View source for CP/M-86

{{Short description|Discontinued computer operating system for x86 processors}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox OS
| name                   = CP/M-86
| logo                   = <!-- filename only (no wikilink, no Image:/File:) -->
| logo caption           = 
| logo size              = 
| logo alt               = 
| screenshot             = CPM-86.png<!-- filename only (no wikilink, no Image:/File:) -->
| caption                = A screenshot of CP/M-86 for the IBM PC/XT/AT Version 1.1
| screenshot_size        = 
| screenshot_alt         = 
| collapsible            = 
| version of             = 
| developer              = [[Digital Research]], Inc.&nbsp;/ [[Gary Kildall]]&nbsp;/ [[Kathryn Strutynski]]
| family                 = [[CP/M]]
| working state          = Historic
| source model           = Originally [[closed source]], now [[Open-source software|open source]]<ref name="Register_2001" />
| released               = {{Start date and age|1981|11|df=yes}}<ref name="Digital_Research_1981_News" />
| discontinued           = 
| RTM date               = 
| GA date                = 
| latest release version = 
| latest release date    = 
| latest preview version = 
| latest preview date    = 
| marketing target       = 
| programmed in          = 
| prog_language          = 
| language               = [[English language|English]]
| update model           = 
| package manager        = 
| supported platforms    = [[Intel 8086]]
| kernel type            = [[Monolithic kernel]]<!-- Hybrid, Monolithic, Microkernel, Exokernel, Nanokernel, etc. -->
| userland               = 
| ui                     = [[Command-line interface]]
| license                = Originally [[Proprietary software|proprietary]], now [[BSD licenses|BSD]]-like{{Citation needed|reason=As a license I could only find http://www.cpm.z80.de/license.html which doesn't allow redistribution outside that website and thus it's significantly different from a BSD license; is there any other source with a different license?|date=December 2020}}
| preceded by            = ([[CP/M-80 2.2]])
| succeeded by           = [[Concurrent CP/M-86 3.0]]
| website                = 
| support status         = 
| other articles         = 
}}
'''CP/M-86''' is a discontinued version of the [[CP/M]] [[operating system]] that [[Digital Research]] (DR) made for the [[Intel 8086]] and [[Intel 8088]]. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable [[CMD file (CP/M)|.CMD file format]].<ref group="nb" name="NB_CMD" /> Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, [[MP/M-86]], which later evolved into [[Concurrent CP/M-86]]. When an emulator was added to provide [[PC&nbsp;DOS]] compatibility, the system was renamed [[Concurrent DOS]], which later became [[Multiuser DOS]], of which [[REAL/32]] is the latest incarnation. The [[FlexOS]], [[DOS Plus]], and [[DR&nbsp;DOS]] families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well.

== {{anchor|Kanji}}History ==
Digital Research's CP/M-86 was originally announced to be released in November 1979, but was delayed repeatedly.<ref name="Paterson_2007_Design-DOS" /> When [[IBM]] contacted other companies to obtain components for the [[IBM PC]], the as-yet unreleased CP/M-86 was its first choice for an [[operating system]] because CP/M had the most applications at the time. Negotiations between Digital Research and IBM quickly deteriorated over IBM's [[non-disclosure agreement]] and its insistence on a one-time fee rather than DRI's usual [[royalties|royalty]] licensing plan.<ref name="Freiberger_1984_Fire" />
After discussions with [[Microsoft]], IBM decided to use [[86-DOS]] (QDOS), a CP/M-like operating system that Microsoft bought from [[Seattle Computer Products]] renaming it [[MS-DOS]]. Microsoft adapted it for the PC and licensed it to IBM. It was sold by IBM under the name of [[PC&nbsp;DOS]]. After learning about the deal, Digital Research founder [[Gary Kildall]] threatened to sue IBM for infringing DRI's [[intellectual property]], and IBM agreed to offer CP/M-86 as an alternative operating system on the PC to settle the claim. Most of the [[BIOS]] drivers for CP/M-86 for the IBM PC were written by [[Andy Johnson-Laird]].

