: 2em; vertical-align: top;  background:#fff;"
|-
! colspan="5" | Hartman von Aue, Crusading Song (MF 211,20)<ref name="Paul" />
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{lang|de|Aufgesang}} 
| rowspan="2" | 1st {{lang|de|Stollen}} 
| Swelch vrouwe sendet lieben man 
! a 
| ''Any lady who sends her beloved man''
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mit rehtem muote ûf dise vart, 
! b 
| ''In the right spirit on this journey''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2nd {{lang|de|Stollen}} 
| diu koufet halben lôn daran, 
! a
| ''Thereby gains half of the reward''
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ob si sich heime alsô bewart, 
! b 
| ''If she conducts herself at home''
|-
| rowspan="3" colspan=2 | {{lang|de|Abgesang}} 
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;daz si verdienet kiuschiu wort, 
! c 
| ''So as to gain a chaste reputation''
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sî bete für si beidiu hie, 
! x 
| ''She prays for both of them here''
|-
| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;so vert er für sî beidiu dort. 
! c 
| ''He travels for both of them there''
|}

This basic pattern is typical of early {{lang|de|Minnesang}}. As the genre develops, more complex forms are found. For example, one of Neithart's Winter Songs, "Winder, dîniu meil" (No. 32), has a 14-line canzone with the rhyme scheme '''a b c d | a b c d || e e f g f g'''.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Weißner|editor1-first=Edmund|editor2-last=Fischer|editor2-first=Hanns|title=Die Lieder Neidharts|date=1968|publisher=Max Niemeyer|location=Tübingen|edition=3rd|page=106}}</ref>

The earliest canzone in {{lang|de|Minnesang}} date from the late 12th Century and are part of the more general influence of the Romance lyric.

==See also==
* {{lang|fr|[[Chanson]]}} – a genre named after the equivalent [[French language|French]] word

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Canzone |volume= 5 |last= Gosse |first= Edmund William |author-link= Edmund William Gosse| page = 224 |short = 1}}
* "Canzone", in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  {{ISBN|1-56159-174-2}}
* ''The New Harvard Dictionary of Music'', ed. Don Randel.  Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1986.  {{ISBN|0-674-61525-5}}
* "Canzone", in ''The Shapes of our Singing'', a comprehensive guide to verse forms and metres from around the world, by Robin Skelton.  EWU, Spokane, WA, 2002.  {{ISBN|0-910055-76-9}}

[[Category:Medieval music genres]]
[[Category:Renaissance music]]
[[Category:Baroque music]]
[[Category:Song forms]]
[[Category:Songs in classical music| ]]