View source for Calvados

{{Short description|French apple brandy}}
{{About|the brandy|the French department|Calvados (department)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
'''Calvados''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|æ|l|v|ə|d|ɒ|s}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|d|oʊ|s|,_|ˌ|k|æ|l|v|ə|ˈ|d|oʊ|s|,_|ˌ|k|ɑː|l|v|ə|ˈ|-}},<ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/calvados|title=Calvados|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|calvados|access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|kalvados|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Calvados.wav}}) is a [[brandy]] from [[Normandy]] in [[France]], made from [[apples]] and/or [[pears]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=100% Poire - Comte Louis de Lauriston |url=http://calvados-lauriston.com/fr/vin/13/100-poire#/en/wine/13/100-poire |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=calvados-lauriston.com}}</ref>

==History==
===In France===
[[Apple]] [[orchard]]s and brewers are mentioned as far back as the 8th century by [[Charlemagne]]. The first known record of Norman distillation was made by squire [[Gilles de Gouberville]] in 1553, and the [[guild]] for [[cider]] distillation was created about 50 years later in 1606. In the 17th century, the traditional cider farms expanded, but taxation and prohibition of cider brandies were enforced elsewhere than [[Brittany]], [[Maine (province)|Maine]], and [[Normandy]]. The area called "Calvados" was created after the [[French Revolution]], but ''eau de vie de cidre'' was already called ''calvados'' in common usage.

In the 19th century, output increased with industrial distillation and the working class fashion for ''café-calva''. When a [[phylloxera]] outbreak in the last quarter of the 19th century devastated the vineyards of France and Europe, Calvados experienced a golden age. During [[World War I]], cider brandy was requisitioned to make explosives for the armament industry due to its [[ethanol|alcohol]] content.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Mattsson | first1 = Henrik | title = Calvados: the world's premier apple brandy : tasting, facts and travel | year = 2005 | pages = 27 | publisher = Calvadosbook.com | access-date = 30 September 2013| isbn = 91-631-5546-X | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CoaJTpzbDdYC&pg=PA27}}</ref> The [[Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée|''appellation contrôlée'']] regulations officially gave AOC Calvados [[Pays d'Auge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idac-aoc.fr/images/cdc/CDC_CalvadosPaysAuge.pdf|title=CAHIER DES CHARGES DE L'APPELLATION D'ORIGINE CONTRÔLÉE « Calvados Pays d'Auge » |website=Idac-aoc.fr|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref> a protected name in 1942. After the war, many cider houses and distilleries were reconstructed, mainly in the [[Pays d'Auge]]. Many of the traditional farmhouse structures were replaced by modern agriculture with high output. The calvados appellation system was revised in 1984 and 1996. [[Pommeau]] got its recognition in 1991; in 1997, an appellation for [[Domfront, Orne|Domfront]] with 30% pears was created.
[[File:Fûts dans un chai de Calvados.jpg|thumb|Barrels in a Calvados cellar]]
===Elsewhere===
Cider brandy is also made in the UK, and appears in records going back to 1678. Somerset cider brandy gained European protected geographical indication (PGI) status in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Victory for Somerset as cider brandy wins protected status |first=Steven |last=Morris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/15/somerset-cider-brandy-protected-status |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=2 November 2011}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Calvados Apfel 0596.jpg|thumb|right|Calvados apples.]]
Calvados is distilled from cider made from specially grown and selected apples, from over 200 named varieties. It is not uncommon for a calvados producer to use over 100 specific varieties of apples{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} which are either sweet (such as the 'Rouge Duret' variety), tart (such as the 'Rambault' variety), or bitter (such as the 'Mettais', 'Saint Martin', 'Frequin', and 'Binet Rouge' varieties), the latter being inedible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/calvadosdiscover/cellars|title=Calvados Cellars - Calvados|website=Sites.google.com|access-date=27 July 2022|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027170313/https://sites.google.com/site/calvadosdiscover/cellars|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The fruit is harvested and pressed into a juice that is fermented into a dry [[cider]]. It is then [[distilled]] into ''[[eau de vie]]''. After two or three years of [[aging barrel|aging in oak]] casks, it can be sold as calvados. The longer it is aged, the smoother the drink becomes. Usually, the maturation goes on for several years.