[[File:Digital Research CP-M-86 for the IBM Personal Computer Version 1.0 720x400.png|thumb|Digital Research CP/M-86 for the IBM Personal Computer Version 1.0]]
The IBM PC was announced on 12 August 1981, and the first machines began shipping in October the same year, ahead of schedule. CP/M-86 was one of three operating systems available from IBM, with PC&nbsp;DOS and [[UCSD p-System]].<ref name="williams198201" /> Digital Research's adaptation of CP/M-86 for the IBM PC was released six months after PC&nbsp;DOS in spring 1982, and porting applications from CP/M-80 to either operating system was about equally difficult.<ref name="edlin19820607" /> In November 1981, Digital Research also released a version for the proprietary [[IBM Displaywriter]].<ref name="Digital_Research_1981_News" /><ref name="libes198112" />

{{anchor|CP/M-86/80|CP/M 8-16}}On some [[multiprocessing|dual-processor]] 8-bit/16-bit computers special versions of CP/M-86 could natively run CP/M-86 and CP/M-80 applications.<ref name="pournelle198403" /> A version for the [[DEC Rainbow]] was named CP/M-86/80, whereas the version for the {{ill|CompuPro System 816|sr|Compupro System 816}} was named CP/M&nbsp;8-16 (see also: [[MP/M&nbsp;8-16]]).<ref name="Kildall_1982_8-bit" /><ref name="Compupro816" /> The version of CP/M-86 for the 8085/8088-based [[Zenith Z-100]] supported running programs for both processors as well.

When PC clones came about, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to other companies as well. Experts found that the two operating systems were technically comparable, with CP/M-86 having better [[memory management]] but DOS being faster. ''[[BYTE Magazine|BYTE]]'' speculated that Microsoft reserving [[Computer multitasking|multitasking]] for [[Xenix]] "appears to leave a big opening" for [[Concurrent CP/M-86]].<ref name="byte198207" />

On the IBM PC, however, at {{currency|amount=240|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=yes}} per copy for IBM's version, CP/M-86 sold poorly compared to the {{currency|amount=40|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}} PC&nbsp;DOS; one survey found that 96.3% of IBM PCs were ordered with DOS, compared to 3.4% with CP/M-86 or Concurrent CP/M-86.<ref name="pcommuniques198302" /> In mid-1982 [[Lifeboat Associates]], perhaps the largest CP/M software vendor, announced its support for DOS over CP/M-86 on the IBM PC.<ref name="pc19820607" /> ''BYTE'' warned that IBM, Microsoft, and Lifeboat's support for DOS "poses a serious threat to" CP/M-86,{{r|williams198201}} and [[Jerry Pournelle]] stated in the magazine that "it is clear that Digital Research made some terrible mistakes in the marketing".<ref name="pournelle198309" />

By early 1983 DRI began selling CP/M-86&nbsp;1.1 to end users for {{currency|amount=60|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}.{{r|pcommuniques198302}} Advertisements called CP/M-86 a "terrific value", with "instant access to the largest collection of applications software in existence … hundreds of proven, professional software programs for every business and education need"; it also included [[Graphics System Extension]] (GSX), formerly {{currency|amount=75|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}.<ref name="byte198306" /> The company began using distributors to sell CP/M-86 applications in retail stores.<ref name="rosen19830222">{{Cite news |date=1983-02-22 |title=Appendix II; Distribution strategies of selected software vendors |url=https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=[[The Rosen Electronics Letter]] |pages=21-24}}</ref> In May 1983 DRI announced that it would offer DOS versions of all of its languages and utilities. It stated that "obviously, PC&nbsp;DOS has made great market penetration on the IBM PC; we have to admit that", but claimed that "the fact that CP/M-86 has not done as well as DRI had hoped has nothing to do with our decision".<ref name="hughes198307" /> By early 1984 DRI gave free copies of Concurrent CP/M-86 to those who purchased two CP/M-86 applications as a limited time offer, and advertisements stated that the applications were [[self-booting disk]]s, which did not require loading CP/M-86 first.<ref name="1984-02" /> In January 1984, DRI also announced Kanji CP/M-86, a Japanese version of CP/M-86, for nine Japanese companies including [[Mitsubishi Electric Corporation]], [[Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd.]], [[Sord Computer Corp.]]<ref name="CW_1984_News" /><ref name="CW_1984_Kanji" /><ref name="Philippi_1984_DRI" /> In December 1984 [[Fujitsu]] announced a number of [[FM-16]]-based machines using Kanji CP/M-86.<ref name="CW_1984_22" /><ref name="Hiroshi_2006" />

CP/M-86 and DOS had very similar functionality, but were not compatible because the system calls for the same functions and [[program file]] formats were different, so two versions of the same software had to be produced and marketed to run under both operating systems. The command interface again had similar functionality but different syntax; where CP/M-86 (and CP/M) copied file <code>SOURCE</code> to <code>TARGET</code> with the command <code>[[Peripheral Interchange Program|PIP]] TARGET=SOURCE</code>, DOS used <code>COPY SOURCE TARGET</code>.

