View source for Canadian Vickers

{{Short description|Aircraft and shipbuilding company that operated in Canada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Canadian Vickers Limited
| logo = Canadian Vickers logo.png
| fate = Aircraft division absorbed into [[Canadair]] in 1944
| successor = [[Canadair]] and [[Versatile (company)|Versatile Vickers]] (using Canadian Vickers as brand only)
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1911}}
| defunct = {{Start date and age|1944}} (aircraft operations) <br /> {{Start date and age|1988}} (shipbuilding, as MIL Vickers) <br /> {{Start date and age|1990}} (rail car operations, as Versatile Vickers)
| location = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada
| parent = [[Vickers Limited]]
| subsid = 
}}

'''Canadian Vickers Limited''' was an aircraft and shipbuilding company that operated in [[Canada]] from 1911 until 1944. A subsidiary of [[Vickers Limited]], it built its own aircraft designs as well as others under licence. [[Canadair]] absorbed the Canadian Vickers aircraft operations in November 1944.

== Shipbuilding ==
[[File:HMS H4 Brindisi 1916 IWM SP 578.jpg|thumb|[[British H-class submarine]] [[HMS H4|HMS ''H4'']] at [[Brindisi]] in August 1916]]
[[File:HMCS Armentières E-032.jpg|thumb|[[Battle-class trawler]] HMCS ''Armentières'']]

In 1907, British shipbuilding and weapons manufacturing conglomerate [[Vickers|Vickers Sons & Maxim]] began investigating possible locations for a shipyard in [[Montreal]].<ref name=linteau>Linteau 1985, p. 84</ref> Vickers Sons & Maxim intended to use the shipyard as a repair facility for transatlantic shipping traffic entering Montreal.<ref name=pritchard51>Pritchard 2011, p. 51</ref> Vickers Sons & Maxim was invited by the [[Government of Canada]] in 1911 to establish a Canadian division to manufacture vessels for the nascent [[Royal Canadian Navy]]. According to naval historian Marc Milner, "the Harbour Commission and the city of [[Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve|Maisonneuve]] offered Vickers a first-class location" to establish the yard, and "an extended lease on the land and deferred taxes."<ref name=milner>Milner 2002, p. 24</ref> Vickers Sons & Maxim established Canadian Vickers in June 1911 and constructed the shipyard between Rue Notre-Dame and rue Viau along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] (now Viterra Montreal Terminal).<ref name=linteau/> Canadian Vickers ordered the construction of a large floating [[drydock]], which was opened in 1912.<ref name=linteau/><ref name=milner/> Due to the establishment of Canadian Vickers, Montreal became one of Canada's leading shipbuilding centres.<ref name=linteau/> The shipyard's first full year of operation was 1914, a year marked by the beginning of [[World War I]].<ref name=pritchard51/>

During World War I the yard assembled American-designed [[Holland 602 type submarine]]s on behalf of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref>Milner 2002, p. 46</ref> The [[Hull (watercraft)|hulls]] were Canadian-built, but the machinery and equipment were American. They were known as the [[British H-class submarine]] in the Royal Navy and were the first submarines to cross the [[Atlantic Ocean]] under their own power. Canadian Vickers (along with [[Polson Iron Works]] of [[Toronto]]) also constructed the first vessels specifically designed for the Royal Canadian Navy, the {{sclass2|Battle|trawler|0}} [[naval trawler]]s.<ref>Boutiller 1982, pp. 99–100</ref>

* {{HMS|H1||2}} – Launched May 1915
* {{HMS|H2||2}} – Launched June 1915
* {{HMS|H3||2}} – Launched June 1915. Mined and sunk July 1916
* {{HMS|H4||2}} – Launched June 1915
* {{HMS|H5||2}} – Launched June 1915. Rammed and sunk March 1918
* {{HMS|H6||2}} – Launched June 1915. Interned and purchased by the Dutch January 1916
* {{HMS|H7||2}} – Launched June 1915
* {{HMS|H8||2}} – Launched June 1915
* {{HMS|H9||2}} – Launched June 1915
* {{HMS|H10||2}} – Launched June 1915. Disappeared 1918

