View source for Canaletto

{{short description|Italian painter of landscapes (1697–1768)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = Canaletto
| image         = Giovanni Antonio Canal.jpg
| birth_name    = Giovanni Antonio Canal
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1697|10|18|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Venice]], [[Republic of Venice|Venetian Republic]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1768|4|19|1697|10|17|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Venice]], [[Republic of Venice|Venetian Republic]] (now Italy)
| nationality   = [[Venice|Venetian]]
| known_for     = [[Landscape art]], [[etching]]
| training      = [[Luca Carlevaris]]
| notable_works = ''[[The Stonemason's Yard]]''
| parents       = [[Bernardo Canal]]<br>Artemisia Barbieri
| patrons       = [[Owen Swiny]]<br>[[Joseph Smith (1682–1770)|Joseph Smith]]
| signature        = Canaletto autograph.png
}}

'''Giovanni Antonio Canal''' (18 October 1697&nbsp;– 19 April 1768),<ref name="Pedrocco">{{cite book| author = Filippo Pedrocco| title = Canaletto| year = 1995| publisher = Giunti Editore| isbn = 978-88-09-76198-8 }}</ref> commonly known as '''Canaletto''' ({{IPA|it|kanaˈletto|lang}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=canaletto|title=Canaletto|work=DiPI Online|author=[[Luciano Canepari]]|access-date=17 March 2021|language=it}}</ref>), was an Italian [[painter]] from the [[Republic of Venice]], considered an important member of the 18th-century [[Venetian school (art)|Venetian school]].

Painter of cityscapes or ''[[vedute]]'', of [[Venice]], [[Rome]], and [[London]], he also painted imaginary views (referred to as [[Capriccio (art)|capricci]]), although the demarcation in his works between the real and the imaginary is never quite clearcut.<ref name=oz>Alice Binion and Lin Barton. "Canaletto." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 6 Jan. 2017</ref> He was further an important [[printmaker]] using the [[etching]] technique. In the period from 1746 to 1756, he worked in [[England]], where he painted many views of London and other sites, including [[Warwick Castle]] and [[Alnwick Castle]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Constable|first1=William G|title=Canaletto|url=http://global.britannica.com/biography/Canaletto|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> He was highly successful in England, thanks to the British merchant and connoisseur [[Joseph Smith (1682–1770)|Joseph "Consul" Smith]], whose large collection of Canaletto's works was sold to King [[George III]] in 1762.<ref name=oz/>

==Early career==
[[File:House of Canaletto, Venice.jpg|thumb|upright|Canaletto's birthplace, Calle de la Malvasia, [[Castello, Venice|Castello]], [[Venice]]]] 
[[File:Canaletto - The Stonemason's Yard.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[The Stonemason's Yard]]'', painted {{circa|lk=no|1725}}]]

He was born in Venice as the son of the painter [[Bernardo Canal]], hence his mononym ''Canaletto'' ("little Canal"), and Artemisia Barbieri.<ref>[http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/artist-info.1080.html#artist-info.1080.html?artistId=1080&pageNumber=1&_suid=138965581245306117000620966547 "Canaletto", National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.]</ref> Canaletto served an apprenticeship with his father and his brother of a theatrical scene painter. In 1718, having already taken part in designing sets for operas by [[Fortunato Chelleri]], [[Giovanni Porto]] and [[Antonio Vivaldi]], Canaletto travelled to Rome.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canaletto|url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/canaletto/|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref> During his time in Rome, he worked with his father producing the scenery for two operas by the composer [[Alessandro Scarlatti]], ''Tito Sempronio Greco'' and ''Turno Aricino'' which were performed at the [[Teatro Capranica|Teatro Catranica]] during the carnival season of 1720.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Constable|first=W.G|title=Canaletto, Giovanni Antonio Canal 1697-1768, Volume One: Life and Work, The Plates|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press|year=1962|isbn=0198173245|pages=9}}</ref>

Canaletto was inspired by the Roman ''vedutista'' [[Giovanni Paolo Pannini]], and started painting the daily life of the city and its people.

