View source for Cadwaladr

{{Short description|Kingdom of Gwynedd from c. 655 to 682}}
{{other people||Cadwaladr (name)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name        = Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon
| succession  = [[List of rulers of Gwynedd|King of Gwynedd]]
| image       = Llandaf, yr eglwys gadeiriol Llandaf Cathedral De Cymru South Wales 165.JPG
| caption     = Stained glass window depicting Cadwaladr in [[Llandaff Cathedral]] (Charles Powell, 1919)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stainedglass.llgc.org.uk/object/1869 |title=King Arthur, King Tewdrig and King Cadwaladr |website=Stained Glass in Wales |publisher=National Library of Wales |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
| reign       = c. 655 – 682
| predecessor = [[Cadafael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw|Cadafael]]
| successor   = [[Idwal Iwrch]] (uncertain)
| house       = [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|House of Gwynedd]]
| spouse      = 
| issue       = [[Idwal Iwrch]]
| father      = [[Cadwallon ap Cadfan]]
| death_date  = 682
| burial      = 
}}

'''Cadwaladr ap Cadwallon''' (also spelled '''Cadwalader''' or '''Cadwallader''' in English) was [[List of rulers of Gwynedd|king of Gwynedd]] in [[Wales]] from around 655 to 664 or 682. He died in one of two devastating plagues that happened in 664 and in 682. Little else is known of his reign.

The [[Welsh Dragon|red dragon]] ({{langx|cy|y Ddraig Goch}}), long known as a Welsh symbol, appearing in the ''[[Mabinogion]]'', the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'', and the stories of [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], has, since the accession of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] to the [[Kingdom of England|English throne]], often been referred to as "The Red Dragon of Cadwaladr". The association with Cadwaladr is a traditional one without any historical basis.

Though little is known about the historical Cadwaladr, he became a mythical redeemer figure in Welsh culture. He is a prominent character in the [[Romance (heroic literature)|romantic]] stories of [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], where he is portrayed as the last in an ancient line to hold the title [[List of legendary kings of Britain|King of Britain]]. In Geoffrey's account, he does not die of plague. He renounces his throne in 688 to become a pilgrim, in response to a prophecy that his sacrifice of personal power will bring about a future victory of the Britons over the [[Anglo-Saxons]]. Geoffrey's story of Cadwaladr's prophecy and trip to [[Rome]] is believed to be an embellishment of the events in the life of [[Cædwalla|Cædwalla of Wessex]], whom Geoffrey mistakenly conflated with '''Cadwaladr'''.

For later Welsh commentators, the myth "provided a messianic hope for the future deliverance of Britain from the dominion of the Saxons".<ref name = "nice"/> It was also used by both the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions during the [[Wars of the Roses]] to claim that their candidate would fulfil the prophecy by restoring the authentic lineage stemming from Cadwaladr.

== Historical record ==
[[File:Gwynedd General Map.png|thumb|right|upright=1.2|A general map of Gwynedd showing the ''[[cantref]]i'']]

Cadwaladr was the son of [[Cadwallon ap Cadfan]], and the successor to King [[Cadafael, King of Gwynedd|Cadafael]]. His name appears in the [[Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20|pedigrees of the Jesus College MS. 20]]<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Phillimore|1887|pp=87}} — he is in his descendant's pedigree, given as: ''... Cynan tintaeth6y. M. Rodri mol6yna6c. M. Idwal I6rch. M. Kadwaladyr vendigeit. M. Katwalla6n. M. Kad6ga6n. M. Iago. M. Beli. M. Run hir. M. Maelg6n g6yned ...'', and from there back to [[Cunedda]].</ref> (as "Kadwaladyr vendigeit" or "Cadwaladr the Blessed").

Cadwaladr appears to have suffered a major military defeat at the hands of the West Saxons at Pinhoe near Exeter in 658. He is said to have been of a "peaceful and pious" temperament and to have patronised many churches. The [[St Cadwaladr's Church, Llangadwaladr]] in [[Anglesey]] identifies him as its founder.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Cannon|Crowcroft|2015|p=150}}</ref>

