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{{Short description|Indian-American mathematician (1920–2023)}}{{Family name hatnote|Calyampudi|lang=Telugu}}{{Distinguish|C. N. R. Rao}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = C. R. Rao
| image             = Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao at ISI Chennai (cropped).JPG
| image_upright     = 1.2
| caption           = Rao in 2012
| birth_name        = Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao
| honorific_suffix  = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
| birth_date        = {{Birth date|1920|09|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place       = [[Hoovina Hadagali]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br>(present day [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]], [[Karnataka]], India)<ref name="Nielsen" /><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/107/05/0895.pdf|title=C. R. Rao: A life in statistics|last=Prakasa Rao|first=B. L. S.|date=10 September 2014|website=Current Science|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
| citizenship       = Indian (until 1995)<br>American (1995–2023)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timescrest.com/coverstory/the-numberdars-6380|title=The Numberdars|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323041225/http://www.timescrest.com/coverstory/the-numberdars-6380|archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref>
| nationality       = 
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|2023|08|22|1920|09|10|df=yes}}
| death_place       = [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| field             = Mathematics and Statistics 
| work_institution  = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Indian Statistical Institute]]|[[Cambridge University]]|[[Pennsylvania State University]]|[[University at Buffalo]]}}
| education         = [[Andhra University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of Calcutta]] (MA)<br />[[King's College, Cambridge]] ([[PhD]], [[DSc]])
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Ronald Fisher]]
| doctoral_students = {{collapsible list|title={{nbsp}}|[[S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan]]<br /> [[K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)|K. R. Parthasarathy]] <br /> [[Veeravalli S. Varadarajan]] <br /> [[R. Ranga Rao (mathematician)|R. Ranga Rao]] <br /> [[Debabrata Basu]] <br /> [[Radha Laha]] <br /> [[Ravindra Khattree]] <br /> [[Thiruvenkatachari Parthasarathy]] <br /> [[Dabeeru C. Rao]]<br />[[Sreenivasa Rao Jammalamadaka]] <br /> [[U. S. R. Murty]]}}
| known_for         =  [[Multivariate statistics|Multivariate statistical theory]]<br />[[Cramér–Rao bound]]<br />[[Rao–Blackwell theorem]] <br /> [[Orthogonal array]]s<br />[[Score test]]
| thesis_title      = Statistical Problems of Biological Classifications
| thesis_year       = 1948
| prizes            = [[Padma Bhushan]] (1968)<br />[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2001)<br />[[National Medal of Science]] (2001)<br />[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] (1963)<br />[[Guy Medal]] {{small|(Silver 1965, Gold 2011)}} <br/>[[International Prize in Statistics]] (2023)
| footnotes         =
}}

'''Prof. Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS}} (10 September 1920 – 22 August 2023) was an Indian-American mathematician and statistician.<ref name="Numberdars">{{cite web|url=http://www.timescrest.com/coverstory/the-numberdars-6380|title=The Numberdars|date=1 October 2001|work=Times Crest|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323041225/http://www.timescrest.com/coverstory/the-numberdars-6380|archive-date=23 March 2016}}</ref> He was [[professor emeritus]] at [[Pennsylvania State University]] and research professor at the [[University at Buffalo]]. Rao was honoured by numerous colloquia, honorary degrees, and [[festschrift]]s and was awarded the US [[National Medal of Science]] in 2002.<ref name=amstat>{{cite web|url=http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13|title=Statisticians in History: Calyampudi R. Rao|date=30 November 2016|publisher=[[American Statistical Association]]|access-date=4 October 2009|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195003/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[American Statistical Association]] has described him as "a [[living legend (person)|living legend]]" whose work has influenced not just statistics, but has had far reaching implications for fields as varied as economics, genetics, anthropology, geology, national planning, demography, biometry, and medicine."<ref name=amstat/> ''[[The Times of India]]'' listed Rao as one of the top 10 Indian scientists of all time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://crraoaimscs.org/crrao-in-news|title=C.R.Rao in News|publisher=C.R.Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science}}</ref>