==Double and single distillation==
[[File:calva still.jpg|thumb|right|Calvados [[pot still]]]]
The appellation of AOC (''[[appellation d'origine contrôlée]]'') for calvados authorizes double distillation for all calvados, but it is required for the ''Calvados Pays d'Auge''.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Mattsson | first1 = Henrik | title = Calvados: the world's premier apple brandy : tasting, facts and travel | year = 2005 | pages = 62 | publisher = Calvadosbook.com | access-date = 28 April 2017| isbn = 91-631-5546-X | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CoaJTpzbDdYC&pg=PA62}}</ref>

* Double distillation is carried out in a traditional [[alembic]] [[pot still]], called either ''l'alambic à repasse'' or ''charentais''
* Single continuous distillation in a [[column still]]

The usual arguments{{by whom|date=September 2016}} for and against the two processes are that the former process gives the spirit complexity and renders it suitable for longer aging, whilst the latter process gives the calvados a fresh and clean apple flavour but with less complexity. A growing belief{{by whom|date=September 2016}} indicates that a well-operated column still can produce as complex and "age-able" calvados as double distillation.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

==Producing regions and legal definitions==
[[File:CalvadosAOCs.jpg|thumb|Map of Calvados appellation areas]]
Like many [[French wine]]s, calvados is governed by ''appellation contrôlée'' regulations. The three appellations for calvados are:

* The '''AOC calvados''' area includes all of the [[Calvados (department)|Calvados]], [[Manche]], and [[Orne]] [[departments of France|department]]s and parts of [[Eure]], [[Mayenne]], [[Sarthe]], and [[Eure-et-Loir]].
** AOC calvados makes up over 70% of the total production.
** A minimum of two years aging in oak barrels is required.
** The [[terroir]], geographical area, is defined.
** The apples and pears are defined cider varieties.
** The procedures in production, such as [[pressing (wine)|pressing]], [[fermentation (wine)|fermentation]], distillation, and ageing, are regulated.
** Usually, single-column distillation is used.
* The more restrictive '''AOC calvados [[Pays d'Auge]]''' area is limited to the east end of the department of Calvados and a few adjoining districts.
** Extensive quality control, the basic rules for AOC calvados together with several additional requirements, is practiced.
** Aging for a minimum of two years in oak barrels is required.
** Double distillation in an alembic pot-still is used.
** It must be produced within the designated area in Pays d'Auge.
** A minimum of six weeks of fermentation of the cider is required.
** Flavour elements are controlled.

* '''AOC calvados [[:fr:Domfrontais|Domfrontais]]''' reflects the long tradition of pear orchards in the area, resulting in a unique{{clarify|date=July 2012}} fruity calvados. The regulation is similar to the AOC calvados and the column still is used.
** A minimum of 30% pears from the designated areas is used.
** A three-year minimum of aging in oak barrels is required.
** The orchards must consist of at least 15% pear trees (25% from the 16th harvest).
* '''Fermier calvados''' ("farm-made") – some quality-minded producers both inside and outside the Pays d'Auge make "fermier calvados", which indicates the calvados is entirely made on the farm in a traditional agricultural way according to high quality demands.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/dining/calvados-a-taste-of-apples-and-fall-the-pour.html|title= The Flavor of Apples and a Sip of Fall|first= Eric |last= Asimov |author-link=Eric Asimov |date=31 October 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref>

==Grades of quality==
The age on the bottle refers to the youngest constituent of the blend. A blend is often composed of old and young calvados. Producers can also use the terms below to refer to the age.
[[File:Age et couleur du Calvados.jpg|thumb|right|Color and aging of Calvados]]

* "VS", ''Trois étoiles'' ***, and ''Trois pommes'' must be at least two years old.
* ''Vieux'' or ''Réserve'' must be at least three years old.
* "V.O." "VO", ''Vieille Réserve'', "V.S.O.P.", or "VSOP" must be at least four years old.
* "Extra", "X.O." "XO", "Napoléon", ''Hors d'Age'', ''Tres Vieille Reserve'' must be at least six years old, but are often sold much older.

