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{{Short description|3rd century Chinese poet and musician}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Cai (surname)|Cai]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Cai Yan
| native_name        = {{nobold|蔡琰}}
| native_name_lang   = zh
| image              = 畫麗珠萃秀 Gathering Gems of Beauty (漢蔡文姬) 2.jpg
| image_size         = 200px
| caption            = A portrait of Cai Wenji in the album ''Gathering Gems of Beauty'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|畫麗珠萃秀}})
| alt                = 
| birth_date         = {{circa}} 170 or 178
| birth_place        = [[Qi County, Kaifeng|Qi County]], [[Henan]]
| death_date         = {{circa}} 215 or 249
| father             = [[Cai Yong]]
| children           = ''at least two sons''
| relatives          = {{unbulleted list|''at least one sister''|''at least one brother''|[[Yang Hu]] (nephew)|[[Yang Huiyu|Empress Jingxian]] (niece)}}
| spouse             = {{unbulleted list|Wei Zhongdao|Wise Prince of the Left|Dong Si}}
| occupation         = Composer, poet, writer
| other_names        = {{unbulleted list|Wenji ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|文|姬}}}})|Zhaoji ({{zh|labels=no|c={{linktext|昭|姫}}}})}}
}}

'''Cai Yan''' ({{circa}} 178 – post 206; or {{circa}} 170–215; or died {{circa}}&nbsp;249),<ref>{{cite web|last1=Knechtges|first1=David R.|title=Cai Yan 蔡琰|url=http://chinesereferenceshelf.brillonline.com/ancient-literature/entries/SIM-300027;jsessionid=AC39434B4F214D7AA91C6FC7F5353D04|website=Brill Online Chinese Reference Library|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> [[courtesy name]] '''Wenji''', was a Chinese composer, poet, and writer who lived during the late [[Eastern Han dynasty]] of China. She was a daughter of [[Cai Yong]]. Her courtesy name was originally '''Zhaoji''', but was changed to '''Wenji''' during the [[Jin dynasty (266-420)|Jin dynasty]] to avoid [[naming taboo]] because the Chinese character for ''zhao'' in her courtesy name is the same as that in the name of [[Sima Zhao]], the father of the Jin dynasty's founding emperor, [[Emperor Wu of Jin|Sima Yan]]. She spent part of her life as the concubine of a powerful [[Xiongnu]] leader until 207, when the warlord [[Cao Cao]], who controlled the Han central government in the [[End of the Han dynasty|final years of the Eastern Han dynasty]], paid a heavy ransom to bring her back to Han territory.{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|pp=28-29}}

Cai Yan was celebrated for being "erudite, eloquent and brilliant in rhythm"; her biography was recorded in ''Book of the Later Han'', volume 84: Biographies of Exemplary Women (卷八十四. 列女傳. 第七十四).

==Life==
Cai Yan was a daughter of [[Cai Yong]], a famous [[Eastern Han dynasty]] scholar from Yu County ({{lang|zh-Hant|圉縣}}), {{ill|Chenliu Commandery|zh|陈留郡}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|陳留郡}}), which is around present-day [[Qi County, Kaifeng|Qi County]], [[Kaifeng]], [[Henan]]. She was married to Wei Zhongdao ({{lang|zh-Hant|衛仲道}}) in 192 but her husband died shortly after their marriage and they did not have any children.<ref>Hans H. Frankel, "Cai Yan and the Poems Attributed to Her". ''Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews'', Vol. 5, No. 1/2 (Jul 1983), pp. 133-156</ref> Between 194 and 195, when China entered a period of chaos, the [[Xiongnu]] nomads intruded into Han territory, captured Cai, and took her back as a prisoner to the northern lands. During her captivity, she married the Xiongnu "[[Tuqi|Wise Prince of the Left]]" and bore him two sons. 12 years later, the Chancellor of the Han, [[Cao Cao]], asked for Cai's release in return for a huge ransom in the name of her father. Liu Bao agreed to these terms and freed Cai without hesitation. After her release, Cai returned to her homeland but left her children behind in Xiongnu territory. The reason Cao Cao wanted her back was that she was the sole surviving member of her clan and he needed her to placate the spirits of her ancestors.<ref name="ReferenceA">Chang, Saussy and Kwong, p. 22. This explanation, however, is not fully reconcilable with other historic records, such as the fact that Cai Wenji's father had at least two other daughters and possibly a son. (See [[Cai Yong]].) One of the daughters was known to have mothered a few notable figures, including [[Yang Huiyu]], an empress dowager of the [[Jin dynasty (265–420)|Jin dynasty]]. If one of them was not able to placate the spirits of their ancestors, Cai Wenji would not be able to either, because females were not considered direct posterity. The reason Cao Cao gave was probably only an excuse used to convince the Han ministers to justify the ransom.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}</ref>

