View source for Cadusii

{{Short description|Ancient Iranian tribe}}
{{distinguish|Carduchii}}
[[File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Map depicting the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in {{circa|500}} BC, by [[William Robert Shepherd]] (1923). The Cadusii are shown in the northern part of the empire.]]
The '''Cadusii''' (also called '''Cadusians'''; {{langx|grc|Καδούσιοι}}, ''Kadoúsioi''; [[Latin]]: ''Cadusii,'' [[Arabic]]:''Qādūsīān''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spuler |first=Bertold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FTBQAAQBAJ |title=Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055 |publisher=BRILL |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-28209-4 |pages=299 |language=en}}</ref>) were an ancient [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] tribe that lived in the mountains between [[Media (region)|Media]] and the shore of the [[Caspian Sea]],{{sfn|von Bredow|2006}}{{sfn|Schmitt|1990|p=612}} an area bordering that of the [[Anariacae]] and Albani. The [[Dareitai]] and Pantimati people may have been part of the Cadusii.{{sfn|von Bredow|2006}}

According to tradition, the legendary [[Assyria]]n king [[Ninus]] subdued the Cadusii.{{sfn|Schmitt|1990|p=612}} The Greek physician and historian [[Ctesias]] ({{fl|5th-century BC}}) was highly interested in the Cadusii, incorporating them in his invented history of an early [[Median dynasty]].{{sfn|Syme|1988|pp=138–139}}{{efn|According to Ctesias' story, the Cadusii managed to maintain their independence during the Median period and are even credited with defeating them when they were ruled by king Artaeus. This conflict took place through the efforts of a Persian named [[Parsondes|Parsondas]], who was the brother-in-law of the Cadusii leader and had previously fled from the Medes.{{sfn|Schmitt|1990|p=612}}}} The Cadusii later voluntarily submitted to [[Cyrus the Great]] ({{r.|550|530 BC}}), the first ruler of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] (550–330 BC). According to [[Xenophon]], as Cyrus was about to pass away, he appointed his younger son Tanaoxares ([[Bardiya]]) as [[satrap]] over the Medes, [[Satrapy of Armenia|Armenians]], and Cadusii.{{sfn|Schmitt|1990|p=612}}

The Cadusii were most likely part of the satrapy of Media, and perhaps occasionally that of [[Hyrcania]]. Although they fought on side of the Achaemenids under a certain [[Artagerses]] at the [[Battle of Cunaxa]] in 401 BC, the Cadusii appear to have had ongoing conflicts with the Achaemenid central administration. They led numerous revolts, including one that began around 405 BC, near the end of [[Darius II]]'s rule ({{reign|423|404 BC}}), and lasted until the rebellion of [[Cyrus the Younger]]. Around 380 BC, king [[Artaxerxes II]] ({{reign|405/4|359/8 BC}}) [[Cadusian campaign of Artaxerxes II|led an expedition]] against the Cadusii, which in the words of German [[Iranian studies|Iranologist]] Rüdiger Schmitt "was a complete fiasco". The Achaemenid forces only managed to retreat through the diplomatic efforts by the satrap [[Tiribazus]]. Artaxerxes II himself was forced to march on foot.{{sfn|Schmitt|1990|p=612}}

In the 350s BC, during the reign of [[Artaxerxes III]] ({{reign|358|338|era=BC}}), another Achaemenid expedition was made against the Cadusii. During a battle, Artashata (later known as [[Darius III]]) distinguished himself by slaying a warrior in single combat. His exploit was noticed by Artaxerxes III, who sent him gifts and gave him the satrapy of Armenia.{{sfn|EIr.|1994|pp=51–54}}{{sfn|Badian|2000|pp=245, 251}} Some historians report that the Cadusian contingent fought together with Medes and other Northerners in the Achaemenid forces at the [[Battle of Gaugamela]] against the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonians]]. Other historians, however, describe a different ethnic composition of the army.{{sfn|Schmitt|1990|p=612}}

According to the Iranologist [[Richard N. Frye]], the Cadusii may be the ancestors of the [[Talysh people]].{{sfn|Frye|1984|p=32}} Local Talysh experts commonly claim that the Talyshis are descended from the Cadusii. According to [[Garnik Asatrian]] and [[Habib Borjian]], "this is one of the rare cases when a folk self-identification with an ancient people can be, at least tentatively, substantiated with historical and linguistic backgrounds."{{sfn|Asatrian|Borjian|2005|p=46}}

== See also ==
* [[Citadel of Cadusii]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFSchmitt1990}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Asatrian |first1=Garnik |last2=Borjian|first2=Habib |authorlink1=Garnik Asatrian|authorlink2=Habib Borjian|title=Talish and the Talishis (The State of Research)|journal=[[Iran and the Caucasus]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|date=2005 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=43–72|doi=10.1163/1573384054068169|url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8892JFT/download}}
* {{cite journal |last=Badian|first=Ernst |author-link= Ernst Badian|year=2000 |title=Darius III |journal=Harvard Studies in Classical Philology |volume=100|pages=241–267 |doi=10.2307/3185218 |jstor=3185218 }} {{Registration required}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Cadusii | last1 = von Bredow | first1 = Iris| editor1-last = Salazar | editor1-first = Christine F. | editor2-last = Landfester | editor2-first = Manfred | editor3-last = Gentry | editor3-first = Francis G.| url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/*-e605050 | encyclopedia  = Brill’s New Pauly | publisher = Brill Online| year = 2006 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Darius v. Darius III | last = EIr. | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/darius-v | encyclopedia  = Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. VI, Fasc. 1 | pages = 51–54 | location = New York | year = 1994 }}
* {{cite book | title = The History of Ancient Iran | year = 1984 | publisher = C. H. Beck | last = Frye | first = R. N. | authorlink = Richard N. Frye | isbn = 9783406093975 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000frye| url-access = registration }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Piller |first1=Christian Konrad |title=The Cadusii in Archaeology? Remarks on the Achaemenid Period (Iron Age IV) in Gilan and Talesh |journal=Iran and the Caucasus|publisher=Brill |date=2013 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=115–151 |doi=10.1163/1573384X-20130202 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ic/17/2/article-p115_2.xml |url-access=subscription |jstor=23597592}}
* {{Encyclopaedia Iranica | volume=4 | fascicle=6 | title = Cadusii | last = Schmitt | first = Rüdiger | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cadusii-lat | pages = 612 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Syme|first=Ronald|year=1988 |title=The Cadusii in History and in Fiction |journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=108 |pages=137–150 |doi=10.2307/632636 |jstor=632636 |s2cid=162335311 }} {{Registration required}}

[[Category:Cadusii| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:History of Talysh]]
[[Category:History of Gilan]]
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]