Initially MS-DOS and CP/M-86 also ran on computers not necessarily hardware-compatible with the IBM PC such as the [[Apricot Computers|Apricot]] and [[Sirius Systems Technology|Sirius]], the intention being that software would be independent of hardware by making standardised operating [[system call]]s to a version of the operating system custom tailored to the particular hardware. However, writers of software which required fast performance accessed the IBM PC hardware directly instead of going through the operating system, resulting in PC-specific software which performed better than other MS-DOS and CP/M-86 versions; for example, games would display fast by writing to video memory directly instead of suffering the delay of making a call to the operating system, which would then write to a hardware-dependent memory location. Non-PC-compatible computers were soon replaced by models with hardware which behaved identically to the PC's. A consequence of the universal adoption of detailed PC architecture was that no more than 640 kilobytes of memory were supported; early machines running MS-DOS and CP/M-86 did not suffer from this restriction, and some could make use of nearly one megabyte of RAM.

== Reception ==
''[[PC Magazine]]'' wrote that CP/M-86 "in several ways seems better fitted to the PC" than DOS; however, for those who did not plan to program in assembly language, because it cost six times more "CP/M seems a less compelling purchase". It stated that CP/M-86 was strong in areas where DOS was weak, and vice versa, and that the level of application support for each operating system would be most important, although CP/M-86's lack of a run-time version for applications was a weakness.{{r|edlin19820607}}

== {{anchor|1.0|1.1|CP/M-86 Plus 3.1|PCP/M-86 1.0|PCP/M-86 2.0|PCP/M-86 2.11|PCP/M-86 3.1}}Versions ==
A given version of CP/M-86 has two version numbers. One applies to the whole system and is usually displayed at startup; the other applies to the [[BDOS]] [[kernel (operating system)|kernel]]. Versions known to exist include:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!OS || BDOS || Date || Notes
|-
| CP/M-86 1.0 for [[AST Research|AST]]<ref name="Strutynski_2006_Early" /> || 2.2? || 1981?<!-- possibly 1980? --> ||
|-
| CP/M-86 1.0 for the [[Altos Computer Systems|Altos]] [[ACS 16000]]/[[ACS 8600|8600]]<ref name="Strutynski_2006_Early" /> || 2.2? || <!-- announced October 1980 -->November 1981<ref name="Garezt_1980" /> ||
|-
| CP/M-86 Version 1.1 for IBM Displaywriter || 2.2 || November 1981<ref name="Digital_Research_1981_News" /> ||
|-
| CP/M-86 1.0 for the [[Sirius 1]]/[[Victor 9000]] || 2.2a || 1981<!-- DRI copyright -->/1982<!-- Sirius copyright --> ||
|-
| CompuView CP/M-86 || 2.x? || 1982 || 196&nbsp;KB disk capacity, compatible with IBM PC hardware<ref name="edlin19820607" />
|-
| IBM CP/M-86 for the [[IBM Personal Computer]] Version 1.0 || 2.2 || 1982-04-05<ref name="edlin19820607" /> || Initial release for the IBM PC. 141&nbsp;KB disk capacity (Initial date defaults to 1982-02-10.)<ref name="edlin19820607" />
|-
| IBM CP/M-86 for the IBM Personal Computer Version 1.1 || 2.2 || March 1983 || Hard drive support was added.
|-
| CP/M-86 Plus Version 3.1 || 3.1 || October 1983 || Released for the [[Apricot PC]]. Based on the multitasking Concurrent CP/M-86 kernel, it could run up to four tasks at once.
|-
| Personal CP/M-86 Version 1.0 || 3.1 || November 1983 || Released for the [[Siemens]] [[Siemens PG685|PG685]].
|-
| Personal CP/M-86 Version 3.1 || 3.3 || January 1985 || A version for the [[Apricot Computers|Apricot]] [[Apricot F-Series|F-Series]] computers. This version gained the ability to use [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] formatted disks as used by DOS.
|-
| Personal CP/M-86 Version 2.0 || 4.1 || 1986 or later || Released for the [[Siemens PC16-20]]. This is the same BDOS used in [[DOS Plus 1.2]].
|-
| Personal CP/M-86 Version 2.11 || 4.1 || 1986 or later || Released for the Siemens PG685.
|}