The date of Cadwaladr's death is uncertain but is thought to be either 664 or 682.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Lloyd|1911|p=230}}</ref> Cadwaladr's name appears as 'Catgualart' in a section of the ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'', where it says he died of a dreadful mortality while he was king.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Giles|1841|chapter=64}} in Chapter 64.</ref> The great plague of 664 is not noted in the ''[[Annales Cambriae]]'', but [[Bede]]'s description,<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Bede|731|p=381}} Book III, Chapter XXVII</ref> makes clear its impact in both Britain and Ireland, where its occurrence is also noted in the ''Irish Annals''.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Reeves|1857|p=376}} — year 664, "Mortalitas magna in Hiberniam pervenit"</ref> The plague of 682 is not noted by Bede, but the ''Annales Cambriae'' note its occurrence in Britain and that Cadwaladr was one of its victims.<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Phillimore|1888|pp=159}}, ''Annales Cambriae'', year 682, "Mortalitas magna fuit in brittannia. n qua catgualart filius catguolaum obiit."</ref>{{verification failed|date=August 2024|reason=The source linked here does not appear to be the source that contains this quotation.}} Both the ''Annales Cambriae'' and the ''Irish Annals'' note the plague's impact in Ireland in 683,<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Phillimore|1888|pp=159}}, ''Annales Cambriae'', year 683, "Mortalitas in hibernia."</ref><ref>{{Harvcolnb|Reeves|1857|p=376}} — year 683, "Initium tertiae mortalitatis"</ref> as do other sources.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Plummer|1896|p=196}}</ref>

The [[Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20|genealogies in Jesus College MS. 20]]<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Phillimore|1887|pp=87}} — his pedigree is given as: ''... Cynan tintaeth6y. M. Rodri mol6yna6c. M. Idwal I6rch. M. Kadwaladyr vendigeit. M. Katwalla6n. M. Kad6ga6n. M. Iago. M. Beli. M. Run hir. M. Maelg6n g6yned ...'', and from there back to Cunedda.</ref><ref>[http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/jesus_college_20/index.html Genealogies from Jesus College MS 20, Gwynedd 1].</ref> and the [[Harleian genealogies]]<ref>{{Harvcolnb|Owen|1841|pp=xiv}}, ''Pedigree of Ywain Son of Hywel'', in the ''Preface'' of ''Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales'' — his pedigree is given as: '' ... Rotri Map Mermin Map Ethil Merch Cinnan Map Rotri M. Tutgual M. Catgualart M. Catman M. Jacob ...'', and from there back through [[Maelgwn Gwynedd]] to [[Cunedda]] and his ancestors.</ref><ref>[http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/history/harleian_genealogies/1.html Harleian genealogy 1: Gwynedd 1]</ref> give Cadwaladr as the son of Cadwallon and the father of [[Idwal Iwrch]]. Idwal, who fathered the later king [[Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal|Rhodri Molwynog]], may have been his successor.

== Early mythic significance ==
Cadwaladr's name is invoked in a number of literary works such as in the ''[[Armes Prydein]]'', an early 10th-century prophetic poem from the [[Book of Taliesin]]. While the poem's "Cadwaladr" is an emblematic figure, scholars have taken the view that the Cadwaladr of ''Armes Prydein'' refers to the historical son of Cadwallon and that already at this stage he "played a messianic role" of some sort, but "its precise nature remains uncertain".<ref>{{harvcolnb|Wright|1992}}</ref> He is typically paired with [[Conan Meriadoc]], the founder of British settlements in Brittany. Conan and Cadwaladr are identified as warriors who will return to restore British power. ''Armes Prydein'' says, "Splendour of Cadwaladr, shining and bright, defence of armies in desolate places. Truly he [Conan] will come across the waves, the promise of prophecy in the beginning."<ref name = elis/>

According to Elissa R. Henken, Cadwaladr was well established as a "prophesied deliverer" of the Britons before Geoffrey's version of his life altered its ending. This may be because he was seen as the man who would carry forward the achievement of his father Cadwallon, the last great war leader of the Britons: "it is quite likely that the father and son became confused in folk memory, a fusion enhanced by Cadwaladr, whose name is a compound meaning 'battle-leader', also having assumed his father's epithet Bendigaid (Blessed)."<ref name = elis>{{harvcolnb|Henken|1996}}</ref>

== Geoffrey of Monmouth ==
[[File:History of the Kings (f.104.v) Cadwaladr Fendigaid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Cadwaladr depicted in a manuscript ([[Peniarth Manuscripts|Peniarth MS 23]]) of ''[[Brut y Brenhinedd]]'', the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] translation of Geoffrey's ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', dating from before the end of the 15th century<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=4887 |title=History of the Kings |publisher=National Library of Wales |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref>]]

