View source for Cadair Idris

{{Short description|Mountain in Gwynedd, Wales}}
{{redirect|Cader Idris|the 1999 sculpture by William Pye|Cader Idris (sculpture)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Cadair Idris
| other_name = Cader Idris
| photo = Cadair Idris wide view.jpg
| photo_caption = Llyn Cau with the summit of the mountain to the right
| elevation_m = 893
| elevation_ref = 
| prominence_m = 608
| prominence_ref = 
| parent_peak = [[Aran Fawddwy]]
| listing = [[Marilyn (hill)|Marilyn]], [[Hewitt (hill)|Hewitt]], [[Nuttall (hill)|Nuttall]]
| translation = Chair of Idris
| language = [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
| pronunciation = {{IPA|cy|ˈkadai̯r ˈɪdrɪs|lang}}
| location = [[Gwynedd]], [[Wales]]
| range = [[Snowdonia]]
| grid_ref_UK = SH711130
| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landranger'' 124, ''Explorer'' OL23
| easiest_route = [[Hiking|Hike]]
}}

'''Cadair Idris''' ({{pronunciation|LL-Q9309 (cym)-Elain (Jason.nlw)-Cadair Idris (Q774479).wav|Welsh pronunciation}}) or '''Cader Idris''' is a mountain in the [[Meirionnydd]] area of [[Gwynedd]], Wales. It lies at the southern end of the [[Snowdonia National Park]] near the town of [[Dolgellau]]. The peak, which is one of the most popular in Wales for walkers and [[hiking|hikers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://snowdoniaguide.com/cader_idris.html |title=Cadair Idris |publisher=SnowdoniaGuide.com |access-date=October 31, 2006}}</ref> is composed largely of [[Ordovician]] [[igneous rock]]s, with classic [[glaciation|glacial erosion]] features such as [[Cirque|cwms]], [[moraine]]s, [[Glacial striations|striated rocks]], and [[roche moutonnée|roches moutonnées]].

==Etymology==
{{lang|cy|Cadair Idris}} means 'Idris's Chair'. [[Idris (giant)|Idris]] is usually taken to be the name of a giant or, alternatively, it may refer to {{lang|cy|Idris ap Gwyddno|italic=no}} (or {{lang|cy|Gweiddno|italic=no}}), a 7th-century prince of [[Meirionnydd]] who won a battle against the Irish on the mountain.<ref name="celtic">{{cite book |last=Koch |first=John T. |title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, Volumes 1–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=History+of+Merioneth+Volume+II+Idris+ap+Gwyddno&pg=PA312 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |page=312 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 }}</ref><ref name="merionhist">{{Cite book |last=Bowen |first=Emrys George |editor=J. Beverley Smith |editor2=Llinos Beverley Smith |title=History of Merioneth Volume II: The Middle Ages |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2001 |location=Cardiff |isbn=0-7083-1709-X}}</ref> {{lang|cy|Idris ap Gwyddno|italic=no}} was in fact referred to as {{lang|cy|Idris Gawr}} ('Idris the Giant') in some mediaeval [[genealogies]] of Meirionydd.<ref name="celtic"/>

The basic meaning of the word {{lang|cy|cadair}} ([[Middle Welsh]]/[[Early Modern Welsh]] {{lang|wlm|kadeir}} or {{lang|cy|cadeir}}) is 'seat, chair' (borrowed from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc-Latn|cathedra}}, {{lang|grc|καθέδρα}}, 'chair'). In place names {{lang|cy|cadair}} can mean 'stronghold, fort, fortress' or 'mountain or hill shaped like a chair'. The spelling {{lang|cy|cader}} represents a spoken variant of the standard form {{lang|cy|cadair}}.<ref>''Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru'' s.n. '[http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?cadair cadair]'.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geiriadur.net/index.php?page=ateb&term=cadair&direction=we&type=all&whichpart=exact |title=cadair |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |work=Welsh–English / English–Welsh On-line Dictionary |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

