View source for Caganer

{{Short description|Figurine depicted in the act of defecation}}
{{Catalan-Valencian cultural domain
| image = [[File:Caganer-2012-Barcelona - 01.JPG|200px]]
| caption = A traditional Catalan caganer
| expanded = Traditions
}}

A '''Caganer''' ({{IPA|ca|kəɣəˈne}}) is a [[figurine]] depicted in the act of [[defecation]] appearing in [[nativity scene]]s in [[Catalonia]] and neighbouring [[Traditions of Catalonia|areas]] such as [[Andorra]], [[Valencian Community|Valencia]], [[Balearic Islands]], and [[Northern Catalonia]] (in [[southern France]]). It is most popular and widespread in these areas, but can also be found in other areas of [[Spain]] ([[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]), [[Portugal]], and [[Southern Italy]] ([[Naples]]).

The name "{{lang|ca|El Caganer}}" literally means "the pooper". Traditionally, the [[figurine]] is depicted as a peasant, wearing the traditional Catalan red cap (the [[barretina]]) and with his trousers down, showing a bare backside, and defecating.

== Origins ==
The exact origin of the Caganer is unknown, but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12059969|title=A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style|journal=BBC News|date=23 December 2010|access-date=23 December 2010|last1=Rainsford|first1=Sarah}}</ref> According to the society Amics del Caganer (Friends of the Caganer), it is believed to have entered the nativity scene by the late 17th or early 18th century, during the Baroque period.<ref>[http://www.amicsdelcaganer.cat/catala/figura/figuracaganer.htm Amics del Caganer (Friends of the Caganer)]. Consulted 23 December 2010.</ref><ref name=Garske/>

== Tradition ==
In [[Catalan Countries]], as well as in the rest of  [[Spain]] and in most of [[Italy]] and [[Southern France]], traditional Christmas decorations often consist of a large model of the city of [[Bethlehem]], similar to the [[Nativity scene]]s of the English-speaking world but encompassing the entire city rather than just the typical manger scene. This {{lang|ca|pessebre}} is often a reproduction of a pastoral scene—a traditional Catalan {{lang|ca|masia}} (farmhouse) as the central setting with the child in a manger, and outlying scenes including a washerwoman by a river, a woman spinning, shepherds herding their sheep or walking towards the manger with gifts, the Three Wise Men approaching on camel back, a scene with the angel and shepherds, the star pointing the way, etc. Commonly materials such as moss will be used to represent grass, with cork used to represent mountains or cliffs.

The caganer is a particular and highly popular feature of modern Catalan nativity scenes. It is believed to have entered the nativity scene by the late 17th or early 18th century, during the Baroque period.<ref name="amicsdelcaganer.cat">[http://www.amicsdelcaganer.cat/catala/figura/figuracaganer.htm ''El Caganer'', by Jordi Arruga and Josep Mañà. (Barcelona: Alta Fulla, 1992), reproduced on the website Amics del Caganer (Friends of the Caganer)]. Consulted 23 December 2010.</ref> Eminent folklorist [[Joan Amades]] called it an essential piece and the most popular figure of the nativity scene. It can also be found in other parts of southwestern [[Europe]], including [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]], the region just south of [[Valencian Community|Valencia]] in [[Spain]] (where they are called {{lang|es|cagones}}), [[Naples]] ({{lang|it|cacone}} or {{lang|it|pastore che caca}}) and [[Portugal]] ({{lang|pt|cagões}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amicsdelcaganer.net/his6.htm |title=Pagina nueva 1 |access-date=2008-04-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215171316/http://www.amicsdelcaganer.net/his6.htm |archive-date=2008-12-15 }} Amics del Caganer</ref> There is a sculpture of a person defecating hidden inside the cathedral of [[Ciudad Rodrigo]], [[Province of Salamanca]], though this is not part of a nativity scene.<ref>[https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/arrels-pre-cristianes-del-pessebre-de-nadal/ Jordi Bilbeny, ''Les arrels precristianes del pessebre de Nadal'' (The Pre-Christian Roots of the Nativity Scene)] (article in Catalan). Consulted 03 January 2024.</ref> Accompanying [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]], [[Saint Joseph the Betrothed|Joseph]], [[Jesus]], the [[shepherd]]s and company, the caganer is often tucked away in a corner of the model, typically nowhere near the manger scene. A tradition in Catalonia is to have children find the hidden figure.

