View source for CSS Louisiana

{{For|similarly named ships, the southern U.S. state of Louisiana, and other uses|Louisiana (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
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|Ship image=CSS Louisiana en route.jpg
|Ship image size=300 px
|Ship caption=CSS ''Louisiana'' on the way to Fort St. Philip
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{{Infobox ship career
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|Ship country=Confederate States
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Confederate States of America|1861}}
|Ship name=''Louisiana''
|Ship namesake=State of Louisiana
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|Ship registry=
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|Ship ordered=October 1861
|Ship awarded=
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|Ship laid down=c. 15 October 1861
|Ship launched=6 February 1862
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|Ship completed=
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|Ship commissioned=20 April 1862
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|Ship fate=Set afire by her crew to avoid capture; drifted down Mississippi River, exploded near [[Fort St. Philip]] on 28 April 1862
}}
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|Ship displacement=1,400 tons
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|Ship length={{convert|264|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|62|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft=12 - 13 feet (3.66 - 3.96 m)
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|Ship complement=300 crewmen
|Ship armament=2 × 7 in. (178 mm) [[Brooke rifle|Brooke]] rifles, 4 × 8 in. (203 mm) [[Dahlgren gun|Dahlgren]] smoothbore guns,
3 × 9in.(228mm)guns.  Seven 32-pounder guns
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|}

'''CSS ''Louisiana''''' was a [[casemate ironclad]] of the [[Confederate States Navy]] built to aid in defending the lower [[Mississippi River]] from invasion by the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[United States Navy|Navy]] during the [[American Civil War]]. She took part in one major action of the war, the [[Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip]], and when that ended disastrously for the Confederacy, she was destroyed by her crew.
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==Construction==
''Louisiana'' was laid down in mid-October 1861 by E.C. Murray in a new shipyard just north of [[New Orleans]]. The ship had two paddlewheels and two screws, each driven by its own engine. The paddlewheels were mounted one [[abaft]] the other in a center well. The screws were not intended for propulsion, but were to aid the two rudders in steering in the confined waters and unpredictable currents of the Mississippi. The engines were taken from steamer ''Ingomar'', but two months were needed for their transfer. The [[casemate]] extended her full length, less 25 feet at each end. It was covered by T-rail iron in two courses, while its top was encompassed by sheet iron bulwarks nearly four feet high.<ref>Still, ''Iron afloat'', p. 45; Scharf, ''History of the Confederate States Navy,'' p. 266.</ref>

Construction was delayed by several circumstances. First was the lack of materials, particularly iron. Always in short supply in the Confederacy,  its procurement was made even more difficult by the blockade and by Army demands on the overstrained railroads of the South. The blockade also negated efforts to bring in needed light oak from Florida, forcing the builders to find alternative sources. Labor troubles led to a strike that lost about a week. Even more time was lost to demands of the local militia, which called out the workers for drills, including parades. Competition for skilled workmen with the builders of {{ship|CSS|Mississippi}}, an ironclad being built in an adjacent shipyard by Nelson and Asa Tift, also slowed down construction, until Murray and the Tifts agreed to let ''Louisiana'' have first call on the labor force; ''Mississippi'' would go forward only when work on ''Louisiana'' was halted for some other reason. She was not ready to launch until 6 February 1862, nearly four months after the keel was laid.<ref>Still, ''Iron afloat,'', pp. 45&ndash;46; Scharf, ''History of the Confederate States Navy,'' p. 266.</ref>

==In battle==
[[File:CSS Louisiana.gif|300px|right|thumb|Deck plan drawing of CSS ''Louisiana'']]
Shortly after ''Louisiana'' was launched, the Federal West Gulf Blockading Squadron, under Flag Officer (later Admiral) [[David  Farragut]] had moved into the lower Mississippi River, threatening  the Confederate-held [[Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip|Forts Jackson and St. Philip]], about 120 kilometers or 75 miles below [[New Orleans]]. A portion of the squadron, a division of mortar boats led by [[Commander]]  (later [[Admiral]]) [[David Dixon Porter]], had on 16 April 1862 taken position downstream, and on 18 April they began their bombardment. Brigadier General [[Johnson K. Duncan]], commanding the forts, and his immediate superior officer, Major General [[Mansfield Lovell]], importuned Commander [[William C. Whittle]], in charge of Confederate naval forces in the vicinity, to bring the ship down to the forts, even though she was not yet complete, and for that reason was still in the hands of her builders. Whittle yielded<ref>He took the ship only under positive orders from Richmond, and against his better judgment. Scharf, ''History of the Confederate States Navy,'' p. 280.</ref> to their pleas, and on 20 April commissioned the vessel in the CS Navy, with Commander [[Charles F. McIntosh]] commanding.

At this time, the main engines of ''Louisiana'' had been installed, but those for the screws, needed for steering, had not. Furthermore, the main engines were found to be inadequate; even at dangerously high boiler pressure, she could barely make headway against the river current. Unable to move on her own, she had to be towed down to the forts, with workmen still aboard.  There she was tied to the left bank (near, the north side of the river) a short distance above Fort St. Philip. This did not completely mollify General Duncan, who wanted the ship to be positioned below the forts, but Commander Whittle would not risk his vessel, with its unarmored deck, against the plunging fire of the Union mortars. She remained at this position throughout the ensuing battle.<ref>ORN I, v. 18, p. 290.</ref>

In assessing the battle-readiness of the ship, the engines are not alone in deserving attention. Many of her gun carriages were found to be either too high or too low, and had to be modified. Because the workmen and their tools occupied much of the gun deck, the gun crews were unable to practice. In addition, the crew was incomplete, as a result of the hasty commissioning; to handle the guns,  soldiers had to be transferred from the forts.<ref name="ORN I, v. 18, pp. 290&ndash;293">ORN I, v. 18, pp. 290&ndash;293.</ref>