Cadwaladr figures prominently in [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s [[Romance (heroic literature)|romantic]] account of the ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'' ({{langx|en|History of the Kings of Britain}}). As such, the Cadwaladr of Geoffrey is a literary invention that used the name of a historical person to advance the plot of the story. In Book XII, Chapter XIV of the ''Historia'', Cadwaladr is given as the last in a line of kings that began with [[Brutus of Troy]]. Chapters XV – XVIII have him leaving a depopulated Britain for [[Brittany]], where the British people have resettled. Britain itself has been almost emptied by plague; for eleven years the country was "completely abandoned by all the Britons" except for parts of Wales. Cadwaladr is received as a guest by [[Alain II Hir|Alan Hir]], King of Brittany. Taking advantage of the depopulation, the Saxons invite more of their countrymen to join them as soon as the plague abates. From this point, they become completely dominant in Britain, and the British come to be called the "Welsh".

At the same time, in Brittany, Cadwaladr intends to return to take back the island and asks Alan to provide him with an army. The Breton king agrees, but Cadwaladr hears a prophetic voice which tells him that he must sacrifice personal power for the sake of his people. If he renounces the throne, his sacrifice will eventually lead to the restoration of British control of the island in the future, as predicted by [[Merlin]] to [[Vortigern]]: "the Voice added that, as a reward for its faithfulness, the British people would occupy the island again at some time in the future, once the appointed moment should come".<ref name = "nice">Nice, Jason A.; "Being "British" in Rome: The Welsh at the English College, 1578–1584", ''The Catholic Historical Review'', Volume: 92, Issue: 1, January 2006, p.1</ref><ref>{{harvcolnb|Giles|Thompson|1842}}</ref> Cadwaladr is told that if he lives a penitent life he will become a saint. His bones will be hidden to protect them. When his sacred bones are found and returned to Britain, the Britons (Welsh and Bretons) will be restored to full possession of their homeland. Cadwaladr and Alan then consult the prophecies of Merlin and rejoice that this prediction will be fulfilled in future. He then travels to [[Rome]] as a pilgrim, where he dies in 689 after meeting the pope.

Thus Cadwaladr becomes a messianic figure who sacrifices himself to redeem his people and restore them to their promised homeland. Cadwaladr's penitence assures his sainthood. His son Ivor and his nephew Ynyr return to Britain with an army, but, as predicted, are not successful in restoring British control of the island.

In another passage in the book a list of Merlin's prophesies contains the prediction: 
{{quote|Cadwallader shall summon Conan and make an alliance with Alban. Then there will be a great slaughter of the foreign-born and the rivers will flow with blood. Then the hills of Armorica [Brittany] will crumble and he will be crowned with the diadem of Brutus. Wales will be filled with joy and the oaks of Cornwall will flourish. The isle will be called by the name of Brutus and the occupation of foreigners will pass away.<ref name = mike>Faletra, Michael (ed); Geoffrey of Monmouth, ''History of the Kings of Britain'', Broadview Press, 2007 p. 134.</ref>}}

This seems to correspond to the pairing of Cadwaladr and Conan as restorers of Britain in ''Armes Prydein''.<ref name = mike/> The merging of the Welsh and Breton peoples is linked to an alliance with "Alban" (which probably means Scotland: [[Alba]]). The occupation of the English will be at an end and Britain will be restored to its true identity as the territory of the descendants of [[Brutus of Troy]].

== Cadwaladr and the Wars of the Roses ==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Henry VII of England (1485-1509).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Henry VII's coat of arms, incorporating the "Red Dragon of Cadwallader"]]

During the [[Wars of the Roses]] the prophecies connected to Cadwaladr were used by various contenders as part of their claim to the throne. This was linked to the story of the struggle between the Red Dragon and the [[White dragon|White Dragon]], part of the myth of [[Merlin]], interpreted as warring Celtic and Saxon peoples. [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] claimed to be restoring the authentic ancient lineage of Cadwaladr, thus fulfilling Merlin's prophecy of the victory of the Red Dragon. His chancellor gave a sermon asserting that "the British line, which perished with Cadwallader's exile in 689 was restored by the arrival of Edward the king prophesied by Merlin and others."<ref>Hughes, Jonathan; "Politics and the occult at the Court of Edward IV", ''Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650'', Brill, 2005, p. 112–113.</ref>

