View source for Camber angle

{{Short description|Angle between a wheel's vertical axis and the vehicle's vertical axis}}
{{About|wheel angle|the cross slope of road or railroad|Cant (road/rail)}}
{{One source|date=July 2024}}
[[Image:MillikenMX1CamberCar1960.jpg|thumb|The 1960 [[William F. Milliken, Jr.|Milliken]] MX1 Camber Car has a large negative camber]]

'''Camber angle''' is one of the angles made by the [[wheel]]s of a vehicle. It is specifically the angle between the vertical axis of a wheel and the vertical axis of the vehicle when viewed from the front or rear. It is used in the creation of [[steering]] and [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]]. If the top of the wheel is further out than the bottom (that is, tilted away from the axle), it is called '''positive camber'''; if the bottom of the wheel is further out than the top, it is called '''negative camber'''.{{Ref|a}}

== Effect on handling ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Kunmadaras Motorsport 2021. szeptember 19. JM (147).jpg|thumb|Negative front wheel camber is used in drift cars to improve their handling]]

Camber angle alters the [[Automobile handling|handling]] qualities of some suspension designs. In particular, negative camber improves grip in corners especially with a [[Double wishbone suspension#Short long arms suspension|short long arms suspension]]. This is because it places the [[tire]] at a better angle to the road, transmitting the [[Centrifugal force#Examples|centrifugal forces]] through the vertical plane of the tire rather than through a [[Shear strength|shear]] force across it. The centrifugal (outwards) force is compensated for by applying negative camber, which turns the contact surface of the tire outwards to match, maximizing the contact patch area. Note that this is only true for the outside tire during the turn; the inside tire would benefit most from positive camber{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{spcs|2|hair}}again, only with a short long arms system. However, due to the [[weight transfer]] inherent while turning, the outside wheels bear more of the force of turning and negative camber will improve handling overall. [[Caster angle]] will also compensate for this to a degree, as the top of the outside tire will tilt slightly inward, and the inner tire will respectively tilt outward. However, any camber affects the contact patch of the tire while driving in a straight line. Zero camber gives the best [[Traction (engineering)|traction]] as it maximizes the contact patch between the road and the tires and puts the [[tire tread]] flat on the road. Therefore excessive camber impairs straight driving in rain and snow and when accelerating hard. 

Proper management of camber angle is a major factor in suspension design, and must incorporate not only idealized geometric models, but also real-life behavior of the components such as flex, distortion, elasticity, etc. What was once an art has become much more scientific with the use of computers, which can optimize all of the variables mathematically instead of relying on the designer's intuition and experience. As a result, the handling of even low-priced automobiles has improved dramatically. Heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractors, trucks, etc., tend to have more positive camber angle, so that when they are loaded and the whole vehicle lowers, the wheels are almost vertical.

==Adjustability==
In cars with [[double wishbone suspension]]s, camber angle may be fixed or adjustable, but in [[MacPherson strut]] suspensions, it is normally fixed. The elimination of an available camber adjustment may reduce maintenance requirements, but if the car is lowered by use of shortened [[Spring (device)|spring]]s, the camber angle will change. Excessive camber angle can lead to increased tire wear and impaired handling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=XRF Chassis {{!}} Automotive and Heavy Duty Chassis Parts {{!}} Drag Links |url=https://xrfauto.com/XRF-tech-info.htm#:~:text=A%20vehicle's%20wheel%20bearing%20can%20wear%20prematurely,parts**%20Such%20as%20wheel%20bearings%20and%20spindles |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=xrfauto.com}}</ref> Significant suspension modifications may correspondingly require that the upper control arm or strut mounting points be altered to allow for some inward or outward movement, relative to the longitudinal centerline of the vehicle, for camber adjustment. With aftermarket plates containing slots for strut mounts instead of holes, this lets the entire shock absorber move back and forth, allowing for fine-tuning the camber of a vehicle. These plates are available for most of the commonly modified models of cars. Some aftermarket coilovers come with built-in camber plates already in place, and there are certain other aftermarket solutions which allow the modification of the camber angle of the wheels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Camber angle for racing cars: Explanation |url=http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/camber.html}}</ref> Camber bolts with eccentrics allow adjustable camber on some vehicles. These bolts feature large washers that are either eccentric or offset. If the initial-equipment bolts are replaced with eccentric ones, then the adjustment will engender a change of up to two degrees. Control arms (or A-arms) with adjustable ball joints represent another avenue for allowing side-by-side adjustability. With these control arms installed, tire camber can effectively be changed by simply moving the tires. After that, one tightens the bolts in order to lock the ball joint in the desired position. Another aftermarket solution for changing the camber angle is via control rods of adjustable length. However, this solution is only amenable to vehicles that employ control rods, not A-arms. Since control rods are responsible for locating the suspension points and keeping them in place, changing the overall length of the rods influences the camber angle.