After nearly a week of mortar bombardment, Farragut concluded that it was ineffective, so he moved his fleet past the forts on the night of  24 April. Because of her position on the river bank, ''Louisiana'' could use neither her stern guns nor those on her port side. The magnitude of her contribution to the ensuing firefight between the forts and the Federal fleet is not known; General Duncan stated that she may have fired as few as 12 shots.<ref>ORN I, v. 18, p. 269. Duncan's phrasing is opaque. He implied that the report had not been confirmed, but he did not discredit it.</ref> On the other hand, testimony from her enemies indicates that she exchanged shots with at least one attacking ship, {{USS|Brooklyn|1858|6}} (misidentified as {{USS|Hartford|1858|6}} in the Confederate reports). Three shots from ''Louisiana'' went all the way through the Federal vessel, while the return broadside bounced harmlessly off the Rebel's armor. Indeed, the armor was effective; only three men were killed on ''Louisiana,'' all of them in exposed positions. One of them was her captain, Commander McIntosh.<ref>ORN I, v. 18, pp. 197, 295.</ref>

==Destruction==
[[File:CSS Louisiana explodes.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Louisiana'' explodes]]
Once the Federal fleet had passed out of range, ''Louisiana'' had no further part in the action. Her fate was henceforth tied to that of the forts, which prepared for an expected attack by the Union army accompanying the fleet, led by Major General [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Butler]]. However, on the night of 28 April, the enlisted men in Fort Jackson mutinied and forced the surrender of both forts to Commander Porter. The naval officers on ''Louisiana'' were not consulted at any time during the negotiations between Porter and General Duncan, so they considered themselves not bound to respect the truce declared by the two sides. While discussions of terms were going on, they decided not to let their ship fall into enemy hands. ''Louisiana'' was set afire, and her crew went ashore. The flames soon parted the lines that held her to the bank, and she drifted down the river. When she was nearly abreast of Fort St. Philip, the fire reached her magazine, and she blew up with a blast that killed a soldier there.<ref>ORN I, v. 18, pp. 298&ndash;299.</ref>

==Assessment==

Perhaps to counter charges that the Confederate Navy was responsible, by its inaction, for the failure of the forts to turn back Farragut's fleet, Commander [[John K. Mitchell]], second in command under Commodore [[William C. Whittle|Whittle]], pointed out several shortcomings of ''Louisiana,'' any one of which would have seriously compromised her fighting ability.
:1. The arrangement of the paddlewheels meant that the after wheel was always in the wash of the other, with the result that its power was wasted.
:2. The wash also created an eddy at the rudders, making it impossible to steer.
:3. The gun ports were too small to allow either elevation or traverse. Consequently, she would have to fight at close range, and furthermore her guns covered only 40 degrees of azimuth.
:4. The gun deck was uninhabitable in summer, particularly when the boilers were in use.<ref name="ORN I, v. 18, pp. 290&ndash;293"/>

==Today==

The wreckage of the ''Louisiana'' lays at the bottom of the Mississippi River.  In November 1981, it was magnetically located by [[National Underwater and Marine Agency|NUMA]]. The official website of the search is [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427114302/http://www.numa.net/expeditions/manassas_louisiana_arkansas.html here].

==See also==
* [[Bibliography of early American naval history#American Civil War|Bibliography of American Civil War naval history]]

==Notes==
Abbreviations used in these notes:
*ORN I (Official records, navies, series I): ''Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion.''
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Bisbee |first1=Saxon T. |title=Engines of Rebellion: Confederate Ironclads and Steam Engineering in the American Civil War |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |isbn=978-0-81731-986-1|date=2018}}
* {{cite book |last1=Canney |first1=Donald L. |title=The Confederate Steam Navy 1861-1865 |date=2015 |publisher=Schiffer Publishing|location=Atglen, Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0-7643-4824-2}}
* ''Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion,'' Series I,  27 vols.; Series II, 3 vols. Government Printing Office, 1894 - 1922.[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/moa_browse.html]
* Scharf, J. Thomas, ''History of the Confederate States Navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel, etc..'' Rogers and Sherwood, 1887; reprint, Random House, 1996. {{ISBN|0-517-18336-6}}.
* {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Civil War Navies 1855–1883 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York|year=2006|series=The U.S. Navy Warship Series |isbn=0-415-97870-X}}
* {{cite book|last=Silverstone|first=Paul H.|title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships |year=1984 |publisher=Hippocrene Books|location=New York|isbn=0-88254-979-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Still|first=William N. Jr.|title=Iron Afloat: The Story of the Confederate Armorclads|isbn=0-87249-454-3|orig-date=1971|year=1985|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|location=Columbia, South Carolina}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060908120431/http://www.numa.net/expeditions/hunt_for_lost_confederate_fleet.html Hunt For the Lost Confederate Fleet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970206084126/http://www.history.navy.mil/index.html U.S. Naval Historical Center Official Website]

{{CSN ironclads}}
{{1862 shipwrecks}}
{{Subject bar|portal1=American Civil War|commons=y|commons-search=Category:CSS Louisiana (ship, 1862)|d=y|d-search=Q5014311}}<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not change or add links without prior consensus]]. -->

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[[Category:1862 ships]]
[[Category:Ironclad warships of the Confederate States Navy]]
[[Category:Louisiana in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:Louisiana-related ships]]
[[Category:Naval magazine explosions]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in April 1862]]
[[Category:Ships built in New Orleans]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Mississippi River]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the American Civil War]]