All known Personal CP/M-86 versions contain references to CP/M-86&nbsp;Plus, suggesting that they are derived from the CP/M-86&nbsp;Plus codebase.

{{anchor|SCP1700|CP/K|K8918-OS}}A number of 16-bit CP/M-86 derivatives existed in the former East-bloc under the names SCP1700 ({{ill|Single User Control Program|de}}), CP/K, and K8918-OS.<ref name="SCP_2019" /> They were produced by the East-German [[VEB Robotron]] Dresden and {{ill|Energiekombinat|de}} Berlin.<ref name="Robotron_2019" /><ref name="SCP_2019" />

== Legacy ==
[[Caldera (company)|Caldera]] permitted the redistribution and modification of all original Digital Research files, including source code, related to the CP/M family through [[Tim Olmstead (CP/M)|Tim Olmstead]]'s "The Unofficial CP/M Web site" since 1997.<ref name="Olmstead_1997_1" /><ref name="Olmstead_1997_2" /><ref name="Caldera_1997_CP/M" /> After Olmstead's death on 12 September 2001,<ref name="Olmstead_2001_Death" /> the free distribution license was refreshed and expanded by [[Lineo]], who had meanwhile become the owner of those Digital Research assets, on 19 October 2001.<ref name="Sparks_2001_CP/M" /><ref name="Chaudry_2001_CP/M" /><ref name="Gasperson_2001_Collection" /><ref name="Swaine_2004_CP/M" />

