View source for Canting

{{short description|Javanese pen-like tool for batik-making process}}
{{Other|Canting (disambiguation)}}
{{for|the heraldic term|Canting arms}}
{{Infobox tool
| name = {{lang|jv|Canting}}{{Script|Java|ꦕꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦁ}}
| image = File:Tjanting.jpg
| image size = 300px
| caption = Canting used in the [[batik]]-making process
| alt =
| title = Canting
| other_name = {{lang|jvd|tjanting}} {{in lang|jvd}}
| classification =
| types = {{lang|jv|Rengreng, Isen, Cecek, Klowong, Tembokan, Cecekan, Loron, Telon, Prapatan, Liman, Byok, Galaran}} 
| used_with = [[Wax]], [[Batik]]
| inventor = [[Javanese people|Javanese]]<ref>{{cite book |last1= Tirta|first1=Iwan|last2= Steen|first2=Gareth L. |last3= Urso|first3=Deborah M. |last4=Alisjahbana|first4=Mario |date=1996 |title=Batik: A Play of Lights and Shades|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZAiSAAACAAJ |location= |publisher=Gaya Favorit Press |volume=1 |isbn=978-979-515-313-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratna |first=Roostika |date=2019 |title=TERRITORIAL MARKETING AND COLLECTIVE BRANDING TO SUPPORT REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF SMEs BATIK INDUSTRY |journal= Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences|volume=90 |issue=6 |pages= 97–106|doi=10.18551/rjoas.2019-06.14 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Akhir |first1= Noor Haslina Mohamad |last2=Ismail|first2=Normaz Wana|last3=Said|first3=Rusmawati|last4=Ranjanee|first4=Shivee|last5=Kaliappan|first5=P|chapter= Traditional Craftsmanship: The Origin, Culture, and Challenges of Batik Industry in Malaysia |date=2015 |title=Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and communication|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-287-429-0_22 |volume= |pages= 229–237|doi=10.1007/978-981-287-429-0_22 |isbn= 978-981-287-428-3 |access-date= 4 February 2021|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Thienny |date=2016 |title=Defining the Aesthetics of the Nyonyas' Batik Sarongs in the Straits Settlements, Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10357823.2016.1162137 |journal=Asian Studies Review |volume= 40|issue=2 |pages= 173–191|doi=10.1080/10357823.2016.1162137|s2cid=147124182 |access-date=4 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baasanjargal |first1=Tsolmonchimeg |last2=Soon-Joo |first2=Ahn|last3=Mi-Jeong|first3= Kwon|date=2019 |title=인도네시아 바틱전통 패턴의 비교 분석 : 자바섬의 족자카르타와 페칼롱간의 패턴을 중심으로 [Comparative Analysis of Indonesian Batik Traditional Patterns: Focused on Patterns of Yogyakarta and Pekalongan in Java Island] |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09220284 |journal=한복문화 |volume=22 |issue= 3|doi= 10.16885/jktc.2019.09.22.3.75|pages=75–91 |s2cid=210612600 |access-date=4 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| manufacturer = [[Javanese people|Javanese]] (part of [[Native Indonesians]], [[Java]]-origin)
| model = 
| related = [[File:Batik Making Tools.jpg|left|thumb|The batik making tools displayed at [[National Museum of Indonesia]], [[Jakarta]]. From center top: {{lang|id|canting}} a fine tool to apply wax; from left to right: wooden brush with coconut fibre hair, Iron calipers for measuring, also calipers, tongs, hammer, and file.]]}}

'''''{{lang|jv|Canting}}''''' ({{IPAc|en|t͡ʃɑntɪŋ}}, {{ety|jv|ꦕꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦁ, canṭing}}; {{langx|jvd|tjanting}}) is a [[pen]]-like tool used to apply liquid hot [[wax]] ({{lang|jv|malam}}) in the traditional native Javan [[batik]]-making process in Indonesian island of [[Java]] (mainly and originally), more precisely for the {{lang|id|[[batik tulis]]}} ({{lit|hand-crafted batik}}). Traditional {{lang|jv|Canting}} consists of copper wax-container with small pipe spout and [[bamboo]] handle. It is commonly made of [[copper]], bronze, zinc or iron materials, as well as [[teflon]] in modern-days.