It appears that {{lang|cy|Cadair/Cadeir Idris}} is the form used in the earliest Welsh-language sources. In a poem in his own hand in the second half of the 15th century, the poet {{lang|cy|[[Lewys Glyn Cothi]]|italic=no}} wrote "{{lang|cy|Dros gadair idris gedy}}" ('and then over Cadair Idris').<ref>Aberystwyth, [[National Library of Wales]], Peniarth MS 70, 21a; Dafydd Johnston (ed.), {{lang|cy|Gwaith Lewys Glyn Cothi}} (Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru), p. 478 (221.16).</ref> Around 1600, [[John Jones of Gellilyfdy]] referred to "{{lang|wlm|y mynydh neu bhan neu bhoel a elwir Cadeir Idris}}" ('the mountain, peak or hill known as Cadeir Idris').<ref>{{cite journal |first=Hugh |last=Owen |url=https://journals.library.wales/view/1386446/1392904/132 |title=Peniarth Ms.118, fos. 829–837: Introduction, transcript and translation |journal=Y Cymmrodor |volume=27 |date=1917 |page=124 |quote=John Jones used {{angle bracket|dh}} and {{angle bracket|bh}} to represent /ð/ and /v/ ([[Welsh orthography|Modern Welsh orthography]] {{angle bracket|dd}} and {{angle bracket|f}}).}}</ref>

The spoken form represented by {{lang|cy|cader}} had developed by the end of the Middle Ages and as a result the form {{lang|cy|Cader Idris}} was often used in English and [[Latin]] documents at that time and in more recent documents in English and Welsh.<ref>Gw. ''[http://www.e-gymraeg.co.uk/enwaulleoedd/amr/cronfa.aspx Archif Melville Richards]'' s.n. 'Cadair Idris'.</ref>

In his {{lang|la|Dictionarum Duplex}} published in 1632, [[John Davies (Mallwyd)|John Davies]] of {{lang|cy|Mallwyd}} differentiated between the two words {{lang|cy|cadair}} ('chair') and {{lang|cy|cader}} ('fort, fortress'), referring to {{lang|cy|Cader Idris}} and {{lang|cy|Cader Ddinmael}}. That interpretation was followed by some later [[lexicographer]]s, including [[Thomas Charles]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas |last=Charles |title=Geiriadur Ysgyrthurol |location=Wrecsam |publisher=Hughes a'i Fab |date=1893 |page=137}}</ref> and [[Titus Lewis]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Titus |last=Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe8IAAAAQAAJ&q=cadair&pg=PA180 |title=Geirlyfr Cymraeg a Saesneg |location=Carmarthen |publisher=J. Evans |date=1805 |page=42}}</ref> It is now accepted, however, that {{lang|cy|cader}} is a spelling of a spoken form of {{lang|cy|cadair}}, and that there is no evidence that {{lang|cy|cadair}} and {{lang|cy|cader}} are separate words.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Hywel Wyn |last1=Owen |first2=Richard |last2=Morgan |title=Dictionary of the Place-Names of Wales |location=Llandysul |publisher=Gwasg Gomer |date=2007 |page=61}}</ref> But as it represents the pronunciation in the local dialect, the spelling {{lang|cy|Cader Idris}} is often seen in Welsh and English, and in June 2016 [[Snowdonia National Park]] decided to adopt that spelling on its signage, despite advice from the [[Welsh Language Commissioner]] and from Park officers, who favoured {{lang|cy|Cadair}}.<ref>{{cite web |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-36482214 |title=Row over spelling of Cader Idris mountain settled |date=8 June 2016 |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref> The local dialect form is also seen in the name of the local secondary school, [[Dolgellau#Education|Ysgol y Gader]]. The name of the mountain is typically spelt '{{lang|cy|Cadair Idris}} on current maps. The summit of the mountain is known as {{lang|cy|Penygader}} ('top of the chair/stronghold').