== Explanations ==

Possible reasons for placing a figure representing a person in the act of emptying his bowels in a scene which is widely considered [[holy]] include:
* The Caganer, by creating faeces, is [[fertilize|fertilizing]] the Earth. According to the ethnographer [[Joan Amades]], it was a "customary figure in nativity scenes [pessebres] in the 19th century, because people believed that this deposit [symbolically] fertilized the ground of the nativity scenes, which became fertile and ensured the nativity scene for the following year, and with it, the health of body and peace of mind required to make the nativity scene, with the joy and happiness brought by Christmas near the hearth. Placing this figurine in the nativity scene brought good luck and joy and not doing so brought adversity."<ref name="amicsdelcaganer.cat"/>
* Many modern caganers represent celebrities and authority figures. By representing them with their pants down, the caganer serves as a levelling device to bring the mighty down.<ref>Erickson, Brad. Les virtuts cíviques del caganer. Caramella: Revista de música i cultura popular No. 25, pp. 47-50 (2011).</ref>
* As to the charge of blasphemy, as Catalan anthropologist Miguel Delgado has pointed out, the grotesque, rather than a negation of the divine may actually signify an intensification of the sacred, for what could be more grotesque than the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, a bloody public torture and execution as the defining moment in the story of Christianity?<ref>Delgado Ruiz, Manuel. 2001. Luces iconoclastas: Anticlericalism, espacio, y ritual en la España contemporánia, Ariel Antropología. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.</ref>
* In his essay {{lang|ca|Les virtuts cìviques del caganer}} ("The Civic Virtues of the Defecator"), American anthropologist Brad Erickson argues that Catalans use the caganer to process and respond to contemporary social issues such as immigration and the [[Caganer#Controversy surrounding Barcelona's civility ordinance|imposition of public civility regulations]].<ref>Erickson, Brad. Les virtuts cìviques del caganer. Caramella: Revista de música i cultura popular. No. 25, pp. 47-50 (2011).</ref>

Further opinions:<ref>The following opinions are translated from [http://www.amicsdelcaganer.cat/catala/figura/figuracaganer.htm ''El Caganer'', by Jordi Arruga and Josep Mañà. (Barcelona: Alta Fulla, 1992), reproduced on the website Amics del Caganer (Friends of the Caganer)]. Consulted 23 December 2010.</ref>
* "The caganer was the most mischievous and out-of-place character of the pessebre's [otherwise] idyllic landscape; he was the "Other", with everything that entails, and as the "Other", was accepted, in a liberal vein, as long as he did not aim to occupy the foreground. The caganer represented the spoilsport that we all have inside of us, and that's why it is not surprising that it was the most beloved figure among the children and, above all, the adolescents, who were already beginning to feel rather like outsiders at the family celebration." {{ill|Agustí Pons|ca}}
* "The caganer is a hidden figure and yet is always sought out like the lost link between transcendence and contingency. Without the caganer, there would be no nativity scene but rather a liturgy, and there would be no real country but just the false landscape of a model." [[Joan Barril]]
* "The caganer seems to provide a counterpoint to so much ornamental hullabaloo, so much emotive treacle, so much contrived beauty." {{ill|Josep Murgades|ca}}
* "The caganer is, like so many other things that have undergone the filtering of a great many generations, a cult object; with the playful, aesthetic and superficial devotion that we feel towards all the silly things that fascinate us deep down." {{ill|Jordi Soler|es|Jordi Soler (escritor)}}

== Similar traditions ==
The Caganer is not the only defecating character in the Catalan Christmas tradition&mdash;another is the ''[[Tió de Nadal]]'', which also makes extensive use of the image of faecal matter (it is a log, i.e. tió which, having been "fed" for several weeks, is told to defecate on Christmas Eve and "magically" produces candy for children, a candy that has supposedly come from its bowels). Other mentions of faeces and defecation are common in Catalan folklore: indeed, a popular Catalan saying for use before a meal is {{lang|ca|menja bé, caga fort i no tinguis por a la mort!}}  ("Eat well, shit heartily, and don't be afraid of death!"). In his book ''Barcelona'', architecture critic and locale historian [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]] gives a good introduction to this earthy tradition.<ref>{{cite book |title=Barcelona |author=Robert Hughes |url=https://archive.org/details/barcelona00hugh |date=1992 |publisher=Knopf |publication-place=New York |isbn=0-394-58027-3}}</ref>