After that, Cai married again, this time to Dong Si ({{lang|zh|董祀}}), a local government official from her hometown. However, when Dong Si committed a capital crime later, Cai pleaded with Cao Cao for her husband's acquittal. At the time, Cao Cao was hosting a banquet to entertain guests, who were stirred by Cai's distressed appearance and behaviour. She asked him if he could provide her with yet another husband.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He pardoned Dong Si.

Later in her life, she wrote two poems describing her turbulent years.

== In ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'' ==
Cai Yan briefly appears in chapter 71 of the novel, ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', a historical novel of the 14th century which romanticizes events prior to and during the Three Kingdoms period of China.

Cao Cao was on a march to battle with [[Liu Bei]] during the [[Hanzhong Campaign]] when he passed by Cai Yan's residence.

Cao Cao came to the gates with a few attendants. Upon hearing who the guest was, Cai Yan hurriedly raced to meet them, and after Cao Cao took a seat in the household, he noticed a tablet which contained mix-matched eight words that he couldn't interpret. Cai Yan pointed out that her father wrote it after hearing a specific tale. [[Yang Xiu (Han dynasty)|Yang Xiu]], one of the men whom Cao Cao brought along, declared he knew the riddle on the tablet.

Cao Cao and his subordinates later left the house and Yang Xiu mentioned what the eight words meant using wordplay.<ref>(兵出潼关，操在马上，望见一簇林木，极其茂盛，问近侍曰：“此何处也﹖”答曰：“此名蓝田。林木之间，乃蔡邕庄也。今邕女蔡琰，与其夫董祀居此。”原来操与蔡邕相善。先时其女蔡琰，乃卫道玠之妻；后被北方掳去，于北地生二子，作胡笳十八拍，流入中原。操深怜之，使人持千金入北方赎之。左贤王惧操之势，送蔡琰还汉。操乃以琰配董祀为妻。......当日到庄前，因想起蔡邕之事，令军马先行，操引近侍百馀骑，到庄门下马。时董祀出仕于外，止有蔡琰在家。琰闻操至，忙出迎接。操至堂，琰起居毕，侍立于侧。操偶见壁间悬一碑文图轴，起身观之，问于蔡琰。琰答曰：“此乃曹娥之碑也，昔和帝时，上虞有一巫者，名曹旴，能娑婆乐神；五月五日，醉舞舟中，堕江而死。其女年十四岁，绕江啼哭七昼夜，跳入波中；后五日，负父尸浮于江面；里人葬之江边。上虞令度尚奏闻朝廷，表为孝女。度尚令邯郸淳作文镌碑以记其事。时邯郸淳年方十三岁，文不加点，一挥而就，立石墓侧，时人奇之。妾父蔡邕闻而往观，时日已暮，乃于暗中以手摸碑文而读之，索笔大书八字于其背。后人镌石，并未镌此八字。”操读八字云：“黄绢幼妇，外孙齑臼。”操问琰曰：“汝解此意否﹖”琰曰：“虽先人遗笔，妾实不解其意。”操回顾众谋士曰：“汝等解否？”众皆不能答。于内一人出曰：“某已解其意。”操视之，乃主簿杨修也。操曰：“卿且勿言，容吾思之。”遂辞了蔡琰，引众出庄。上马行三里，忽省悟，笑谓修曰：“卿试言之。”修曰：“此隐语耳。黄縜乃颜色之丝也。色傍加丝，是‘绝’字。幼妇者，少女也。女傍少字，是‘妙’字。外孙乃女之子也。女傍子字，是‘好’字。齑臼乃五辛之器也。受傍辛字，是‘辞’字。总而言之，是‘绝妙好辞’四字。”操大惊曰：“正合孤意！”众皆叹羡杨修才识之敏。 ) ''Sanguo Yanyi'', chapter 71</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Cai Wenji.png|thumb|An illustration of Cai Wenji from a [[Qing dynasty]] collection of poems by female poets, 1772]]