==Ascent==
{{wide image|Cadair-Idris-02.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|''The northern side of Cadair Idris viewed from Garth Gell ([[Bontddu]])''}}
{{GB summits start}}
{{GB summits entry|Name=[[Mynydd Moel]]|Height={{convert|863|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|Gridref=SH727136|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)#Hewitts|Hewitt]] <br /> [[Nuttall (hill)#Nuttalls|Nuttall]]}}
{{GB summits entry|Name=[[Cyfrwy]]|Height={{convert|811|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|Gridref=SH703133|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)#Hewitts|Hewitt]] <br /> [[Nuttall (hill)#Nuttalls|Nuttall]]}}
{{GB summits entry|Name=[[Craig Cwm Amarch]]|Height={{convert|791|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|Gridref=SH710121|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)#Hewitts|Hewitt]] <br /> [[Nuttall (hill)#Nuttalls|Nuttall]]}}
{{GB summits entry|Name=[[Gau Graig]]|Height={{convert|683|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|Gridref=SH744141|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)#Hewitts|Hewitt]] <br /> [[Nuttall (hill)#Nuttalls|Nuttall]]}}
{{GB summits entry|Name=[[Tyrrau Mawr]]|Height={{convert|661|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|Gridref=SH677135|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)#Hewitts|Hewitt]] <br /> [[Nuttall (hill)#Nuttalls|Nuttall]]}}
{{GB summits entry|Name=[[Craig-y-llyn]]|Height={{convert|622|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}|Gridref=SH677135|Status=[[Hewitt (hill)#Hewitts|Hewitt]] <br /> [[Nuttall (hill)#Nuttalls|Nuttall]]}}
{{end}}
There are three main trails that lead to the top of Cadair Idris. The summit, which is covered in [[scree]], is marked by a [[Trig point#United Kingdom|trig point]]. There is also a low-standing stone shelter with a roof.

===Pony Path===
[[File:North View from Cader Idris (JE01).jpg|thumb|left|Looking north from ''Llwybr Pilin Pwn'']]
The '''Pony Path''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''Llwybr Pilin Pwn''), which begins in the north from either [[Dolgellau]] or the [[Mawddach]] estuary, is the easiest but the longest of the main trails. Its length from the mountain's base is {{convert|6|km}} with a {{convert|727|m|adj=on}} climb.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.snowdonia.gov.wales/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/137626/PonyPath-e.pdf |publisher=Welsh Government |title=Pony Path, Tŷ Nant, Cader Idris |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=31 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831200523/https://www.snowdonia.gov.wales/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/137626/PonyPath-e.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Fox's Path===
The '''Fox's Path''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''Llwybr Madyn''), is the most direct way to the summit as the trail leads straight up the northern face. The {{convert|3.8|km|adj=on}} ascent involves a climb up a {{convert|310|m|adj=on}} [[cliff]]-[[scree]] face. However, this part of the Fox's Path has been heavily eroded in recent years making the descent dangerous.

===Minffordd Path===
The '''Minffordd Path''' ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: ''Llwybr Minffordd'') starts on the southern side of the mountain near the [[glaciation|glacial]] [[Tal-y-llyn Lake]]. Hikers using this ascent climb past Llyn Cau and along the rim of Craig Cau (rockwall) to Penygadair. Its length is {{convert|4.4|km}} and involves two climbs of over {{convert|300|m}}.