In 2023, Rao was awarded the [[International Prize in Statistics]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Prize in Statistics |url=https://www.statprize.org/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=www.statprize.org |language=en}}</ref> an award often touted as the "statistics' equivalent of the Nobel Prize".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Biswas |first=Atanu |date=8 April 2023 |title=C.R. Rao wins top statistics award – a look back at his pioneering work |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/cr-rao-international-prize-statistics-2023-pioneering-contributions/article66710819.ece |access-date=10 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Rao was also a Senior Policy and Statistics advisor for the [[Indian Heart Association]] non-profit focused on raising South Asian cardiovascular disease awareness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Heart Association|url=http://www.indianheartassociation.org|publisher=Indian Heart Association Webpage|access-date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
C. R. Rao was the eighth of the ten children born to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] [[Hindu]] family<ref>{{Cite web |title=ET Interviews: Professor C. R. Rao |url=http://korora.econ.yale.edu/et/interview/rao.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Nielsen" /> in [[Hoovina Hadagali]], [[Ballari district|Bellary]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|Britain ruled India]] (now in [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]], [[Karnataka]], India). His schooling was completed in [[Gudur, Nellore district|Gudur]], [[Nuzvid]], [[Nandigama]], and [[Visakhapatnam]], all in the present state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="auto"/> He received an [[Master of Science|MSc]] in [[mathematics]] from [[Andhra University]] and an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in statistics from [[Calcutta University]] in 1943.<ref name=amstat/> He obtained a PhD degree at [[King's College, Cambridge]], under [[R. A. Fisher]] in 1948, to which he added a [[Doctor of Science#The Commonwealth of Nations and Ireland|DSc]] degree, also from Cambridge, in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C. R. Rao - The Mathematics Genealogy Project |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=40000 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu}}</ref>

==Career==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2023}}
Rao first worked at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] and the [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|Anthropological Museum]] in [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. Later he held several important positions, as the Director of the Indian Statistical Institute, Jawaharlal Nehru Professor and National Professor in India, University Professor at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] and Eberly Professor and Chair of Statistics and Director of the Center for Multivariate Analysis at [[Pennsylvania State University]].<ref name="pnas_20240220">{{Cite journal |last=DasGupta |first=Anirban |date=2024-02-20 |title=C.R. Rao: Paramount statistical scientist (1920 to 2023) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124748933 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=121 |issue=9 |pages=e2321318121 |doi=10.1073/PNAS.2321318121 |pmid=38377193|pmc=10907269 |bibcode=2024PNAS..12121318D }}</ref>

As Head and later Director of the Research and Training School at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], India for a period of over 40 years, Rao developed research and training programs and produced several leaders in the field of Mathematics. On the basis of Rao's recommendation, the Asian Statistical Institute (ASI), now known as the Statistical Institute for Asia and Pacific, was established in Tokyo to provide training to statisticians working in government and industrial organisations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crraoaimscs.org/about-c-r-rao/profile/|title=Profile|publisher=C.R.Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science}}</ref>

Among his best-known discoveries are the [[Multivariate statistics|Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)]], Rao Distance<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25050283 | jstor=25050283 | title=Rao's Distance Measure | last1=Atkinson | first1=Colin | last2=Mitchell | first2=Ann F. S. | journal=Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A (1961-2002) | date=1981 | volume=43 | issue=3 | pages=345–365 }}</ref>, [[Score test|Rao's Score test]],<ref>{{cite arXiv | eprint=2406.19956 | last1=Bera | first1=Anil K. | last2=Bilias | first2=Yannis | title=Three Scores and 15 Years (1948-2023) of Rao's Score Test: A Brief History | date=2024 | class=econ.EM }}</ref> ''Rao's Quadratic Entropy'',  [[Cramér–Rao bound]] and the [[Rao–Blackwell theorem]] these are related to the quality of [[estimator]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telugu-professors-do-homeland-proud/articleshow/6122644.cms|title=Telugu professors do homeland proud|date=3 July 2010|work=The Times of India|access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> Majority of the publications were during his time period in [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in 60 years of his career. Other areas he worked in include [[multivariate analysis]], [[estimation theory]], and [[differential geometry]]. His other contributions include the Fisher–Rao theorem, Rao distance, and orthogonal arrays. He was the author of 15 books<ref name="pnas_20240220"/> and authored over 400 journal publications.