Like her father, Cai Wenji was an established calligrapher of her time, and her works were often praised along with her father's.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} Her poems were noted for their sorrowful tone, which paralleled her hard life. The famous [[guqin]] piece ''[[Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute]]'' is traditionally attributed to her, although the authorship is a perennial issue for scholarly debate.<ref>A large number of modern historians, including [[Hu Shih]], disputed the traditional attribution, the earliest survival of which was by the [[Southern Song dynasty]] scholar [[Zhu Xi]]. (Guo Moruo 1987, p97.) [[Guo Moruo]], on the other hand, wrote six articles in half a year's time in early 1959 to dispute the dispute. (Two of which were included in Guo Moruo 1987, pp 96-109.)  This led to a heated debate, with both sides holding their ground, even though Guo's opinion was in the minority. Quote: "{{lang|zh-Hans|《十八拍》的讨论，备列了各类史料，虽然分歧仍然存在，但从学术研究的角度看，这样详尽地摆出史料，实事求是地进行分析，各抒己见地讨论是极为有益的，为进一步澄清《胡笳十八拍》的问题打下了良好的基础。}}" ((This) debate about ''Eighteen Songs'' cited historic facts of all kinds. Even though differences in opinion persist, it is extremely beneficial to list such exhaustive historic facts, to engage in factual analysis, and to express individual opinions. This laid a good foundation to further clarify the problem related to the Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute.") ({{Citation|last=Lu卢|first=Xingji兴基|year=1987 |script-title=zh:蔡琰和《胡笳十八拍》的作者 |trans-title=Cai Yan and the Author of Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute|script-journal=zh:卢兴基编《建国以来古代文学问题讨论举要》 |trans-journal=Summaries of Debates since 1949 about Ancient Literature, Lu Xingji comp.|language=zh|publisher=[[:zh:齐鲁书社|Qilu Publishing House]] |url=http://www.literature.org.cn/Article.aspx?ID=5977|access-date=2015-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115011727/http://www.literature.org.cn/Article.aspx?ID=5977|archive-date=2015-01-15|url-status=dead}}.)</ref> The other two poems, both named "Poem of Sorrow and Anger" ({{lang|zh-Hant|悲憤詩}}), were known to be written by her.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

The following is an excerpt from the "Poem of Sorrow and Anger" in five-character form ({{lang|zh|五言}}):
<div align="center">

{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellmargin="0"
|-----
| style="font-size:100%" |
{{lang|zh-Hant|《悲憤詩》}}
|
Poem of Sorrow and Anger
|-----
| style="font-size:100%" |
{{lang|zh-Hant|處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。}}
|
''My dwelling is often covered by frost and snow,''<br>
''The foreign winds bring again spring and summer;''
|-----
| style="font-size:100%" |
{{lang|zh-Hant|翩翩吹我衣，蕭蕭入我耳。}}
|
''They gently blow into my robes,''<br>
''And chillingly shrill into my ear;''
|-----
| style="font-size:100%" |
{{lang|zh-Hant|感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。}}
|
''Emotions stirred, I think of my parents,''<br>
''Whilst I draw a long sigh of endless sorrows.''
|-----
| style="font-size:100%" |
{{lang|zh-Hant|有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。}}
|
''Whenever guests visit from afar,''<br>
''I would often make joy of their tidings;''
|-----
| style="font-size:100%" |
{{lang|zh-Hant|迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。}}
|
''I lost no time in throwing eager questions,''<br>
''Only to find that the guests were not from my home town.''
|}
</div>