==Geology==
{{see also|Geology of Snowdonia National Park}}

Cadair Idris is formed from a complexly fractured and [[fold (geology)|folded]] pile of both [[sedimentary rock]]s and [[igneous rock]]s of [[Ordovician]] age. They comprise the [[mudstone]]s and [[siltstone]]s of the Ceiswyn Formation which form much of the southern part of the mountain, together with the varied rocks of the underlying [[Aran Volcanic Group]]. The steep cliffs rising above Llyn Cau to the north are formed from hard-wearing [[basalt]]s and [[tuff]]s of the Pen y Gadair Volcanic Formation whilst those on the south side are acid tuffs of the Craig Cau Formation. The imposing cliffs which characterise the north side of the mountain are formed from a micro[[granite]] intruded into the Ty'r Gawen mudstones. In common with the rest of Snowdonia, the faulting and folding of this rock succession took place during the [[Caledonian Orogeny]].<ref>{{cite web |title=England and Wales sheet 149 Cadair Idris Solid and Drift Geology |url=http://www.largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/mapsportal.html?id=1001641 |website=Maps Portal |publisher=British Geological Survey |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Richard Wilson - Llyn-y-Cau, Cader Idris - Google Art Project.jpg|upright=1.4|thumb|''[[Llyn-y-Cau, Cader Idris]]'' by [[Richard Wilson (painter)|Richard Wilson]], 1774]]
The crater-like shape of Cwm Cau has given rise to the occasional mistaken claim that Cadair Idris is an [[extinct volcano]] (though as noted above, some of its bedrock is volcanic in origin). This theory was discounted as early as 1872, when [[Charles Kingsley]] commented in his book ''Town Geology'':<ref>{{Gutenberg|no=10251|name=Town Geology |author=[[Charles Kingsley]]|bullet=none}}</ref>
{{cquote|I have been told, for instance, that that wonderful little blue Glas Llyn,<ref>"Glas Llyn" here refers to [[Glaslyn]].</ref> under the highest cliff of Snowdon, is the old crater of the mountain; and I have heard people insist that a similar lake, of almost equal grandeur, in the south side of Cader Idris, is a crater likewise. But the fact is not so.}}

The natural bowl-shaped depression to which the name of ''chair'' has been attached, was formed by a [[cirque glacier]] during multiple [[ice age]]s when snow and ice accumulated on these slopes partly through [[avalanche|avalanching]]. The glacier was up to a square kilometre in size surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs the highest being the headwall. The ''chair'' of Cadair Idris is this bowl-shaped hollow in the bedrock formed by the movement of glacial ice across the floor of the hollow, [[Abrasion (geology)|abrading]] it and the lip over which it then flowed.
[[File:Roche Moutonnée Cadair Idris.jpg|right|thumb|A [[roche moutonnée]] near [[List of lakes in Wales#Gwynedd|Llyn Cau]]. The direction of the [[glacier|glacial movement]] was from left to right.]]
There are several tear-drop shaped knolls above the edge of Llyn Cau, each of which is a [[roche moutonnée]] formed by the abrasive action of the moving ice. The two highest lakes are Llyn Cau and Llyn y Gader; the latter is thought to have a maximum depth of about {{convert|13|m|abbr=on}}.

Much of the area around Cadair Idris was designated a [[National Nature Reserve]] in 1957, and is home to [[Arctic–alpine]] plants such as [[Purple Saxifrage|purple saxifrage]] and [[Dwarf Willow|dwarf willow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0654v.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040114194128/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0654v.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2004 |title=Cadair Idris National Nature Reserve |publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]] |access-date=October 31, 2006 }}</ref>

==Myths, legends and popular culture==
[[File:Penygadair. from Pony pathJPG.jpg|thumb|right|Looking at Penygadair (right) from the Pony Path in January 2005. The steep [[scree]] route of the Fox's Path is highlighted in sunlight (centre).]]
[[File:Pen Y Cader.jpeg|thumb|Cadair Idris in 1818]]

There are numerous legends about Cadair Idris. Some nearby lakes are supposed to be bottomless, and anyone who sleeps on its slopes alone will supposedly awaken either a madman or a poet. This tradition (of sleeping on the summit of the mountain) apparently stems from bardic traditions, where bards would sleep on the mountain in hope of inspiration.<ref name="Celtic Mythology">{{cite book |title = Celtic Mythology |publisher = Geddes and Grosset |year = 1999 |isbn = 1-85534-299-5}}</ref>