Rao received 38 honorary doctoral degrees from universities in 19 countries around the world and numerous awards and medals for his contributions to statistics and science. He was a member of eight National Academies in India, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy. Rao was awarded [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Santhi Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] in 1963 and followed by [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1968. Rao was awarded the United States [[National Medal of Science]], that nation's highest award for lifetime achievement in fields of scientific research, in June 2002. He was given the [[India Science Award]] in 2010, the highest honour conferred by the government of India in a scientific domain. He was most recently honoured with his 38th honorary doctorate by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, on 26 July 2014 for "his contributions to the foundations of modern statistics through the introduction of concepts such as Cramér–Rao inequality, Rao–Blackwellization, Rao distance, Rao measure, and for introducing the idea of orthogonal arrays for the industry to design high-quality products."

Rao was the President of the [[International Statistical Institute]], Institute of Mathematical Statistics (USA), and the [[International Biometric Society]]. He was inducted into the Hall of Fame of India's National Institution for Quality and Reliability (Chennai Branch) for his contribution to industrial statistics and the promotion of quality control programs in industries.

The ''Journal of Quantitative Economics'' published a special issue in Rao's honour in 1991: "Dr. Rao is a very distinguished scientist and a highly eminent statistician of our time. His contributions to statistical theory and applications are well known, and many of his results, which bear his name, are included in the curriculum of courses in statistics at bachelor's and master's level all over the world. He was an inspiring teacher and has guided the research work of numerous students in all areas of statistics. His early work had greatly influenced the course of statistical research during the last four decades. One of the purposes of this special issue is to recognise Dr. Rao's own contributions to econometrics and acknowledge his major role in the
development of econometric research in India."

===Areas of research contributions===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Estimation theory]]
* [[Statistical inference]] and [[linear model]]s
* [[Multivariate analysis]]
* [[Combinatorial design]]
* [[Orthogonal array]]s
* [[Biometry]]
* [[Statistical genetics]]
* [[Generalized inverse|Generalized matrix inverse]]s
* [[Functional equations]]
{{div col end}}

==Death==
Rao died in [[Buffalo, New York]] on 22 August 2023, aged 102.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian American Mathematician CR Rao No More |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/230823/renowned-statistician-calyampudi-radhakrishna-rao-dies-at-102.html |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned Indian Mathematician C.R Rao passes away in America |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/renowned-indian-mathematician-cr-rao-passes-away-in-america-817564 |access-date=23 August 2023 |publisher=The Hans India |date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prominent-statistician-cr-rao-passes-away-8905260/ | title=Legendary statistical scientist CR Rao dies | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://buffalonews.com/news/local/c-r-rao-statistics-nobel-prize-amherst-death/article_233ecfd6-41e4-11ee-b803-ff4e90775c20.html | title=C.R. Rao, Amherst resident and winner of statistics' 'Nobel Prize,' dies at 102 | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref>

Obituaries describing his professional contributions and impact on the society have been published in the IMS Bulletin  [https://imstat.org/2023/09/30/obituary-c-r-rao-1920-2023/] and Nature [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03200-5].

==Awards and medals==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2023}}
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Guy Medal]] in Gold (2011) of the [[Royal Statistical Society]]{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
* [[India Science Award]] 2010 (the highest award in a scientific field presented by government of India)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.psu.edu/news-and-events/2010-news/Rao10-2010|title=C.R. Rao Receives the India Science Award|date=19 October 2010|publisher=[[Eberly College of Science]], [[Penn State University]]|access-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926001137/http://science.psu.edu/news-and-events/2010-news/Rao10-2010|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* International Mahalanobis Prize (2003) of the [[International Statistical Institute]]<ref>"The previous winners of the Award are Professor C.R. Rao (India) in 2003..." {{cite web |url=http://www.isi-web.org/component/content/article/43-about/about/588-2013-mahalanobis-international-award-in-statistics-announcement |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101160834/http://www.isi-web.org/component/content/article/43-about/about/588-2013-mahalanobis-international-award-in-statistics-announcement |archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref>
* Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal (2003) of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]
* [[Sardar Patel]] Lifetime Achievement International Award (Sardar Ratna) (2014) by Sardar Patel International Foundation, [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sardarpatelaward.org/awardgallery.php?sid=MTA=|title=NRI Award, Sardar Patel Award, Sardar Ratna, Pravasi Bharatiya Award, International Award|website=www.sardarpatelaward.org}}</ref>  
* President [[George W. Bush]], on 12 June 2002, honoured him with the [[National Medal of Science]], the highest award in US in the scientific field, as a "prophet of new age" with the citation, "for his pioneering contributions to the foundations of statistical theory and multivariate statistical methodology and their applications, enriching the physical, biological, mathematical, economic and engineering sciences."
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2001) by the [[Government of India]]<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
* Mahalanobis Centenary Gold Medal (1993?) of the [[Indian Science Congress]]
* [[Wilks Memorial Award]] (1989) of the [[American Statistical Association]]
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1968)<ref name="Padma Awards" />
* Megnadh Saha Medal (1969) of the Indian National Science Academy
* [[Guy Medal]] in Silver (1965) of the [[Royal Statistical Society]]
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|S. S. Bhatnagar Award]] (1963) of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
* JC Bose Gold Medal of the [[Bose Institute]]
* Gold Medal of the [[University of Calcutta]]
* He was also awarded an honorary [[Doctor of Science]] by the [[University of Calcutta]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.htm|title=Recipients of Honorary Degrees|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234707/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.htm|archive-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Also honorary doctorates from a number of universities and institutes around the world.
{{div col end}}
* 2023 [[International Prize in Statistics]]