The Caganer can also be found in other European cultures, either as an import or a minor local tradition:
*In France: ''Père la Colique'' ("Father [[Colic]]").<ref>[http://www.cavi.univ-paris3.fr/phalese/aragon/perelacolique.htm Reference to this figure on the website: Centre de recherches Hubert de Phalèse - Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717214320/http://www.cavi.univ-paris3.fr/phalese/aragon/perelacolique.htm |date=2011-07-17 }} (in [[French language|French]]). Accessed on 23 December 2010.</ref> In France this figure seems to date from the 1930s or 1940s.<ref>[http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/colique Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Léxicales]</ref>
* In [[Murcia]], the region just south of the Valencian Community in [[Spain]] (where they are called ''cagones'')<ref name=Arruga>{{cite book|title=El Caganer|author1=Arruga, J.  |author2=Mañá, J.|publisher=Alta Fulla|year=1992|url=http://www.amicsdelcaganer.cat/castella/figura/figuracaganer.htm}}</ref>
* The [[Naples]] area, where it is known as ''cacone'' or ''pastore che caca''<ref name=Arruga/>
* [[Portugal]], where they are known as ''cagões''<ref name=Garske>{{cite web|title=Weird Christmas Custom: Spot the Pooping Peasant|url=http://www.aolnews.com/2010/12/23/weird-christmas-custom-spot-the-pooping-peasant-figurine/|author=Garske, M.|publisher=AOL News|date=December 23, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130134017/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/12/23/weird-christmas-custom-spot-the-pooping-peasant-figurine/|archive-date=November 30, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Arruga/><ref name=Whittaker>{{cite web|title=Christmas Traditions Around the World|url=http://lifestyle.ie.msn.com/christmas/christmas-traditions-around-the-world-31?page=2#image=2|author=Whittaker, F.|publisher=MSN|date=October 11, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Traditional vs. modern portrayals ==
[[File:Caganers.jpg|thumb|left|Modern caricature caganers for sale]]

The traditional caganer is portrayed as a Catalan [[peasant]] man (i.e. a farmer or shepherd) wearing a typical hat called a [[Barretina]]—a red stocking hat with a black band. At least since the late 1970s, the figure of a traditional Catalan peasant woman was also added, wearing traditional garb including the long black hairnet.

The Catalans have modified this tradition a good deal since the 1940s. In addition to the traditional caganer design, one can easily find other characters assuming the Caganer position, such as [[nun]]s, [[devil]]s, [[Santa Claus]], celebrities, athletes, historical figures, politicians, Spanish royalty, [[UK|British]] royalty,<ref name="BBC News"/> and other famous people past and present. Just days after his election as US president in 2008, a "pooper" of [[Barack Obama]] was made available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://au.truveo.com/Obama-pooper-get-one-this-xmas/id/286101039 |title=Obama pooper: get one this xmas |access-date=2008-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206081335/http://au.truveo.com/Obama-pooper-get-one-this-xmas/id/286101039 |archive-date=2008-12-06 |website=[[Truveo]]}}</ref>
[[File:A caganer produced using christmas in R.png|alt=A pixelated image of a caganer produced using the christmas package in R|thumb|A caganer produced using the christmas package in R, which was developed by Jose Barrera-Gomez]]A digital greeting card depicting a caganer can be produced using the ''christmas'' package in [[R (programming language)|R]], a free software environment for statistical computing.<ref>{{Citation |last=Barrera-Gomez |first=Jose |title=christmas: Generation of Different Animated Christmas Cards |date=2024-12-10 |url=https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/christmas/index.html |access-date=2024-12-24 |doi=10.32614/cran.package.christmas|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The following code produces the image:<syntaxhighlight lang="r">
install.packages("christmas")
library(christmas)
xmascaganer(year = 2025)
</syntaxhighlight>

== At markets and exhibits ==
Caganers are easiest to find before Christmas in holiday markets, like the one in front of the [[Cathedral of Santa Eulalia]], which has many tables of Caganers. Every year new figures are created, and some people collect them. Caganers are the focal point of at least one association ([http://www.amicsdelcaganer.cat/angles/index.htm Els Amics del Caganer, i.e. Friends of the Caganer]), which puts out a regular bulletin ([http://www.amicsdelcaganer.cat/catala/caganofil/caganofil.htm "El Caganòfil"]), and have even been featured in art exhibits.