After returning from Rome in 1719, he began painting in his topographical style.<ref name=Macfall /> His first known signed and dated work is ''Architectural Capriccio'' (1723, Milan, in a private collection).<ref name=Pedrocco /> Studying with the older [[Luca Carlevarijs]], a well-regarded painter of urban [[cityscape]]s,<ref name="Macfall">{{cite book| author = Haldane MacFall| title = A History of Painting: Later Italians and Genius of Spain Part Three| date = 20 September 2004| publisher = Kessinger Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4179-4508-5 }}</ref><ref name="Tecco">{{cite book| author = Betsy Dru Tecco| title = Pk:how to Draw Italy| date = 30 July 2004| publisher = PowerKids Press| isbn = 978-0-8239-6686-8| url-access = registration| url = https://archive.org/details/howtodrawitalyss0000tecc}}</ref> he rapidly became his master's equal.

In 1725, the painter [[Alessandro Marchesini]], who was also the buyer for the Lucchese art collector [[Stefano Conti]], had inquired about buying two more 'views of Venice', when the agent urged him to consider instead the work of "Antonio Canale... it is like Carlevaris, but you can see the sun shining in it."<ref>J.G. Links, ''Canaletto and his patrons'', Granada Publishing/Paul Elek Ltd., London 1977, p. 1.</ref>

===Outdoor painting===
Much of Canaletto's early artwork was painted "from nature", differing from the then customary practice of completing paintings in the studio. Some of his later works do revert to this custom, as suggested by the tendency for distant figures to be painted as blobs of colour – an effect possibly produced by using a [[camera obscura]], which blurs farther-away objects.
Also, his paintings are always notable for their accuracy, an example being his recording of the seasonal submerging of Venice in water and ice.<ref name="Fletcher">{{cite book| author = C. A. Fletcher|author2=T. Spencer| title = Flooding and Environmental Challenges for Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge| date = 14 July 2005| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-84046-0 }}</ref> In particular, his precise use of correct [[Perspective (graphical)|perspective]] has led experts in the past to believe that much of the detail in his paintings had been achieved by tracing the image off a camera obscura. It is known that Canaletto owned a camera obscura, but several experts today are of the opinion that he may have taken some inspiration from it, rather than actually using it for accurate photorealistic tracing in preparation for his paintings.<ref>Furness, Hannah. (14 April 2017). "Royal Collection uses infrared to prove Canaletto did not trace his drawings". [[The Daily Telegraph]].</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
 |first= Casper
 |last= Erkelens
 |title= Perspective on Canaletto's Paintings of Piazza San Marco in Venice
 |journal= Art and Perception
 |date= 2020-03-01
 |volume= 8
 |pages= 49–67
 |publisher= brill.com
 |doi= 10.1163/22134913-20191131
 |s2cid= 212940083
 |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/395399/_22134913_Art_Perception_Perspective_on_Canaletto_s_Paintings_of_Piazza_San_Marco_in_Venice.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
 |access-date= 2022-10-26
|doi-access= free
 }}
</ref>

===Early and late work===
[[File:View of the entrance to the Arsenal by Canaletto, 1732.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''View of the Entrance to the [[Venetian Arsenal]]'', 1732]]

Canaletto's early works remain his most coveted and, according to many authorities, his best. One of his early pieces is ''[[The Stonemason's Yard]]'' ({{circa|lk=no|1725}}, the [[National Gallery, London]]) which depicts a humble working area of the city. It is regarded one of his finest works, and was presented by Sir George Beaumont in 1823 and 1828.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/canaletto-the-stonemasons-yard|title=Canaletto {{!}} The Stonemason's Yard {{!}} NG127 {{!}} National Gallery, London|website=www.nationalgallery.org.uk|access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref>

Later, Canaletto painted grand scenes of the canals of Venice and the [[Doge's Palace, Venice|Doge's Palace]]. His large-scale landscapes portrayed the city's pageantry and waning traditions, making innovative use of atmospheric effects and strong [[local color (visual art)|local colours]]. For these qualities, his works may be said to have anticipated [[Impressionism]].