This shipyard would go on to produce many civilian and military ships in Canada, including:
* [[List of River-class frigates|''River-class frigates'']] for the Canadian, British, and US navies.
* [[Flower-class_corvette|''Flower-class corvettes'']] for the Canadian, British, and US navies.
* {{sclass|St. Laurent|destroyer|1}}
** {{HMCS|St. Laurent|DDH 205}}
** {{HMCS|Ottawa|DDH 229}}
* {{sclass|Restigouche|destroyer|1}}
** {{HMCS|Restigouche|DDE 257}}
* {{sclass|Mackenzie|destroyer|1}}
** {{HMCS|Mackenzie|DDE 261}}
* [[Canadian Coast Guard]] icebreakers
** {{ship|CCGS|Louis S. St-Laurent}}
** {{ship|CCGS|Simcoe}}
* floating drydock ''General Georges P Vanier'' in 1964 and renamed as ''Scotia Dock II'' by [[Halifax Shipyard]]; damaged and scrapped 2010.

Canadian Vickers also manufactured luxury yachts and vessels that were later converted as yachts:

* {{ship||Bart Roberts|yacht|2}} – built in 1963 as icebreaker and converted as a yacht in 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yachtcharterfleet.com/luxury-charter-yacht-24716/bart-roberts.htm|title=BART ROBERTS Yacht – Canadian Vickers – Yacht Charter Fleet|first=Yacht Charter|last=Fleet|work=yachtcharterfleet.com|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Club Atlantic]]'' – motor yacht built in 1967<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charterworld.com/index.html?sub=yacht-charter&charter=club-atlantic-2134|title=CLUB ATLANTIC a Motor Yacht by Canadian Vickers Shipyards – Charter World Luxury Yachts and Superyachts|work=charterworld.com|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref>
* ''[[Christina O]]'' – built in 1943 as {{HMCS|Stormont|K327}} and converted as yacht in 1954;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charterworld.com/index.html?sub=yacht-charter&charter=christina-o-1873|title=CHRISTINA O a Motor Yacht by Canadian Vickers Shipyards – Charter World Luxury Yachts and Superyachts|work=charterworld.com|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> renamed as Christina in 1954, Argo in 1978 and current named in 1998

Following World War I, labour militancy grew within [[Quebec]]. In June 1919, Canadian Vickers workers led [[Strike action|labour action]] in Montreal as part of larger strike actions within the shipbuilding industry. The labour strike was a result of demands for maximum 8-hour shifts. Employees of Canadian Vickers coordinated with other work forces in Montreal, though shortly after it began, disagreements over a general strike led the labour action to falter.<ref>Heron 1998, pp. 110–13</ref> The end of the First World War also saw a reduction of shipping orders and increased competition among shipbuilders. This led to consolidation among shipyards and Canadian Vickers' parent company, Vickers merged with [[Armstrong Whitworth]] to form [[Vickers-Armstrongs]]. In 1926, [[Frank Mackenzie Ross|Frank Ross]] of [[Montreal Dry Dock]] and two business partners sought to acquire Canadian Vickers from its parent company. Negotiations began in March and were agreed to in November. In 1928, Ross merged Montreal Dry Dock with Canadian Vickers. During the 1930s, the yard survived the [[Great Depression]] with repair contracts and constructing manufacturing turbines and structural steel.<ref>Pritchard 2011, pp. 49, 51–52</ref>

The shipyard was reacquired by Vickers in 1956.<ref name="shipbuildinghistory1">{{cite web |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/canada/vickers.htm |title=Canadian Vickers |access-date=2011-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228125136/http://shipbuildinghistory.com/history/canada/vickers.htm |archive-date=2011-02-28 }}</ref> It was renamed Vickers Canada Limited in 1978 after being sold to Canadian interests and renamed several times again by the last owners [[Marine Industries]], eventually (as [[Versatile (company)|Versatile Vickers Inc]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cntha.ca/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D75%26Itemid%3D67 |title=Shipyards Narrative |access-date=2010-02-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173137/http://www.cntha.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=67 |archive-date=2011-07-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jproc.ca/rrp/halifax.html|title=Halifax Class Frigates|first=Jerry|last=Proc|work=jproc.ca|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> in 1981 and MIL Vickers in 1987). Shipbuilding operations ceased by 1988.<ref name="shipbuildinghistory1"/>