Although the mountain's name is typically taken to refer to the mythological giant [[Idris (giant)|Idris]], who was said to have been skilled in poetry, astronomy and philosophy,<ref name="Celtic Mythology"/> it has sometimes been mistranslated as ''Arthur's Seat'', in reference to [[King Arthur]] (and to the [[Arthur's Seat|hill of the same name in Edinburgh]]),<ref name="carrington">{{cite book | last1 = Carrington | first1 = C. E. | last2 = Hampden Jackson | first2 = J. | title = A History of England | publisher = Cambridge University Press | orig-year = 1932| year = 2011 | location = Cambridge | page = 29 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GZq492BaTJsC&q=history+of+england+%22cader+idris%22&pg=PA29 | isbn = 978-1107648036}}</ref> an idea used by author [[Susan Cooper]] in her book ''[[The Grey King]]''. However, this translation is mistaken and there is no etymological or traditional connection between Idris and Arthur.

In Welsh mythology, Cadair Idris is also said to be one of the hunting grounds of [[Gwyn ap Nudd]] and his [[Cŵn Annwn]]. The howling of these huge dogs foretold death to anyone who heard them, the pack sweeping up that person's [[Soul (spirit)|soul]] and herding it into [[Annwn|the underworld]]. Similarly the [[Brenin Llwyd]] is also said to haunt a number of locations including Cadair Idris.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trevelyan |first1=Marie |title=Folk-lore and Folk-stories of Wales |date=1909}}</ref>

The mountain is mentioned several times and is used as a backdrop to the story of [[Mary Jones and her Bible]]. This story is an account of a girl from [[Llanfihangel-y-Pennant]] at the foot of the mountain who walked 25 miles to [[Bala, Gwynedd|Bala]] in order to buy a bible, which were scarce at the time. Jones' determined journey to get hold of a copy of the book in 1800 was a major factor behind the foundation of the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] in 1804.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biblesociety.org.uk/about-bible-society/history/mary-jones/ |title=Our history |publisher=Bible Society |access-date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

"Tongues of fire on Idris flaring" is mentioned in the opening verse of the John Guard version of the song "[[Men of Harlech]]".

In [[Cassandra Clare]]'s ''[[Clockwork Princess]]'' Idris is where final battle between the protagonists and antagonist takes place.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cadair Idris}}
{{EB1911 poster|Cader Idris}}
*[https://www.visitwales.com/things-do/adventure-and-activities/walking/guide-to-walking-up-cader-idris "Guide to walking up Cader Idris".] [[Visit Wales]]
*Computer generated summit panoramas [https://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/WAL/IDRIS-N.gif North] [https://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/WAL/IDRIS-S.gif South] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas.html index]
*[http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A4197549 A description of and guide to climbing Cadair Idris from h2g2]
*[http://www.mudandroutes.com/cadair-idris-via-the-pony-path Cadair Idris Walk Via the Pony Path]
*[http://www.mudandroutes.com/cadair-idris-from-llanfihangel-y-pennant Cadair Idris Long Walk from Llanfihangel-y-pennant]
*[http://www.walkupsnowdon.co.uk/best-walking-routes-cader-idris/ Summary of the Walks up Cader Idris]

{{Coord|52.699828|-3.908693|type:mountain_region:GB_scale:20000|display=title}}
{{British hills}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arthog]]
[[Category:Dolgellau]]
[[Category:Abergynolwyn]]
[[Category:Llanfihangel-y-Pennant]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of Gwynedd]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in East Gwynedd]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of Snowdonia]]
[[Category:Hewitts of Wales]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Wales]]
[[Category:Marilyns of Wales]]
[[Category:National nature reserves in Wales]]
[[Category:Nuttalls]]