In addition to her surviving poems, a volume of ''Collective Works of Cai Wenji'' was known to have survived until as late as the [[Sui dynasty]] but had been lost by the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Book of Sui | series=Collections|volume=30, Book Collections 4 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/隋書/卷35|access-date=2015-01-14|first=Zheng|last=Wei|author-link=Wei Zheng|language=zh|year=636|publisher=[[Tang dynasty]]}} (魏徵 et al., 隋书 志第三十经籍四; cf. [[Book of Sui]])  Quote: "{{lang|zh-Hant|後漢董祀妻《蔡文姬集》一卷，..., 亡。}}" (Wife of Later Han Dong Si ''Collective Works of Cai Wenji'', one volume - dissipated.)</ref>

Cai Wenji inherited some 4,000 volumes of ancient books from her father's vast collection. However, they were destroyed in the ravages of war. At Cao Cao's request, Cai recited 400 of them from memory and wrote them on paper.<ref>Fan Ye et al. (420-479).  Quote: "{{lang|zh-Hans|操因问曰：“闻夫人家先多坟籍，犹能忆识之不？”文姬曰：“昔亡父赐书四千许卷，流离涂炭，罔有存者。今所诵忆，裁四百余篇耳。”...于是缮书送之，文无遗误。}}" (So Cao Cao asked: "I have heard that Madame's home used to host many ancient books. Can you still remember?" Wenji said: "My late father left me with some 4,000 volumes. Along with my life in displacement and turmoil, few remain. All I can recite now are but a little more than 400." ... Thus (Wenji) wrote down the books and presented them (to Cao Cao). There was no omission or error in the text.")</ref>

==Literary and artistic tributes==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = 
| footer =  '''''Left''''': Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute- The Story of Lady Wenji" a [[Ming dynasty]] painting in the collection of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] depicting the return of Cai Wenji from the Xiongnu. '''''Right''''':A portrait, ''Cai Wenji Returns to Her Homeland'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|文姬歸漢圖}}), dating from the [[Southern Song dynasty]] and depicting Cai Wenji and her [[Xiongnu]] husband. They are riding their horses along, each holding one of their sons. The expression on Cai's face appears rather fulfilled, peaceful and content, while her husband is turning his head back in farewell (transl. by Rong Dong).
| footer_align = left
| image1 = 宋 佚名 胡笳十八拍 文姬歸漢圖 卷-Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute- The Story of Lady Wenji MET DP213004.jpg
| width1 = {{#expr: (200 * 3891 / 2079) round 0}}
| caption1 = 
| image2 = CaiWenji-return150dpi90 percent.jpg
| width2 = {{#expr: (200 * 1050 / 1101) round 0}}
| caption2 =
}}
The stories of Cai reverberate primarily with feelings of sorrow, and inspired later artists to keep portraying her past. Her return to Han territory has been the subject of numerous paintings titled ''Cai Wenji Returns to Her Homeland'' ({{lang|zh-Hant|文姬歸漢圖}}) by various painters since the Tang dynasty,<ref>See references in curator's notes from Taipei National Palace Museum [http://www.npm.gov.tw/dm/album/selection/02/k2a001114n000000013fd.htm]. According to NPM, earliest surviving pieces were from the Southern Song dynasty.</ref> as well as renderings in traditional [[Beijing opera]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==In popular culture==
[[Guo Moruo]] wrote a play on her life in 1959.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guo|first=Moruo|author-link=Guo Moruo|year=1959|script-title=zh:《蔡文姬》 |publisher=[[:zh:文物出版社|Antiquities Publishing House]]|language=zh|location=Beijing}} Collected in Guo Moruo 1987, pp3-95</ref> In 1976, a [[List of craters on Mercury|crater on Mercury]] was named [[Ts'ai Wen-Chi (crater)|Ts'ai Wen-Chi]] after Cai Wenji, citing her as "Chinese poet and composer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/6116|access-date=2015-01-19|title=Ts'ai Wen-chi|year=1976|publisher=USGS}}. See also [[List of craters on Mercury]]</ref> In 1994, a [[List of craters on Venus|crater on Venus]] was named [[Caiwenji (crater)|Caiwenji]] after Cai Wenji, citing her as "Chinese poet".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/963|access-date=2015-01-19|title=Caiwenji|year=1994|publisher=USGS}} See also [[List of craters on Venus]].</ref>