== Aerospace ==
Canadian Vickers ventured into aircraft manufacturing in 1923 when it won a contract to supply [[Vickers Viking]] [[flying boat]]s to the recently formed Canadian Air Force ([[Royal Canadian Air Force]] from 1924). Between 1923 and 1944, Canadian Vickers produced over 400 aircraft, some of which were original Vickers' designs while the remainder were other manufacturers' designs built under license.
[[File:Consolidated.Vickers OA-10A VP-KKJ BLA 05.06.53 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|This Canadian Vickers OA-10A operated in several countries postwar as a utility transport, including Hong Kong, Sweden and Kenya]] 
[[File:pbv-1a canso flying boat g-pbya arp.jpg|thumb|right|Canadian Vickers PBV-1A Canso A at the [[Royal International Air Tattoo]], England in 2009. A version of the PBY-5A Catalina, this aircraft was built in 1944 for the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]]]
[[File:Vickers Vedette.jpg|thumb|right|A Vickers Vedette replica at the [[Western Canada Aviation Museum]], [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]]]]
[[File:The last MR-63 cars.jpg|thumb|A Canadian Vickers [[MR-63]] car on its last day in service on the [[Montreal Metro]].]]
In July 1941, the Canadian government awarded Canadian Vickers a contract to produce PBV-1 "Canso" amphibians (a version of the [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]] flying boat) for the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]. Many of the aircraft were delivered to the United States Navy as the PBV-1; also to the [[United States Army Air Forces]] as the OA-10A for rescue work.

To speed Canso production, the government authorized construction of a new manufacturing facility at [[Cartierville Airport]] in [[Saint-Laurent, Quebec|Ville Saint Laurent]], on the north-western outskirts of Montreal, and appointed Canadian Vickers to manage the plant's operation on the government's behalf. Independently [[Boeing]] also produced Catalinas in Canada.

In 1944, business pressure compelled Canadian Vickers to ask the government to relieve it of its management responsibilities regarding the Cartierville plant. Ottawa agreed and entered into a management contract with [[Canadair]], a new company founded by a small group of former senior Canadian Vickers personnel headed by Benjamin W. Franklin (no relation to his famous namesake). On 4 November 1944, Canadair took over operation of the plant. In September 1946, Canadair and the plant were acquired by the [[Electric Boat Company]] of Groton, Connecticut.

In 1952, Electric Boat bought [[Consolidated Vultee]] and combined it, Canadair, and several smaller companies to form [[General Dynamics]] Corporation. General Dynamics later became one of the largest U.S. aerospace corporations. Canadair remained a General Dynamics subsidiary until January 1976 when it was re-acquired by the Canadian government.

In December 1986, the government again sold Canadair, this time to [[Bombardier Inc|Bombardier]], a Quebec-based international conglomerate. Today, Canadair itself no longer exists as a separate entity having been absorbed into [[Bombardier Aviation]].

===Canadian Vickers aircraft designs===
* [[Canadian Vickers Vancouver]] (six built)
* [[Canadian Vickers Vanessa]] (one built)
* [[Canadian Vickers Varuna]] (eight built)
* [[Canadian Vickers Vedette]] (60 built)
* [[Canadian Vickers Velos]] (one built)
* [[Canadian Vickers Vigil]] (one built)
* [[Canadian Vickers Vista]] (one built)

===License production===
* [[Vickers Viking IV]] (six built)
* [[Avro 504N]] (13 built)
* [[Avro 552]] (14 built)
* [[Curtiss HS-3L]] (three built)
* [[Fairchild FC-2]] (11 built)
* [[Fokker Super Universal]] (15 built)
* [[Bellanca Pacemaker]]  (six built)
* [[Northrop Delta]] (three Mk I and 17 Mk II built) (First all-metal stressed-skin aircraft built in Canada)
* [[Supermarine Stranraer]] (40 built)
* [[Canadian Vickers PBV-1 Canso]] (30 built at Vickers, 282 at Cartierville/Canadair plant)

===Other aircraft work===
* [[Fairey F-IIIC]] built for transatlantic attempt.
* [[Felixstowe F-III]] built for transatlantic attempt.
* [[Buhl Airsedan]] engineering work for [[Ontario Provincial Air Service]].
* [[Handley Page Hampden]] component manufacture.
* [[R-100]] airship repairs.

===Unbuilt aircraft===
* [[Canadian Vickers FV Hellcat]] – cancelled before any were built.

For aircraft built after 1944, those aircraft were built under the [[Canadair]] name.