== See also ==
* [[History of computing hardware (1960s-present)]]
* [[SpeedStart CP/M-86]]
* [[DOS Plus]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="nb"|refs=
<ref group="nb" name="NB_CMD">The same [[filename extension]] [[CMD file (CP/M)|.CMD]] is used by [[OS/2]] and [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] for unrelated [[batch file]]s.</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Register_2001">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/ |title=CP/M collection is back online with an Open Source licence |work=[[The Register]] |date=2001-11-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Freiberger_1984_Fire">{{cite book |author-last1=Freiberger |author-first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul Freiberger |author-first2=Michael |author-last2=Swaine |author-link2=Michael Swaine (technical author) |title=Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer |orig-date=1984 |url=https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0/page/332 |edition=2nd |date=2000 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |location=New York, USA |isbn=0-07-135892-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0/page/332 332–333] |url-access=registration}}</ref>
<ref name="williams198201">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n37/mode/2up |title=A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer |journal=[[BYTE Magazine]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=January 1982 |access-date=2013-10-19 |author-last=Williams |author-first=Gregg |pages=36–68}}</ref>
<ref name="edlin19820607">{{cite journal |author-first=Jim |author-last=Edlin |title=CP/M Arrives – IBM releases a tailed-for-the-PC version of CP/M-86 that profits from the learning curve |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=1982-06-07 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=RA2-PA43 |access-date=2013-10-21 |pages=43–46}}</ref>
<ref name="libes198112">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-12/1981_12_BYTE_06-12_Computer_Games#page/n315/mode/2up |title=Bytelines – News and speculation about personal computing |journal=[[BYTE Magazine]] |volume=6 |issue=12 |date=December 1981 |access-date=2015-01-29 |author-last=Libes |author-first=Sol |pages=314–318}}</ref>
<ref name="pournelle198403">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-03/1984_03_BYTE_09-03_Simulation#page/n47/mode/2up |title=New Machines, Networks, and Sundry Software – Chaos Manor is inundated with mew computers |journal=[[BYTE Magazine]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |date=March 1984 |access-date=2013-10-22 |author-last=Pournelle |author-first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Pournelle |pages=46–54, 58–62, 68–76}}</ref>
<ref name="byte198207">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-07/1982_07_BYTE_07-07_Computers_in_the_Arts_and_Sciences#page/n321/mode/2up |title=Upward Migration – Part 2: A Comparison of CP/M-86 and MS-DOS |journal=[[BYTE Magazine]] |volume=7 |issue=7 |date=July 1982 |access-date=2016-03-23 |author-last1=Taylor |author-first1=Roger |author-last2=Lemmons |author-first2=Phil |pages=330–338}}</ref>
<ref name="pcommuniques198302">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wCiNAUEuAMC&pg=PA53 |title=PC-Communiques: CP/M-86 Price Plunges to $60 |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=February 1983 |access-date=2013-10-21 |pages=56}}</ref>
<ref name="pc19820607">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_OhaFDePS4C&pg=RA2-PA159 |title=The Microsoft/Lifeboat Battle Cry – Software firms back PC-DOS as 16-bit standard |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=June–July 1982 |access-date=2013-10-21 |pages=159–162}}</ref>
<ref name="byte198306">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-06/1983_06_BYTE_08-06_16-Bit_Designs#page/n65/mode/2up |title=CP/M gives you a new world of PC power … for a new low price. |journal=[[BYTE Magazine]] |volume=8 |issue=6 |date=June 1983 |access-date=2013-10-19 |type=advertisement |page=65}}</ref>
<ref name="hughes198307">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2588uIxmAQC&pg=PA403 |title=The New View From Digital Research |journal=[[PC Magazine]] |date=July 1983 |access-date=2013-10-21 |author-last=Hughes |author-first=George D. Jr. |pages=403–406}}</ref>
<ref name="1984-02">{{cite journal |author=Digital Research Inc. |author-link=Digital Research Inc. |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n217/mode/2up |title=Introducing software for the IBM PC with a $350 bonus! |journal=[[BYTE Magazine]] |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=February 1984 |access-date=2013-10-22 |type=advertisement |pages=216–217}}</ref>
<ref name="Olmstead_1997_1">{{cite newsgroup |author-first=Tim |author-last=Olmstead |author-link=Tim Olmstead (CP/M) |title=CP/M Web site needs a host |date=1997-08-10 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/e088021c97ffcb09.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022510/http://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/e088021c97ffcb09.html |archive-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Olmstead_1997_2">{{cite newsgroup |author-first=Tim |author-last=Olmstead |author-link=Tim Olmstead (CP/M) |title=ANNOUNCE: Caldera CP/M site is now up |date=1997-08-29 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://z80cpu.eu/roche-pages/78-data-articles/projects/75-comp-os-cpm |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901150920/http://z80cpu.eu/roche-pages/78-data-articles/projects/75-comp-os-cpm |archive-date=2017-09-01}} {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20011006110826/http://cdl.uta.edu/cpm]}}</ref>