His graphic print ''S. A. Giustina in Prà della Vale'' was found in the [[Gurlitt Collection|2012 Munich Art Hoard]].<ref name=spiegel>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/photo-gallery-munich-nazi-art-stash-revealed-fotostrecke-103675-8.html |title=Photo Gallery: Munich Nazi Art Stash Revealed |date=17 November 2013|work=Spiegel|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref>

==Work in England==
[[File:Canaletto - Architectural Capriccio - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|''Architectural Capriccio'', drawing, [[Morgan Library & Museum]]]]
[[File:Giovanni Antonio Canal, il Canaletto - The portico with a lantern - from the series 'Vedute' (Views) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|''The portico with a lantern'', from the series ''Vedute'', c.&nbsp;1740–1744, etching]]
[[File:Canaletto - Westminster Bridge, with the Lord Mayor's Procession on the Thames - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|The first [[Westminster Bridge]], 1746]]
[[Image:Canaletto london.jpg|thumb|''The [[River Thames]] from [[Richmond House]]'': a classic ''[[veduta]]'', 1747]]
[[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto.jpg|thumb|''[[Westminster Abbey]] with a procession of [[Knights of the Bath]]'', 1749]]

Many of his pictures were sold to Englishmen on their [[Grand Tour]], first through the agency of [[Owen Swiny]], and later the banker [[Joseph Smith (1682–1770)|Joseph Smith]]. It was Swiny in the late 1720s who encouraged the artist to paint small topographical views of Venice with a commercial appeal for tourists and foreign visitors to the city. Sometime before 1728, Canaletto began his association with Smith, an English businessman and collector living in Venice, who was appointed British Consul in Venice in 1744. Smith later became the artist's principal agent and patron, acquiring nearly fifty paintings, one hundred fifty drawings and fifteen rare etchings from Canaletto, the largest and finest single group of the artist's works, which he sold to King George III in 1763.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canaletto |website=National Gallery of Art |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1080.html |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

In the 1740s, Canaletto's market was disrupted when the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] led to a reduction in the number of British visitors to Venice.<ref>{{cite book| author = Antonio Canaletto|author2=Antonio Visentini| title = Views of Venice: By Canaletto| year = 1971| publisher = Courier Dover Publications| isbn = 978-0-486-22705-4 }}</ref> Smith also arranged for the publication of a series of etchings of "capricci" (or architectural phantasies) (''[[Capriccio (painting)|capriccio]]'' Italian for fancy) in his ''[[vedute]] ideali'',<ref name=Tecco /> but the returns were not high enough, and in 1746 Canaletto moved to London, to be closer to his market.<ref name=Macfall />

Whilst in England, between 1749 and 1752 Canaletto lived at number 41 [[Beak Street]] in London's [[Soho]] district.<ref>Williams, George G. Assisted by Marian and Geoffrey Williams. (1973) ''Guide to Literary London''. London: [[Batsford]], p. 208. {{ISBN|0713401419}}</ref>

He remained in England until 1755, producing views of London (including several of the new [[Westminster Bridge]], which was completed during his stay) and of his patrons' houses and castles. These included [[Northumberland House]] for Sir Hugh Smithson, Bt., who by marriage later became the [[Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland|2nd Earl of Northumberland]]; and [[Warwick Castle]] for Lord Brooke, later [[Francis Greville, 1st Earl of Warwick|1st Earl of Warwick]]. Smithson was one of the commissioners of Westminster Bridge, and it is "not impossible" that he had encouraged Canaletto to come to England and record the beginning of the bridge's life.<ref name=Links >{{cite journal |last=Links |first=J. G. |title=Canaletto in England |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=129 |issue=5297 |date=April 1981 |pages=301, 304 |jstor=41373290}}</ref> His 1754 painting of [[Old Walton Bridge]] includes an image of Canaletto himself.

He was often expected to paint England in the fashion with which he had painted his native city. Canaletto's painting began to suffer from repetitiveness, losing its fluidity, and becoming mechanical to the point that the English art critic [[George Vertue]] suggested that the man painting under the name 'Canaletto' was an impostor. This may have been because Canaletto's nephew, [[Bernardo Bellotto]], was also using his uncle's nickname; or more likely because the story had been spread by unscrupulous art dealers who had been passing off copies of Canaletto's own work and were anxious to see him return to Venice.<ref name=Links /> Historian Michael Levey described his work from this period as "inhibited".<ref name="Levey1994">{{cite book|author=Michael Levey|title=Painting in Eighteenth-century Venice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiOT_si7F0AC&pg=PA114|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06057-7|pages=114–5}}</ref>