==Etymology==
[[File:Using canting to create batik (10684550014).jpg|right|thumb|[[Batik]] crafters scooping hot liquid wax using ''canting'' at a batik workshop in Gulurejo village, near [[Yogyakarta]]]]
''{{lang|id|Canting}}'' is derived from [[Javanese language|Javanese]] word of ''canthing'' {{Script|Java|ꦕꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦁ}} ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|t͡ʃɑnʈɪŋ}}) which means the small scooping tool.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hariyanto |first=Isbandono |date=2015 |title= CANTING: SENI DAN TEKNOLOGI DALAM PROSES BATIK |trans-title= CANTING: ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE BATIK PROCESS |url= https://jurnal.isbi.ac.id/index.php/atrat/article/view/372 |language= id |journal= ATRAT: Fine Arts Journal |volume= 3 |issue= 3 |pages= |doi= |access-date= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.textiletraders.co.uk/batik-tips/cantings |title= Using Javanese Cantings|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website= textiletraders.co.uk |publisher= Textile Traders|access-date= 4 February 2021 |quote=}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De man links gebruikt en cap om was aan te brengen. De vrouw rechts hanteert een canting. Het cappen wordt gewoonlijk door mannen gedaan vrouwen hanteren uitsluiten de canting. Java TMnr 60037917.jpg|right|thumb|Daily [[batik]] industry life in [[Java]] {{circa}} 1900]]
''Canting'' is originated in [[Java]] and invented by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ratna |first=Roostika |date=2019 |title=TERRITORIAL MARKETING AND COLLECTIVE BRANDING TO SUPPORT REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF SMEs BATIK INDUSTRY |journal= Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences|volume=90 |issue=6 |pages= 97–106|doi=10.18551/rjoas.2019-06.14 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Akhir |first1= Noor Haslina Mohamad |last2=Ismail|first2=Normaz Wana|last3=Said|first3=Rusmawati|last4=Ranjanee|first4=Shivee|last5=Kaliappan|first5=P|chapter= Traditional Craftsmanship: The Origin, Culture, and Challenges of Batik Industry in Malaysia |date=2015 |title=Islamic perspectives relating to business, arts, culture and communication|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-287-429-0_22 |volume= |pages= 229–237|doi=10.1007/978-981-287-429-0_22 |isbn= 978-981-287-428-3 |access-date= 4 February 2021|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Thienny |date=2016 |title=Defining the Aesthetics of the Nyonyas' Batik Sarongs in the Straits Settlements, Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10357823.2016.1162137 |journal=Asian Studies Review |volume= 40|issue=2 |pages= 173–191|doi=10.1080/10357823.2016.1162137|s2cid=147124182 |access-date=4 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baasanjargal |first1=Tsolmonchimeg |last2=Soon-Joo |first2=Ahn|last3=Mi-Jeong|first3= Kwon|date=2019 |title=인도네시아 바틱전통 패턴의 비교 분석 : 자바섬의 족자카르타와 페칼롱간의 패턴을 중심으로 [Comparative Analysis of Indonesian Batik Traditional Patterns: Focused on Patterns of Yogyakarta and Pekalongan in Java Island] |url=https://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE09220284 |journal=한복문화 |volume=22 |issue= 3|doi= 10.16885/jktc.2019.09.22.3.75 |pages=75–91|s2cid=210612600 |access-date=4 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> it is believed to be invented since {{circa}} 12th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Tirta|first1=Iwan|last2= Steen|first2=Gareth L. |last3= Urso|first3=Deborah M. |last4=Alisjahbana|first4=Mario |date=1996 |title=Batik: A Play of Lights and Shades|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZAiSAAACAAJ |location= |publisher=Gaya Favorit Press |volume=1 |isbn=978-979-515-313-9}}</ref>
G. P. Rouffaer reported that the ''gringsing'' [[batik]] pattern was already known by the 12th century in [[Kediri Kingdom|Kediri]], [[East Java]]. He concluded that this delicate pattern could only be created by the ''canting'', an etching tool that holds a small reservoir of hot wax.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Tirta|first1=Iwan|last2= Steen|first2=Gareth L. |last3= Urso|first3=Deborah M. |last4=Alisjahbana|first4=Mario |date=1996 |title=Batik: A Play of Lights and Shades|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MZAiSAAACAAJ |location= |publisher=Gaya Favorit Press |volume=1 |isbn=978-979-515-313-9}}</ref>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van twee Javaanse batiksters TMnr 60027241.jpg|right|thumb|[[Javanese people|Javanese]] woman in the middle of [[batik]]-making process in [[Java]] {{circa}} 1870, wax applied using the ''canting'']]
[[File:Batik Tulis.jpg|right|thumb|A woman applying ''malam'' (liquid wax) following pattern on fabric using ''canting'' in arts and craft center at Mirota, [[Yogyakarta]], [[Indonesia]] in 2007]]

== Design ==
[[File:Batik Trusmi Cirebon (10).jpg|right|thumb|''Canting'' in the ''wajan malam'' (wax pan)]]
A ''canting'' consists of:
# '''''Nyamplung''''': a rounded liquid wax container, made from copper.
# '''''Cucuk''''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]:{{IPA|tʃutʃuk}}): a small copper pipe or spout that connects to ''nyamplung'' container, it is where the liquid wax comes out to be applied to the cloth.
# '''''Gagang''''': ''canting'' holder, usually made from bamboo or wood.

The size of ''canting'' may be varied according to the desired dot size or line thickness to be applied to the cloth. A [[batik]] craftsperson uses ''canting'' in a similar fashion as drawing using a pen.