<ref name="Caldera_1997_CP/M">{{cite web |title=License Agreement |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |date=1997-08-28 |url=http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180908191417/http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html |archive-date=2018-09-08 |access-date=2018-09-09 }} [ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/README.license.txt]{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/]</ref>
<ref name="Olmstead_2001_Death">{{cite web |title=Tim Olmstead |date=2001-09-12 |url=https://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/8c448283536de864.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035647/https://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/8c448283536de864.html |archive-date=2018-09-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Sparks_2001_CP/M">{{cite web |title=License agreement for the CP/M material presented on this site |author-first=Bryan Wayne |author-last=Sparks |author-link=Bryan Wayne Sparks |editor-first=Gabriele "Gaby" |editor-last=Chaudry |date=2001-10-19 |publisher=[[Lineo, Inc.]] |url=http://www.cpm.z80.de/license.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180908185132/http://www.cpm.z80.de/license.html |archive-date=2018-09-08 |quote=[…] Let this email represent a right to use, distribute, modify, enhance and otherwise make available in a nonexclusive manner the CP/M technology as part of the "Unofficial CP/M Web Site" with its maintainers, developers and community. I further state that as Chairman and CEO of [[Lineo, Inc.]] that I have the right to do offer such a license. […] [[Bryan Wayne Sparks|Bryan Sparks]] […]}}</ref>
<ref name="Chaudry_2001_CP/M">{{cite web |title=The Unofficial CP/M Web Site |editor-first=Gabriele "Gaby" |editor-last=Chaudry |url=http://www.cpm.z80.de/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203184144/http://www.cpm.z80.de/ |archive-date=2016-02-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Gasperson_2001_Collection">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/ |title=CP/M collection is back online with an Open Source licence – Walk down memory lane |author-first=Tina |author-last=Gasperson |work=[[The Register]] |date=2001-11-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901000720/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/ |archive-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Swaine_2004_CP/M">{{cite journal |title=CP/M and DRM |author-first=Michael |author-last=Swaine |author-link=Michael Swaine (technical author) |date=2004-06-01 |journal=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]] |volume=29 |issue=6 |id=<!-- |number= -->#361 |publisher=[[CMP Media LLC]] |pages=71–73 |url=http://www.drdobbs.com/cpm-and-drm/184405699 |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035748/http://www.drdobbs.com/cpm-and-drm/184405699 |archive-date=2018-09-09}} [https://epdf.pub/dr-dobbs-journal-june.html]</ref>
<ref name="pournelle198309">{{Cite magazine |author-last=Pournelle |author-first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Pournelle |date=September 1983 |title=Eagles, Text Editors, New Compilers, and Much More |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-09/page/n321 |magazine=[[BYTE (magazine)|BYTE]] |page=307 |access-date=2019-04-07}}</ref>
<ref name="Robotron_2019">{{cite web |title=Betriebssysteme |author-first1=Rüdiger |author-last1=Kurth |author-first2=Martin |author-last2=Groß |author-first3=Henry |author-last3=Hunger |date=2019-01-03 |language=de |website=www.robotrontechnik.de |url=http://www.robotrontechnik.de/html/software/os.htm |access-date=2019-04-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190427211056/http://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/software/os.htm |archive-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>
<ref name="SCP_2019">{{cite web |title=Betriebssystem SCP |author-first1=Rüdiger |author-last1=Kurth |author-first2=Martin |author-last2=Groß |author-first3=Henry |author-last3=Hunger |date=2019-01-03 |language=de |website=www.robotrontechnik.de |url=http://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/software/scp.htm |access-date=2019-04-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190427210627/http://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/software/scp.htm |archive-date=2019-04-27}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_1984_News">{{cite news |title=International Report – Japan |series=News |location=Tokyo, Japan |newspaper=[[Computerworld]] – The Newsweekly for the Computer Community |volume=XVII |number=2 |publisher=[[CW Communications, Inc.]] |issn=0010-4841 |date=1984-01-09 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZt7viRLf4UC&pg=PA19 |access-date=2017-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217021842/https://books.google.de/books?id=bZt7viRLf4UC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&focus=viewport&dq=%2522Digital+Research+Japan%2522&hl=de |archive-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_1984_Kanji">{{cite news |title=Kanji CPM-System von Digital Research Japan |language=de |location=Tokyo, Japan |newspaper=[[Computerwoche]] |volume= |number= |issn= |publisher=[[IDG Business Media GmbH]] |date=1984-01-13 |url=http://www.computerwoche.de/a/kanji-cpm-system-von-digital-research-japan,1172314 |access-date=2017-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123173906/http://www.computerwoche.de/a/kanji-cpm-system-von-digital-research-japan%2C1172314 |archive-date=2017-01-23}}</ref>