In order to refute this claim the artist, through an advertisement in a newspaper, invited "any Gentleman" to inspect his latest painting of [[St. James's Park]] at his studio in Silver Street (now [[Beak Street]]) off [[Golden Square]];<ref name=Links /> however, his reputation never fully recovered in his lifetime.<ref>{{cite book| author = John Eglin| title = Venice Transfigured: The Myth of Venice in British Culture, 1660–1797| date = 13 January 2001| publisher = Palgrave Macmillan| isbn = 978-0-312-23299-3 }}</ref>

After his return to Venice, Canaletto was elected to the [[Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia|Venetian Academy]] in 1763 and appointed prior of the ''Collegio dei Pittori''. He continued to paint until his death in 1768. In his later years, he often worked from old sketches, but he sometimes produced surprising new compositions. He was willing to make subtle alterations to topography for artistic effect.<ref name=Tecco />

He was buried at [[San Lio, Venice]], the church where he was baptized.<ref>[https://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/venice/sestiere-di-castello/attractions/chiesa-di-san-lio/a/poi-sig/400285/1320999  Lonely Planet website, ''Chiesa di San Lio'']</ref>

==Market==
His students included his nephew [[Bernardo Bellotto]], [[Francesco Guardi]], [[Michele Marieschi]], [[Gabriele Bella]] and [[Giuseppe Moretti]]. The painter, [[Giuseppe Bernardino Bison]], was a follower of his style.<ref name=Fletcher />

Joseph Smith sold much of his collection to George III, creating the bulk of the large collection of works by Canaletto owned by the [[Royal Collection]]. In 1762, George III paid £20,000 for Consul Smith's collection of 50 paintings and 142 drawings.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/canaletto-his-finest-work-and-a-royal-exhibition-326333.html Louise Jury, the Independent, 11 November, 2005]</ref> There are many examples of his work in other British collections, including several (19) at the [[Wallace Collection]] and a set of 24 in the dining room at [[Woburn Abbey]]. A large set of Canaletto works was also part of the collection of the [[Earl of Carlisle|Earls of Carlisle]], however many were lost at the 1940 fire at [[Castle Howard]] and others were sold over the last century. Among those formerly at the Carlisle collection are ''The Bacino di San Marco: looking East'', now at the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] (sold in 1939)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bacino di San Marco, Venice|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/32679/bacino-di-san-marco-venice;jsessionid=CE390290A2EA044D6844DAF455D1805C|access-date=2020-11-02|website=collections.mfa.org|language=en}}</ref> and the pair ''Entrance to the Grand Canal from the Molo, Venice'' and ''The Square of Saint Mark's, Venice'', now at the [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington DC (sold in 1938). The last important venetian ''veduta'' at Castle Howard was by [[Bernardo Bellotto]], ''A View of the Grand Canal Looking South from the Palazzo Foscari'', which was sold at Sotheby's in July 2015 for [[British Pound|£]]2.6 million.

Canaletto's views always fetched high prices, and as early as the 18th century [[Catherine the Great]] and other European monarchs vied for his grandest paintings. The record price paid at auction for a Canaletto is [[British Pound|£]]18.6 million for ''View of the Grand Canal from [[Palazzo Balbi]] to the Rialto'', set at [[Sotheby's]] in London in July 2005.

==Gallery==
===Italy===
<gallery widths="220" heights="168" perrow="4">
File:Canaletto - Rialto Bridge from the North RCIN 400668.jpg|''Rialto Bridge from the North'', 1726
File:Canal, Giovanni Antonio - Reception of the French Ambassador in Venice - Hermitage.jpg|''[[The French Ambassador's Arrival in Venice]],'' 1726-1727
File:Canaletto - Bucentaur's return to the pier by the Palazzo Ducale - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[The Bucentaur Returns to the Pier at the Doge's Palace]],'' 1730
File:Canaletto - The Entrance to the Grand Canal, Venice - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[The Entrance to the Grand Canal, Venice|The Entrance to the Grand Canal]]'', 1730
File:Piazza San Marco with the Basilica, by Canaletto, 1730. Fogg Art Museum, Cambridge.jpg|''Piazza San Marco, Venice'', 1730
File:Giovanni Antonio Canal, il Canaletto - The Feast Day of St Roch - WGA03905.jpg|''The Feast Day of St Roch'', 1735
File:Giovanni Antonio Canal - Venice- The Grand Canal with S. Simeone Piccolo - National Gallery London.jpg|''[[The Grand Canal with San Simeone Piccolo]]'', 1740
File:Canaletto, Rome - the Arch of Constantine, 1742.jpg|''The Arch of Constantine, Rome'', 1742
File:Canaletto (Venice 1697-Venice 1768) - The Arch of Septimius Severus - RCIN 400700 - Royal Collection.jpg|''[[The Arch of Septimius Severus]]'', 1742
File:Canaletto - Rome, The Piazza Navona.jpg|''Piazza Navona in Rome'', 1750
File:Canaletto - Rome, The Piazza del Quirinale.jpg|''The Piazza del Quirinale'', 1750
File:Canaletto - Saint Mark's Square, Venice, c.1756.jpg|''Saint Mark's Square, Venice'', 1756
File:Giovanni Antonio Canal, il Canaletto - Capriccio - a Palladian Design for the Rialto Bridge, with Buildings at Vicenza.jpeg|''[[Capriccio with Palladian buildings]]'', c.1756-59
File:Canaletto - The Doge and Grand Council in Sala del Maggior Consiglio - KMS3898 - Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|''The Doge and Grand Council in Sala del Maggior Consiglio'', 1763
File:Canaletto - Santa Maria Zobenigo.jpg|''Santa Maria Zobenigo'', c.1765
</gallery>