High-quality calvados usually has parts which are much older than that mentioned. Calvados can be made from a single (generally, exceptionally good) year. When this happens, the label often carries that year.

==Tasting==
{{Redirect|Trou Normand|the Hannibal episode|Trou Normand (Hannibal)}}
[[File:Cocktail Calvados + limonade.jpg|thumb|right|Cocktail Calvados + lemonade]]

[[File:Calvados france verre.jpg|thumb|Calvados France glass]]
Historically, it was largely served as a digestif, but [https://drinkcalvados.com/en/drinking-calvados/cocktails/ its use in cocktails] or as an aperitif has become increasingly popular, much like whisky. 
Older eaux-de-vie are generally served neat in a small tulip glass to reveal their woody, caramelized aromas and long finish. Calvados can also be enjoyed on the rocks, as the ice softens its intensity and provides a refreshing alternative. 
In gastronomy, Calvados pairs well with both savory and sweet dishes. It complements foie gras, creamy cheeses such as Camembert de Normandie, roasted poultry, pork dishes with apples, smoked fish, and certain seafoods. On the dessert side, it enhances tarte Tatin, caramel-based pastries, and chocolate or fruit desserts. 
Younger Calvados (VS or VSOP) have been widely used in mixology since the late 19th century, as historical references already mention apple-based preparations, and they remain appreciated by contemporary bartenders for their balance of freshness, fruitiness, and body. They lend themselves equally well to simple cocktails served on ice or lengthened (such as [https://drinkcalvados.com/en/cocktail/calvados-tonic/ Calvados tonic] or [https://drinkcalvados.com/en/cocktail/calva-ball/ Calvados lemonade]), as well as to more elaborate creations imagined by bartenders. 
Norman culture is deeply influenced by Calvados, as shown by traditions such as the trou normand, the custom during festive meals of drinking a small glass of Calvados between main courses, and the classic café-calva served in local cafés. The canard is a sugar cube dipped in a small amount of Calvados, traditionally enjoyed by adults but also by children in the countryside.

==In the Canadian Forces==
Calvados is the regimental drink of [[The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]], [[The Royal Regina Rifles]], [[The Royal Canadian Hussars (Montreal)|The Royal Canadian Hussars]], [[Le Régiment de Hull]], [[Le Régiment de Maisonneuve]], [[The Sherbrooke Hussars]], and [[The Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders]]. The troops were given Calvados as the units passed through Normandy following the [[Invasion of Normandy|D-Day invasion]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} Known as ''[[Normandy#Gastronomy|le trou normand]]'', it is normally taken between courses at a regimental dinner, or during a toast to remember fallen soldiers.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Drink}}
* [[Angel face (cocktail)|Angel face]], a cocktail involving calvados
* [[Lambig]], a similar drink from Brittany
* [[Burrow Hill Cider Farm|Somerset cider brandy]], a similar English drink
* [[Applejack (beverage)]], a similar American drink

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Calvados (spirit)}}
{{Official|https://drinkcalvados.com/en/}}

{{Alcoholic beverages}}
{{Apples}}
{{French cuisine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Calvados (Spirit)}}
[[Category:Apple brandies]]
[[Category:Fruit brandies]]
[[Category:Cider]]
[[Category:Distilled ciders]]
[[Category:French distilled drinks]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Normandy]]