== Camber in uneven terrain ==
[[File:Autojerab tatra 815.jpg|thumb|[[Tatra (company)#Trucks|Tatra Trucks]] have quite acute positive camber due to their chassis design, which incorporates a central-tube and swing axles, as seen on this [[Tatra 815]] [[crane truck]].]]

Off-road vehicles such as agricultural tractors generally use positive camber. In such vehicles, the positive camber angle helps achieve a lower steering effort. Some single-engined general-aviation aircraft that are primarily meant to operate from unimproved surfaces, such as [[bush plane]]s and [[aerial application|cropduster]]s, also have their [[conventional landing gear|taildragger]] gear's main wheels equipped with positive-cambered main wheels to better handle the deflection of the landing gear, as the aircraft settles on rough, unpaved airstrips.

== Camber wear ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
If excessive camber—either positive or negative—is applied, the vehicle's tires will wear unevenly, a condition known as "camber wear".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monticellli |first=Cristina |date=2025-07-03 |title=Understanding Camber Angle and Its Impact on Vehicle Behavior |url=https://cemb-usa.com/understanding-camber-angle-and-its-impact-on-vehicle-behavior/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=CEMB USA |language=en-US}}</ref> 

A suspension with excessive negative camber places more load on the inboard shoulder of the tire, causing the inboard shoulder to wear out quicker than the outboard shoulder. Depending on suspension design, a minor negative camber setting may slightly improve tire wear, as during turns the vehicle's center of gravity shifts toward the outside of the outer wheel. On a vehicle with zero camber, this places load on the outboard shoulder of the tire, causing uneven wear over time. A small negative camber angle allows this load to be more evenly distributed across the tread.

Positive camber will generally place more load on the outboard shoulder, causing it to wear more quickly than the inboard shoulder. This is among the many reasons vehicles are not typically aligned with extreme positive or negative camber settings from the factory.

== Stance cars ==
{{Main|Stance (vehicle)}}
[[File:Washington Auto Show 2023 Extreme Negative Camber car.jpg|thumb|right|Negative camber]]

Negative camber was primarily used in motorsports due to the traction increase around turns. However, it eventually became popular to use negative camber in order to be able to lower a car and fit wheels onto it which would not normally fit in the fender wells. Cars with these modifications eventually were given the name "stance cars". It is difficult to pinpoint when exactly this trend began, although it became mainstream in the 1970s with the ''[[bōsōzoku]]'' cars coming out of Japan. This trend began with the intent of making street cars look more like race cars by lowering their suspension and adding a little negative camber. As time went by, such cars were being customarily lowered more and more, as well as having much higher negative camber than before. With the growing of stance-car culture, it also attracted criticism, since extreme amounts of negative camber and minimal ground clearance can make these cars impractical. Accordingly they sometimes became the subject of ridicule from other car enthusiasts, who enjoyed sharing videos of such cars getting stuck on speed bumps.

==See also==
* [[Camber thrust]]
* [[Caster angle]]
* [[Kingpin (automotive part)]]
* [[Toe (automotive)]]
* [[Vehicle dynamics]]

== Explanatory notes ==
:1.{{Note|a}}While nearly every automobile now uses "negative camber" on all four wheels, this convention dates from a time when positive camber was more common.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151210154450/http://www.240edge.com/performance/tuning-camber.html Camber and Race Car Suspension Tuning]
* Hagerman, John. [http://www.ozebiz.com.au/racetech/theory/align.html "Camber, Caster, Toe: What Do They Mean?"] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115102955/http://www.ozebiz.com.au/racetech/theory/align.html |date=2020-01-15}}). Smithees Race Car Technologies. Reprinted from ''Grassroots Motorsports'' magazine.
* [https://www.comeanddriveit.com/suspension/camber-caster-toe "Suspension 101: Camber, Caster, and Toe"]. Come And Drive It. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
* Harbid, T. (4 September 2020). [https://www.cashcarsbuyer.com/negative-camber/ "Negative Camber: What Is It and Why Does it Happen?"] Cash Cars Buyer. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
* Lewis, R. (6 August 2014). [https://www.the-lowdown.com/stance-fitment-usdm-car-culture/?v=322b26af01d5 "Culture: Stance, Fitment & USDM Car Scene"]. The Lowdown. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
* Sabella, M. D. I. (1 December 2007). [https://www.motortrend.com/how-to/htup-0712-camber-101-honda-camber-guide/ "Camber 101 - December 2007 Wrenchin{{'"}}]. ''MotorTrend''. Retrieved September 21, 2022.

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[[Category:Automotive steering technologies]]
[[Category:Tires]]