In recent years a urinating statue, or Pixaner, has also appeared, but it has not taken root or gained any serious popularity.

== Controversy surrounding Barcelona's civility ordinance ==
[[File:Pessebre a la plaça de Sant Jaume - caganer.JPG|thumb|The caganer in the 2011 official nativity scene in Barcelona's [[Plaça de Sant Jaume]]]]
In 2005, the Barcelona city council provoked a public outcry by commissioning a nativity scene which did not include a caganer. The local government was reported to have countered these criticisms by claiming that the Caganer was not included because a civility ordinance<ref>Suñé, Ramon. 2006a. La nueva ordenanza del civismo impera desde hoy en Barcelona. La Vanguadia, January 25.</ref> had made [[public defecation]] and [[public urination]] illegal, meaning that the caganer was now setting a bad example.<ref>[http://www.amicsdelcaganer.org/index1.htm Caganer, Amics del. 2005. Nova polèmica amb la figura del Caganer 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224043621/http://www.amicsdelcaganer.org/index1.htm |date=2008-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Barcelona's Christmas Crapper Canned | publisher=Scoop | url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0512/S00250.htm | date=2005-12-25 | first=Jeremy | last=Rose }}</ref> Many saw this as an attack on Catalan traditions. One writer of a letter to the editor asserted, "A nativity scene without a caganer is not a nativity scene."<ref>Castells, E. 2005. La ausencia de 'caganer' en el pesebre de Sant Jaume enfrenta a los políticos. La Vanguardia de Barcelona, 30/11/2005.</ref> A second writer offered a win-win solution. He suggested including the caganer but also placing a figure of a police officer with a pen and clipboard next to him, writing a ticket for the infraction. The writer said this would achieve three objectives: respect tradition, comply with the ordinance and educate the public about how it is being reinforced, and finally, demonstrate how important it is to respect the law.<ref>Giménez, Joaquín. 2005. Multa al 'caganer'. La Vanguardia de Barcelona, 29/11/2005.</ref> Finally, the head of Parks and Gardens publicly denied prohibiting the caganer in the first place, saying that it was the artistic decision of the artist commissioned by the city to design and install the pessebre.<ref>Castells, E. 2005. La ausencia de 'caganer' en el pesebre de Sant Jaume enfrenta a los políticos. La Vanguardia de Barcelona, 30/11/2005.</ref> Following a campaign against the caganer's absence called {{lang|ca|Salvem el caganer}} (Save the caganer), and widespread media criticism, the 2006 nativity restored the caganer, who appeared on the northern side of the nativity near a dry riverbed.

==See also==
* [[Mooning]] – the act of displaying one's bare buttocks
* [[Tió de Nadal]]
* [[Kin no unko]]
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipNA9QshPB6V-l8fMDBIxapgPTbStQwFCsGDkLXr3_pAsz3_Mc1pLuSnnYnyjRN71A?key=Q01lZ3pvWUdaaWRtWVZ3UjVxcUszNUlsQVlteFZn Collection of caganers] by Joan Escapa
* {{commonscatinline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013905/https://leoniediscovers.com/2017/12/31/christmas-in-barcelona/ Christmas in Barcelona] from Leoniediscovers.com by Leonie Discovers 
* [http://www.roughguides.com/website/Travel/SpotLight/ViewSpotLight.aspx?spotLightID=426 Catalunya's Christmas Caganer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828170819/http://www.roughguides.com/website/Travel/SpotLight/ViewSpotLight.aspx?spotLightID=426 |date=2008-08-28 }}, from Roughguides.com by AnneLise Sorensen, December 1, 2005.
* [https://elorganillero.com/blog/2004/01/21/caganers/ "Caganers, Nation and Faith" at Oreneta.com] About defecation and caganers.
* [http://www.festes.org/articles.php?id=244 Section on the Caganer on the Festes website] {{in lang|ca}}
* [https://www.amicsdelcaganer.cat/angles/index.htm Amics del Caganer (Friends of the Caganer)] {{in lang|en|ca|es|de}}

{{Catalonia topics}}
{{Christmas}}

[[Category:Catalan folklore]]
[[Category:Catalan words and phrases]]
[[Category:Sculptures of the Nativity of Jesus]]
[[Category:Christmas characters]]
[[Category:Christmas in Spain]]
[[Category:Feces]]
[[Category:Fictional characters introduced in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Northern Catalonia]]