The [[House of Tudor|Tudors]] also claimed descent from Cadwaladr to legitimize their authority over Britain as a whole. [[Owen Tudor]] claimed descent from Cadwaladr and used a red dragon badge. When [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]] landed in Wales in 1485, he adopted the Red Dragon flag and claimed to be returning in fulfilment of the prophesies of Merlin as recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth. After his victory at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] Henry was greeted at the gates of Worcester with a poem asserting:
<poem>
:Cadwallader's blood lineally descending,
:Long hath be told of such a prince coming.
:Wherefore friends, if that I shall not lie,
:This same is the fulfiller of the prophesy.<ref>Dobin, Howard, ''Merlin's Disciples: Prophecy, Poetry, and Power in Renaissance England'', Stanford University Press, 1990, p.51.</ref>
</poem>
 
The [[Welsh Dragon]] (Red Dragon) came to be known as the "Red Dragon of Cadwallader" and used as Henry's personal emblem. Tudor historian [[Thomas Gardiner (monk)|Thomas Gardiner]] created a [[genealogical roll]] that gave Henry's son, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], a pedigree showing his descent from Cadwaladr, referred to as "the laste kynge of that blode from whome by trew and lynyall descensse" the Tudors descended.<ref name = "woo">D.R. Woolf; "The power of the past: history, ritual and political authority in Tudor England", in Paul A. Fideler, ''Political Thought and the Tudor Commonwealth: Deep Structure, Discourse and Disguise'', New York, 1992, pp. 21–22.</ref>

== Cadwaladr and Cædwalla ==
Geoffrey's account of the pilgrimage of Cadwaladr is believed to derive from a confusion between Cadwaladr and his near-contemporary [[Cædwalla of Wessex]] (reigned 685 – 688). He also conflates Cadwaladr's son Ivor with Cædwalla's successor [[Ine of Wessex|Ine]].<ref>{{harvcolnb|Haddan|Stubbs|1869|p=202}}, in the footnote explanations.</ref> According to [[Bede]] Cædwalla, king of Wessex, renounced his throne and went to Rome in 688 to be baptised by the pope, dying soon afterwards. Ine took the throne in 689.

The argument that Geoffrey confused Cadwaladr with Cædwalla acquired significance in the late 1570s. At that time, when 
[[St. Peter's Basilica|St. Peter's]] in [[Rome]] was being rebuilt, the tombstone of Caedwalla was found, confirming Bede's story that he had died in Rome. Welshmen in Rome, seeking to validate Geoffrey, claimed that the tomb was that of Cadwaladr. This raised the prospect that his sacred bones could be returned to Britain in fulfilment of the prophecy.

The English critics stated that Geoffrey had simply mixed up the two kings and that Cadwaladr's pilgrimage was thus pure fiction.<ref name = "nice"/> According to Jason Nice, the Welsh "attempt to "prove" the legend of Cadwaladr in Rome belonged to a longstanding tradition that held that Wales' special relationship with Rome could reinforce Welsh identity and protect Welshmen from English aggression", a belief that was grounded in the supposed prophecy given to Cadwaladr.<ref name = "nice"/> [[Raphael Holinshed]] summed up the English view in his 1577 ''[[Holinshed's Chronicles|Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland]]'':

{{blockquote|But herein appeareth the error of the British writers in taking one for another, by reason of resemblance of names, for where Ceadwalla king of the [[Wessex|Westsaxons]] about that time moved of a religious devotion, after he was converted to the faith, went unto Rome, and was there baptised, or else confirmed of the foresaid [[Pope Sergius I]], and shortly after departed this life in that city in the foresaid year of 689 or thereabouts. The Welshmen count him to be their Cadwallader: which to be true is very unlike by that which may be gathered out the learned writings of divers good and approved authors.<ref>[http://www.english.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/texts.php?text1=1577_0187 Holinshed, R.; ''The Historie of Englande'', 1577, Volume 1, p. 183.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220000701/http://www.english.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/texts.php?text1=1577_0187 |date=2015-02-20}}</ref>}}

Also traced to Geoffrey's fertile imagination are stories of Ivor ap Alan and [[Ine of Wessex|Ynyr]] travelling from Brittany to Britain.<ref>{{harvcolnb|Stephens|1857|pp=81-82}}</ref> The choice of names for Ivor and Ynyr in the stories may be a consequence of spurious additions to the [[Leges Edwardi Confessoris|Laws of Edward the Confessor]], which inaccurately speak of good relations between [[Kingdom of Wessex|Wessex]] and the Welsh in the reign of King [[Ine of Wessex]] (reigned 688 – 726).