<!-- PLEASE DO NOT INTRODUCE ANY FURTHER DETAILS ON THIS PERSON'S ROLE IN THE GAMES ALREADY MENTIONED IN THIS SECTION. -->
Cai Wenji appears as a playable character in [[Koei]]'s ''Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce 2''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142119/http://img709.imageshack.us/img709/2056/dwsf2wenji2.jpg Famitsu scan] from the week beginning 18th Jan 2010</ref> and ''[[Dynasty Warriors 7]]'' (her debut as a playable character in North American and European ports). She also appears in Koei's ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms (video game series)|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' video game series and in ''[[Dynasty Warriors 6: Empires]]'' as a non-playable character. She is also a playable character in ''[[Warriors Orochi 3]]'' and ''[[Warriors Orochi 4]]''. Her fighting style relies on casting energy balls and shock waves by strumming her harp.

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Jian'an poetry]]
* [[Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=de Crespigny |first=Rafe |author-link=Rafe de Crespigny |year=2007 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-474-1184-0 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=49OvCQAAQBAJ}} }}
* {{Citation|title=Wife of Dongsi|series=[[Book of the Later Han]] | volume=84, Book 74|journal=Chronicles of Notable Women |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/hhansu/hhsu_094.htm|first=Ye|last=Fan|author-link=Fan Ye (historian)|language=zh|publisher=[[Liu Song dynasty]]|access-date=2015-01-14}} <!--(范晔《后汉书》卷八十四, 列女传第七十四)-->
* {{cite book|title=Women writers of traditional China: an anthology of poetry and criticism|author=Kang-i Sun Chang|author-link=Kang-i Sun Chang|author2=Haun Saussy|author2-link=Haun Saussy|author3=Charles Yim-tze Kwong|year=1999|publisher=Stanford University Press}}
* {{Citation|last=Guo|first=Moruo|author-link=Guo Moruo|title=Cai Wenji|series=Complete Works of Guo Moruo|journal=Literature Collection|volume=8|year=1987|publisher=[[People's Literature Publishing House]] |url=http://memory.scu.edu.cn/UploadFiles/pdf/郭沫若全集文学编08.pdf#12|pages=1–121|access-date=2015-01-14|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123411/http://memory.scu.edu.cn/UploadFiles/pdf/%E9%83%AD%E6%B2%AB%E8%8B%A5%E5%85%A8%E9%9B%86%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%BC%9608.pdf#12|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}} <!--(《郭沫若全集》文学编 卷八)-->
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Thrasher |first1=Alan R. |last2=Lam |first2=Joseph S.C. |last3=Stock |first3=Jonathan P.J. |last4=Mackerras |first4=Colin |author-link4=Colin Mackerras |last5=Rebollo-Sborgi |first5=Francesca |last6=Kouwenhoven |first6=Frank |last7=Schimmelpenninck |first7=A. |last8=Jones |first8=Stephen |author9=Han Mei |author-link9=Han Mei |author10=Wu Ben |last11=Rees |first11=Helen |last12=Trebinjac |first12=Sabine |last13=Lee |first13=Joanna C. |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=China, People's Republic of |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43141 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000043141 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}

{{qin list}}
{{People of Cao Wei}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Cai, Wenji}}
[[Category:170s births]]
[[Category:2nd-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:2nd-century Chinese women writers]]
[[Category:3rd-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:3rd-century Chinese women writers]]
[[Category:3rd-century deaths]]
[[Category:People during the end of the Han dynasty]]
[[Category:Cao Wei musicians]]
[[Category:Cao Wei poets]]
[[Category:Cao Wei writers]]
[[Category:Chinese women composers]]
[[Category:Chinese women poets]]
[[Category:Guqin players]]
[[Category:Han dynasty musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Henan]]
[[Category:Poets from Henan]]
[[Category:Writers from Kaifeng]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Ancient Chinese composers]]