===England===
<gallery widths="220" heights="168" perrow="4">
File:Canaletto - Windsor Castle.JPG|''Windsor Castle'' 1747
File:Canaletto - Westminster Bridge Under Construction from the South-East Abutment.jpg|''Westminster Bridge Under Construction'', 1747
File:Canaletto - The City Seen Through an Arch of Westminster Bridge.JPG|''[[London Seen Through an Arch of Westminster Bridge]]'', 1747
File:Canaletto - Warwick Castle - Google Art Project.jpg|''Warwick Castle'', c.1748
File:Canaletto - Syon House.jpg|''Syon House'', 1749
File:Canaletto - London, The Old Horse Guards from St James Park L02305.jpg|''[[Old Horse Guards]]'', 1749
File:Greenwich Hospital from the North Bank of the Thames RMG BHC1827.tiff|''[[Greenwich Hospital (painting)|Greenwich Hospital]]'', 1750
File:Caneletto - The Grand Walk, Vauxhall Gardens, London WAR COMP 131.jpg|''[[The Grand Walk, Vauxhall Gardens]]'', 1751
File:Canaletto - Chelsea from the Thames at Battersea Reach, 1751.jpg|''Chelsea from the Thames at Battersea Reach'', 1751
File:Northumberland House by Canaletto (1752).JPG|''[[Northumberland House (painting)|Northumberland House]]'', 1752
File:New Horse Guards from St James’s Park 121017Canaletto-neu.jpg|''New Horse Guards'', 1753
File:Canaletto - St. Paul's Cathedral - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[St. Paul's Cathedral (painting)|St. Paul's Cathedral]]'', 1754
File:Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) - A View of Walton Bridge - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[A View of Walton Bridge]]'', 1754
File:Canaletto Ranelegh 1754.jpg|''Ranelegh Gardens'', 1754
File:Canaletto (II) 005.jpg|''[[Eton College (painting)|Eton College]]'', 1754
File:Canaletto - View of Banqueting House and Equestrian Statue of King Charles I.jpg|''Banqueting House'', 1754
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[List of works by Canaletto]]
* [[Bernardo Bellotto]], also known as "Canaletto" in Germany and Poland, was Canaletto's nephew and pupil<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Canale, Antonio|volume=5|page=172|short=1}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}
*{{Art UK bio}}
* [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/c/canalett/3/index.html Web Gallery of Art]
* [http://www.canalettogallery.org The Canaletto Foundation] More than 335 images of Canaletto's paintings.
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090725033705/http://www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo18/canaletto.htm Canaletto and the history of vedute]
* ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/49680 Canaletto]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

{{Canaletto}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Italian landscape painters]]
[[Category:Italian etchers]]
[[Category:18th-century etchers]]
[[Category:1697 births]]
[[Category:1768 deaths]]
[[Category:Italian male painters]]
[[Category:Italian vedutisti]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Cityscape artists]]
[[Category:18th-century Venetian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian painters]]
[[Category:Catholic etchers]]
[[Category:Catholic painters]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian male artists]]
[[Category:Painters from the Republic of Venice]]