===In his honour===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* The [[Pennsylvania State University]] has established C. R. and Bhargavi Rao Prize in Statistics
* [[CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science]]
* National Award in Statistics established by [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] (MoSPI), Government of India.
* The road from [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad|IIIT Hyderabad]] passing along [[University of Hyderabad|Central University of Hyderabad]] crossroads to Alind Factory, [[Lingampally, Hyderabad|Lingampally]] is named as "Prof. C.R. Rao Road".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/10/stories/2009091059940300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913102243/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/10/stories/2009091059940300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2009|title=Road to be named after Prof. C.R. Rao|access-date=6 May 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 September 2009}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Selected publications==
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2023}}

===Books===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* 2020. PEREIRA, B. de B.; RAO, Calyampudi Radhakrishna.; OLIVEIRA, F. B.;Statistical Learning Using Neural Networks: A Guide for Statisticians and Data Scientists with Python, CRC Press, London.
* 2017. [http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/jmasm/vol16/iss1/41/ Book Review: Multivariate Statistical Methods, A Primer]
* 2016. (with Lovric, M.) [http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/jmasm/vol15/iss2/3/ Testing Point Null Hypothesis of a Normal Mean and the Truth: 21st Century Perspective]
* 2009. (with PEREIRA, B. de B.) Data Mining Using Neural Networks: A Guide for Statisticians. State College, Pennsylvania, 2009. 186 p.
* 1999. (with Helge Toutenburg, Andreas Fieger et al.). ''Linear Models: Least Squares and Alternatives'', 2ed, Springer Series in Statistics. Springer
* 1998. (with M. Bhaskara Rao). ''Matrix Algebra & Its Applications to Statistics & Econometrics''. World Scientific
* 1997. ''Statistics And Truth: Putting Chance To Work'', 2ed. Wspc
* 1996. ''Principal Component and Factor Analyses''. PN
* 1996. ''Extensions of a Characterization of an Exponential Distribution Based on a Censored Ordered Sample''.
* 1996. ''Bootstrap by Sequential Resampling''. PN
* 1993. ''Applications of Multivariate Analysis''. PN
* 1992. ''Signal Estimation, Multitarget Tracking and Related Areas''.
* 1989. ''Multivariate Analysis and Its Applications''. PN
* 1988. ''Linear Transformations, Projection Operators and Generalized Inverses; A Geometric Approach''. PN
* 1984. ''Recent Results on Characterization of Probability Distributions: A unified Approach through Extensions of Deny's Theorem''. PN
* 1973. ''Linear Statistical Inference and Its Applications'', 2nd Edition. Wiley-Interscience
* 1973. ''On a Unified Theory of Estimation in Linear Models''. PN
* 1973. (with A.M. Kagan et al.). ''Characterization Problems in Mathematical Statistics'', Wiley Series in Probability & Mathematical Statistics.
* 1972. (with Sujit Kumar Mitra). ''Generalized Inverse of Matrices and Its Applications'', Probability & Mathematical Statistics. John Wiley & Sons
* 1963. ''Essays on econometrics and planning''. Statistical Pub. Society
{{div col end}}