==Railcars==
[[Versatile (company)|Versatile Vickers]] used the Canadian former Vickers plant briefly to build [[Railroad car|rail cars]] in the 1960s and 1970s during the period of turmoil at the shipyard in Montreal. The rail car products were mostly built under contract, or licensed from other rail car builders or as joint production efforts (such as the MR-63 subway cars for the Montreal Metro with technical support from [[:fr:Compagnie industrielle de matériel de transport|CIMT-Lorraine]] which also designed the rubber-tired system for some of the [[Paris Métro]] lines). In 1979 Vickers name was changed from Canadian Vickers Ltd. to Vickers Canada, Inc. following the purchase of its shares by the Canadian management from the British holding company. In 1981 the name was again changed to Versatile Vickers, Inc. Versatile Vickers went out of business in 1990.

{|class=wikitable
|-
| 1963–1967 
| [[MR-63]] subway cars built for the [[Montreal Metro]] which opened in 1966, and were based on [[Alstom]]'s [[MP 59]] trains for the [[Paris Métro]]. Retired 2016–2018.
|-
| 1969
| Commuter [[Cab car]] (Bi-level "Town Car" coaches and [[gallery cars]]) built as a variant of the [[Pullman Company]] Gallery coaches for the [[Canadian Pacific Railways]]' Montreal suburban service; later re-classified as [[Exo (public transit)|AMT]] 900 series cars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.angelfire.com/ca/TORONTO/montrealrail.html |title=Montréal Rail Roster |last=Gryfe |first=Alan |date=November 30, 2001 |website=Transit Canada |access-date=April 30, 2013}}</ref> Rebuilt early 2000s and now retired.
|-
| 1972–1977,
| Car shells supplied by Canadian Vickers  or the [[Budd Company]] for [[General Electric]] for [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] and [[Connecticut Department of Transportation]] [[M2/M4/M6 (railcar)|M2 railcars]]. All cars were retired in 2018.
|-
| 1980
| [[PATCO Speedline#Rolling stock|PATCO II railcars]] were manufactured by Canadian Vickers under a license from the [[Budd Company]] for the [[Delaware River Port Authority|Port Authority Transit Corporation]]. All cars rebuilt by [[Alstom]] between 2013-2019.
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation|Canada}}
*[[History of aviation in Canada]]

==Archives==
There is a Canadian Vickers [[fonds]] at [[Library and Archives Canada]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding aid to Canadian Vickers fonds, Library and Archives Canada| date=25 November 2016 |url= http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=107173&lang=eng}}</ref> Archival reference number is R3819.

== References ==
{{Commons category|Canadian Vickers}}
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Boutiller |editor-first=James A. |date=1982 |title=RCN in Retrospect, 1910–1968 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |location=Vancouver |isbn=0-7748-0196-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Patrick J. |title=At the End of the Final Line – A Brief History of Aircraft Manufacturing at Canadian Vickers and Canadair from 1923 to 1984 |location=S<sup>te</sup>-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec |publisher=Shoreline |date=2006 |isbn=1-896754-49-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/atendoffinalline0000camp }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Heron |editor-first=Craig |date=1998 |title=The Workers' Revolt in Canada, 1917–1925 |url=https://archive.org/details/workersrevoltinc0000hero |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=0-8020-8082-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Linteau |first=Paul-Andre |title=The Promoters' City: Building the Industrial Town of Maisonneuve 1883–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/promoterscitybui0000lint |url-access=registration |translator=Robert Chodos |date= 1985 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |location=Toronto |isbn=0-88862-782-3}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Larry Milberry |first=Milberry |last=Larry |title=Aviation in Canada |location=Toronto |publisher=McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. |date=1979 |isbn=0-07-082778-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Milner |first=Marc |date=2010 |title=Canada's Navy: The First Century |edition=Second |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-0-8020-9604-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Pritchard |first=James |date=2011 |title=A Bridge of Ships: Canadian Shipbuilding during the Second World War |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |location=Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario |isbn=978-0-7735-3824-5}}
{{refend}}

{{Canadian Vickers aircraft}}
{{Bombardier}}
{{Aircraft manufactured in Canada}}

[[Category:Shipbuilding companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Vickers|*Canadian Vickers]]
[[Category:Bombardier Aerospace]]
[[Category:Emergency services equipment makers]]
[[Category:Former Crown corporations of Canada]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Montreal]]
[[Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Canada]]
[[Category:Former defence companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Aviation history of Canada]]
[[Category:Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of Canada]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1944]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 1990]]
[[Category:1944 disestablishments in Quebec]]