== See also ==
* [[Family tree of Welsh monarchs]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Bede
|author-link=Bede |year=731 |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=John Allen |title=The Miscellaneous Works of Venerable Bede: Ecclesiastical History, Books I, II and III |volume=II |publisher=Whittaker and Co. |publication-date=1843 |publication-place=London |page=381 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azApAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Cannon |editor-last2=Crowcroft |editor-first1=John |editor-first2=Robert |title=The Oxford Companion to British History |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0199677832 |edition=Second}}
* {{Citation |last=Davies |first=John |author-link=John Davies (historian) |year=1990 |title=A History of Wales |edition=First
|publisher=Penguin Group |publication-date=1993 |publication-place=London |isbn=0-7139-9098-8}}
<!--G-->
*{{Citation |year=1841 |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=J. A. |editor-link=John Allen Giles |contribution=III. The History |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3R1mCE7p44MC&pg=RA1-PA35
|title=Nennius's History of the Britons |publisher=James Bohn |publication-date=1841 |publication-place=London}}
*{{Citation |year=1842 |editor1-last=Giles |editor1-first=J. A. |editor2-last=Thompson
|editor2-first=A. |title=The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth: In Twelve Books |edition=New |publisher=James Bohn
|publication-date=1842 |publication-place=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUoMAAAAIAAJ|ref={{harvid|Giles|Thompson|1842}}}}
<!--H-->
*{{Citation |year=1868 |editor-last=Haddan |editor-first=Arthur West |editor2-last=Stubbs |editor2-first=William |editor2-link=William Stubbs |title=Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland
|volume=I |publication-date=1869 |publication-place=Oxford |page=202 |isbn=9780790548586 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KngQAAAAYAAJ}|ref={{harvid|Haddan|Stubbs|1869}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Henken |first1=Elissa R. |title=National Redeemer: Owain Glyndŵr in Welsh Tradition |date=1996 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=20–32}}
* {{Citation |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd |year=1911 |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest |volume=I |edition=2nd |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |publication-date=1912 |publication-place=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ}}
* {{Citation |year=1841 |editor-last=Owen |editor-first=Aneurin |title=Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales |volume=I |publication-date=1841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzZnAAAAMAAJ}}
<!--P-->
* {{Citation |year=1887 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=VIII |publisher=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion |publication-date=1887 |pages=77–92 |url=https://archive.org/details/ycymmrodor08cymmuoft}}
* {{Citation |last=Plummer |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Plummer (historian) |year=1896 |contribution=Notes to the Ecclesiastical History (The plague in Ireland) |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AaCEFEu-V8C&pg=PA196 |title=Venerabilis Baedae
|publisher=Oxford University |publication-date=1896 |publication-place=Oxford |page=196}}
* {{Citation |last=Phillimore |first=Egerton |year=1888 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=IX |publisher=Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion |publication-date=1888 |pages=141–183}}
* {{Citation |year=1857
<!--R-->
|editor-last=Reeves |editor-first=William |editor-link=William Reeves (bishop) |contribution=Additional Notes (Chronicon Hyense)
|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mQJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA369 |title=The Life of St. Columba, to which are added Copious Notes and Dissertations |publisher=Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society |publication-date=1857 |publication-place=Dublin}}
<!--S-->
{{Citation |last=Stephens |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Stephens (historian) |date=12 November 1857 |contribution=The Book of Aberpergwm, Improperly Called the Chronicle of Caradoc |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZkVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Archaeologia Cambrensis |volume=IV |series=Third |publisher=Cambrian Archaeological Association |publication-date=1858 |publication-place=London |pages=81–82}}
<!--W-->
*{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Neil |title=Arthurian Literature VI |chapter=Geoffrey of Monmouth and Bede |date=1992 |publisher=Boydell & Brewet Ltd |pages=27–60}}

{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Cadafael, King of Gwynedd|Cadafael]] }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[List of rulers of Gwynedd|King of Gwynedd]] | years = c. 655 – 682 }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Idwal Iwrch]] }}
{{s-reg | leg }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Cadwallon ap Cadfan]] }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[List of legendary kings of Britain|King of Britain]] }}
{{s-non | reason = Last king of Britain }}
{{s-end}}

{{Wales topics}}
{{Rulers of medieval Wales}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cadwaladr}}
[[Category:7th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Gwynedd]]
[[Category:7th-century Welsh monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Welsh royal saints]]