<ref name="CW_1984_22">{{cite news |title=International Report – Japan |series=News |location=Tokyo, Japan |newspaper=[[Computerworld]] – The Newsweekly for the Computer Community |volume=XVII |number=51 |publisher=[[CW Communications, Inc.]] |issn=0010-4841 |date=1984-12-17 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I22P2C-ydp4C&pg=PA22 |access-date=2017-01-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217022953/https://books.google.de/books?id=I22P2C-ydp4C&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&redir_esc=y |archive-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Hiroshi_2006">{{cite web |title=Fujitsu FM16π (PAI) |date=2006-02-20 |author-first=Hatta |author-last=Hiroshi |work=IPSJ Computer Museum |url=http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0015.html |access-date=2017-01-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124102239/http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0015.html |archive-date=2017-01-24}}</ref>
<ref name="Philippi_1984_DRI">{{cite news |title=Digital Research Japan Develops Japanese Word-Processing Software For 16-Bit, 8-Bit Personal Computers; Features Grammatical Analysis Functions |editor1-first=Donald L. |editor1-last=Philippi |editor-link1=Donald L. Philippi |editor2-first=John David |editor2-last=Lamb |editor3-first=Janusz |editor3-last=Buda |publication-place=[[Waseda University]] |newspaper=Technical Japanese Translation |volume=1 |number=11 |date=2019 |orig-date=1984-01-14 |url=http://www.f.waseda.jp/buda/tjt/tjt-11.html |access-date=2020-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217014533/http://www.f.waseda.jp/buda/tjt/tjt-11.html |archive-date=2020-02-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Compupro816">{{cite web |url=http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=651&st=1 |title=OLDCOMPUTERS.COM Compupro 8/16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103062455/http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=651 |archive-date=2016-01-03 |access-date=2011-07-13}}</ref>
<ref name="Kildall_1982_8-bit">{{cite journal |title=Running 8-bit software on dual-processor computers |author-first=Gary Arlen |author-last=Kildall |author-link=Gary Arlen Kildall |journal=[[Electronic Design]] |date=1982-09-16 |page=157 |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2017-08-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819183737/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2016/12/102762506-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-19}}</ref>
<ref name="Digital_Research_1981_News">{{cite journal |title=Digital Research Has CP/M-86 for IBM Displaywriter |journal=Digital Research News – for Digital Research Users Everywhere |publisher=[[Digital Research, Inc.]] |location=Pacific Grove, California, USA |date=November 1981 |volume=1 |number=1 |id=Fourth Quarter |pages=2, 5, 7 |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/03/102770749-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2020-01-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417075843/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/03/102770749-05-01-acc.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Paterson_2007_Design-DOS">{{cite web |title=Design of DOS |author-first=Tim |author-last=Paterson |author-link=Tim Paterson |work=DosMan Drivel |date=2007-09-30 |url=http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/09/design-of-dos.html |access-date=2011-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120075653/http://dosmandrivel.blogspot.com/2007/09/design-of-dos.html |archive-date=2013-01-20}}</ref>
<ref name="Strutynski_2006_Early">{{cite web |title=Kathy Strutynski Early Years at Digital Research Incorporated |type=Video |author-first=Kathryn |author-last=Strutynski |author-link=Kathryn Strutynski |date=2006-05-19 |via=[[Computer History Museum]] |id={{CHMID|102762830}}. [[ITCHP (identifier)|ITCHP]] 446f9931d5fa6. Lot X7847.2017 |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/moving_image/2017/01/102762830-02-01-acc.wmv |access-date=2021-08-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816115424/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/moving_image/2017/01/102762830-02-01-acc.wmv |archive-date=2021-08-16}} [8:23]; Bill Selmeier (ed.) 2006-05-24 (NB. About tasks, working relations, and stories from the very earliest years of Digital Research Incorporated.)</ref>
<ref name="Garezt_1980">{{cite news |author-first=Mark |author-last=Garezt |title=According to Garetz... |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] – The Newspaper for the Microcomputing Community |department=InfoViews |date=1980-12-22 |volume=2 |number=23 |publisher=[[Popular Computing, Inc.]] |publication-place=Palo Alto, California, USA |issn=0199-6649 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nD4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT11 |access-date=2021-08-20}}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |author-last=Dahmke |author-first=Mark |title=The Byte Guide to CP/M-86 |date=1984 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |isbn=978-0-07-015072-0}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cpm.z80.de/ The Unofficial CP/M Website], which has a licence from the copyright holder to distribute original Digital Research software.
* [http://www.faqs.org/faqs/CPM-faq/ The comp.os.cpm FAQ]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007025338/http://www.intel-vintage.info/apps/videos/videos/show/18129431-intel-ipds-100-cp-m Intel iPDS-100 Using CP/M-Video]}}

{{Digital Research}}
{{Disk operating systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cp M-86}}
[[Category:CP/M variants]]
[[Category:IBM PC compatibles]]
[[Category:Microcomputer software]]
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[[Category:Digital Research operating systems]]
[[Category:Discontinued operating systems]]
[[Category:Floppy disk-based operating systems]]
[[Category:Free software operating systems]]<!-- not originally, but CP/M-86 is meanwhile officially free software -->
[[Category:X86 operating systems]]
[[Category:1981 software]]