== Types ==
[[File:Batik Trusmi Cirebon (11).jpg|right|thumb|The common ''canting'' used in [[batik]]-making process]]
[[File:Brass сanting.jpg|right|thumb|Brass ''canting'']]

There are three ways of classifying the types of ''canting'':
# Based on its function:
## '''''Canting'' ''Rengrengan'':''' ''canting'' that is ideally used to make a [[batik]] pattern for the first time.
## '''''Canting'' ''Isen''''': ''canting'' that is ideally used to fill a pattern that has been made beforehand.
# Based on the diameter of its ''cucuk'':
## '''Small ''Canting''''': ''canting'' that has a small-sized ''cucuk'' with a diameter of less than 1 millimeter and is usually used as ''Canting Isen''.
## '''Medium ''Canting''''': ''canting'' that has a medium-sized ''cucuk'' with a diameter of 1 – 2.5 millimeters and is usually used as ''Canting Rengrengan''.
## '''Large ''Canting''''': ''canting'' with a large-sized ''cucuk'' with a diameter of more than 2.5 millimeters and is usually used to make a larger batik pattern or to fill a pattern that has been made beforehand with a block of wax.
# Based on the number of its ''cucuk'':
## '''''Canting'' ''Cecekan''''': ''canting'' with one ''cucuk''.
## '''''Canting'' ''Laron/Loron''''': ''canting'' with two ''cucuk''.
## '''''Canting'' ''Telon''''': ''canting'' with three ''cucuk''<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://bsd.pendidikan.id/data/SMP_8/Mari_Belajar_Seni_Rupa_Kelas_8_Tri_Edy_Margono_dan_Abdul_Aziz_2010.pdf|title=Mari Belajar Seni Rupa|last1=Margono|first1=Tri Edy|last2=Aziz|first2=Abdul|publisher=Pusat Perbukuan Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional|year=2010|isbn=978-979-095-004-7|location=Jakarta|pages=75|access-date=2017-11-08|archive-date=2017-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026011953/http://bsd.pendidikan.id/data/SMP_8/Mari_Belajar_Seni_Rupa_Kelas_8_Tri_Edy_Margono_dan_Abdul_Aziz_2010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> that forms an [[equilateral triangle]].
## '''''Canting'' ''Prapatan''''': ''canting'' with four ''cucuk'' that forms a [[square]].
## '''''Canting'' ''Liman''''': ''canting'' with five ''cucuk'' that forms a square with a dot in the center of the square.
## '''''Canting'' ''Byok''''': ''canting'' with an odd number of ''cucuk'' and is equal to or more than seven ''cucuk'' that forms a [[circle]] with a dot in the center of the circle.
## '''''Canting'' ''Renteng/Galaran''''': ''canting'' with four or six ''cucuk'' that forms two [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] lines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kesolo.com/macam-macam-canting-untuk-membatik/|title=Macam-Macam Canting untuk Membatik|date=January 2, 2015|website=Kesolo|access-date=October 15, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107225649/http://kesolo.com/macam-macam-canting-untuk-membatik|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Brass and glass cantings.jpg|right|thumb|Brass and glass ''cantings'']]

==Technique==
[[File:Women Making Batik, Ketelan crop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Batik]] craftswomen in [[Java]] drawing intricate patterns using ''canting'' and wax kept hot in a small heated pan]]

Firstly, the cloth must be washed, soaked and beaten with a large mallet. The hot and liquid wax is scooped from small ''wajan'' ([[wok]]) heated upon small stove. The batik craftsperson sometimes blow the spout tip of ''canting'' to allow the liquid wax to flow smoothly and to avoid clogging, then they draw the line or dot upon the cloth, applying the liquid wax, following the patterns and images that previously had been drawn using [[pencil]].<ref>Tim Bina Karya Guru. 2007. "''Seni Budaya dan Keterampilan Untuk Sekolah Dasar Kelas VI''". Penerbit [[Erlangga (penerbit)|Erlangga]]. {{ISBN|978-979-015-060-7}}.</ref> A pattern is then drawn with hot wax called ''malam'' using  ''canting''. The wax functions as a dye-resist. After this, the cloth is dipped in a dye bath containing the first colour. After the cloth is dry, the wax is removed by scraping or boiling the cloth. This process is repeated as many times as the number of colours desired. For larger areas of cloth which need to be covered, the wax is applied using a tool called ''nemboki/mopoki''.<ref>Batik Nomination for inscription on the Representative List in 2009 (Reference No. 00170)</ref>

[[File:Batik worker, Mulyati (10676778135).jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Batik]] craftswoman in [[Indonesia]] blowing a ''canting'' to avoid the wax clogging the pipe]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Batik]]
* [[Indonesian culture]]
{{Commons category|Canting}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Batik]]
[[Category:Culture of Indonesia]]