View source for CSS Alabama's Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid

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[[File:CSSAlabama.jpg|right|thumb|350px|''Alabama'']]

The '''CSS ''Alabama''{{'}}s Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid''' commenced shortly after the ship left [[Liverpool]] and was commissioned as the [[CSS Alabama|CSS ''Alabama'']], a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[commerce raider]], lasting from August 24, 1862 to about September 30, 1862. The primary area of operation during this [[Expeditionary warfare|expeditionary raid]], was the [[Azores]] west of the African and European continents.

==Raid overview==
On its voyage, CSS ''Alabama'', newly commissioned on August 24, 1862, set sail for the eastern [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the area of the Azores, reaching the Western Azores along [[Pico Island]] and [[Faial Island]] by September 4. The following day, ''Alabama'' sighted the ''[[Ocmulgee]]'', and came in close under the [[false flag|pretense]] of the United States colors.  The ''Ocmulgee'', with whales still beside her, was taken with no resistance, and Captain [[Raphael Semmes]] waited until the following morning to burn her, not wanting to alert other whalers in the area.

On September 7, slowly making its way around [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores Island]], Sunday muster was held, and Capt. Semmes read to the crew the Articles of War.  The ''Ocmulgee''{{'}}s prisoners were let off at Lagens on Flores Island, and soon sighted another sail on the horizon.  This time, it was the British colors hoisted as the ''Alabama'' gave chase, and shoots a 32-pounder just over the heads of the crew of the ''Starlight'' out of Boston, a fast schooner.  The ''Starlight'' heaves to, and the crew is captured.  The following morning, ''Starlight''{{'}}s crew are paroled at [[Santa Cruz das Flores|Santa Cruz]] on Flores Island.  Spotting another sail, CSS ''Alabama'' quickly overtakes a Portuguese whaling brig, letting her go.  But luck returns, and on the afternoon of September 8 the ruse of the U.S. colors is used once again, successfully, to overtake the large whaler ''Ocean Rover'', out of New Bedford, Massachusetts.  The ''Ocean Rover'' is surprised to find that CSS ''Alabama'' is merely a "rebel" ship, and not a protecting U.S. [[privateer]], such as Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, had promised the industry. The captain and crew are let off in their lifeboats to row the short distance to Flores, for which the ''Ocean Rover''{{'}}s captain later claimed that Captain Semmes was nothing short of a barbarous rouge. That night yet another whaler is sighted, and as dawn breaks, Semmes uses the British colors again, giving equal time for both sets of false colors. The ''Alert'' (the ship made famous by the American author [[Richard Henry Dana Jr.]]in his memoir [[Two Years Before the Mast]]), out of New London, shows no colors, and Semmes orders her to heave to, after demonstrating yet again the Alabama's 32-pounder.  The crew are paroled at Flores, and then Semmes proceeds to light the Atlantic sky with a three-ship torching.

Later the same day, September 9, while the blaze is still going, the crew spot yet another whaler.  This time both hoist the U.S. colors.  However, spotting the burning show afar behind CSS ''Alabama'', the Captain of the ''Weathergauge'' out of Provincetown, Massachusetts figures that all is not right, and suddenly comes about, only to witness CSS ''Alabama'' change colors and fire a blank cartridge.  The crew of CSS ''Alabama'' realize that wasting actual ammunition is not always necessary, given the ease of the [[Yankee]] surrenders.  This time the prisoners are put off at [[Corvo Island]], and CSS ''Alabama'' is off yet again, another sail having been spotted.  After a thrilling all night chase, the new sail is found merely to be a Danish ship, and having no bones to pick with any of the world but Yankee vessels, Semmes lays off.  The CSS ''Alabama'' returns to Corvo Island for the usual prisoner debarking, and the ''Weathergauge'' is put to the torch on September 10.

A three-day break is now had by Semmes, ample time to ensure that enough torching materials have been provisioned. Breaking the short lull, September 13 brings another sail sighted, and it's up with the U.S. colors again as the ''Altamaha'' out of New Bedford, another whaler, heaves to without chase.  The now traditional blaze is made, and CSS ''Alabama'' overtakes yet another foreign ship in the evening, a Spaniard vessel.

The following night, September 14, shows the wise move in having targeted the Azores as chase is given yet again.  This time two blank shots are required for the usual scare, and the final prize of this expedition is pulled over, the ''Benjamin Tucker'', also out of New Bedford.  In keeping with his tradition of not alerting the entire whaling industry, the match is put to the ''Tucker'' by mid-morning on the 15th.

His crew needing rest from such enlightening activities, Captain Semmes sets course to the west, on a two-week cruise toward the New England coast, with hopes to increase the burning pace, thus ending CSS ''Alabama's'' expeditionary raid of the eastern Atlantic and Azores area. During this raid, the capture of any ships was both unnecessary and unfeasible.  Most of the targets were [[whaler]]s.

With a total of ten prizes burned in the eastern Atlantic, CSS ''Alabama'' had destroyed $230,000 worth of property, nearing the original cost to purchase the ''Alabama''.

From this raiding area in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, CSS ''Alabama'' departed and sailed west toward the northeastern seaboard of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[New England]] along the North American coastline.  Along the way, she experienced a long succession of gales and bad weather for almost two weeks while en route to the coast off North America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rigby |first=Maurice |date=2012-01-08 |title=CSS Alabama - Crew of the British Isles |url=https://www.acwrt.org.uk/post/css-alabama-crew-of-the-british-isles |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=acwrt.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Raid bounty==
{| class="wikitable" style="background:white; color:black"
|+ '''CSS Alabama's Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid'''
! Date !! Ship Name !! Tonnage !! Ship Type !! Location !! Disposition of Ship
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 5, 1862 || ''Ocmulgee'' || 454 || Whaler || Near Santa Cruz, Flores Island || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 9, 1862 || ''Starlight'' || ? || Schooner|| Near Santa Cruz, Flores Island || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 9, 1862 || ''Ocean Rover'' || 313 || Whaler || Near Santa Cruz, Flores Island || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 9, 1862 || ''Alert'' || 398 || Whaling Bark || Near Azores || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 10, 1862 || ''Weathergauge'' || ? || Whaler || Near Corvo Island || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 13, 1862 || ''Altahama'' || 119 || Whaling Brig || Near Corvo Island || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 15, 1862 || ''Benjamin Tucker'' || 349 || Whaler || ? || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 16, 1862 || ''Courser''  || 121 || Whaling schooner || Near Flores Island || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 17, 1862 || ''Virginia'' || 346 ||  Whaler || Near Flores Island || Burned
|-
| style="background:#B0E0E6;" | September 18, 1862 || ''Elisha Dunbar'' || 257 || Whaling Bark || Near Flores Island || Burned
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Hearn, Chester G., ''Gray Raiders of the Sea'', Louisiana State Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-8071-2114-2}}
*Luraghi, Raimondo, ''A History of the Confederate Navy'', U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1996. {{ISBN|1-55750-527-6}}

{{Expeditionary Raids of the CSS Alabama}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alabama, Css, Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid}}
[[Category:CSS Alabama|Eastern Atlantic Expeditionary Raid]]