===Edited volumes===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* 2015. (Ed. with Marepalli B. Rao). ''Handbook of Statistics 32: Computational Statistics with''. Elsevier
* 2013. (Ed. with [[Venu Govindaraju]]). ''Handbook of Statistics 31: Machine Learning: Theory and Applications''. North Holland
* 2012. (Ed. with Tata Subba Rao and Suhasini Subba Rao). ''Handbook of Statistics 30: Time Series Analysis: Methods and Applications ''. North Holland
* 2012. (Ed. with Ranajit Chakraborty and [[Pranab K. Sen]]). ''Handbook of Statistics 28: Bioinformatics in Human Health and Heredity''. North Holland
* 2011. (Ed. with [[Dipak K. Dey]]). ''Essential Bayesian Models''.  North Holland
* 2011. (Ed. with Danny Pfeffermann). ''Essential Methods for Design Based Sample Surveys''. North Holland
* 2009. (Ed. with Danny Pfeffermann). ''Handbook of Statistics 29A: Sample Surveys: Design, Methods and Applications''. North Holland
* 2009. (Ed. with Danny Pfeffermann). ''Handbook of statistics 29B Sample Surveys: Inference and Analysis''. North Holland
* 2007. (Ed. with J. Philip Miller and D.C. Rao). ''Handbook of Statistics 27: Epidemiology and Medical Statistics''. North Holland
* 2006. (Ed. with [[Sandip Sinharay]]). ''Handbook of Statistics, Volume 26: Psychometrics''. North Holland
* 2005. (Ed. with Dipak K. Dey). ''Handbook of Statistics 25: Bayesian Thinking, Modeling and Computation''. North Holland
* 2005. (Ed.). ''Handbook of Statistics 24: Data Mining and Data Visualization''. North Holland
* 2004. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). ''Handbook of Statistics 23: Advances in Survival Analysis''. North Holland
* 2003. (Ed. with Ravindra Khattree). ''Handbook of Statistics 22: Statistics in Industry''. North Holland
* 2001. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). ''Handbook of Statistics 20: Advances in Reliability'', North-Holland Mathematics Studies. Elsevier
* 2001. (Ed. with D. N. Shanbhag). ''Handbook of Statistics 19: Stochastic Processes: Theory and Methods''. North-Holland
* 2000. (Ed. with Pranab Kumar Sen). ''Handbook of Statistics 18: Bioenvironmental and Public Health Statistics''. North-Holland
* 1998. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). ''Handbook of Statistics 17: Order Statistics: Applications''. North-Holland
* 1998. (Ed. with N. Balakrishnan). ''Handbook of Statistics 16: Order Statistics: Theory & Methods''. North-Holland
* 1997. (Ed. with G.S. Maddala). ''Handbook of Statistics 15: Robust Inference''. Elsevier
* 1996. (Ed. with G.S. Maddala). ''Handbook of Statistics 14: Statistical Methods in Finance''. Elsevier
* 1996. (Ed. with S. Ghosh). ''Handbook of Statistics 13: Design and Analysis of Experiments''. North Holland
* 1994. (Ed. with G.P. Patil). ''Handbook of Statistics 12: Environmental Statistics''. Elsevier
* 1994. (Ed. with G.P. Patil). ''Multivariate Environmental Statistics.'', Volume 6 in North-Holland Series in Statistics and Probability. North Holland
* 1993. (Ed. with G. S. Maddala and H. D. Vinod). ''Handbook of Statistics 11: Econometrics'', Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry. Elsevier
* 1993. (Ed. with N. K. Bose). ''Handbook of Statistics 10: Signal Processing and its Applications'', Elsevier
* 1993. (Ed.). ''Handbook of Statistics 9: Computational Statistics''. North-Holland	
* 1991. (Ed. with R. Chakraborty). ''Handbook of Statistics 8: Statistical Methods in Biological and Medical Sciences''. North-Holland.
* 1988. (Ed. with Krishnaiah P.R.). ''Handbook of Statistics 7: Quality Control and Reliability''. 	
* 1988. (Ed. with P. R. Krishnaiah). ''Handbook of Statistics 6: Sampling''. North-Holland.
* 1969. (Ed. with R. C. Bose, I. M. Chakravarti et al.). ''Essays in Probability and Statistics'', Monograph Series in Probability and Statistics. The University of North Carolina Press
{{div col end}}

===Textbooks===
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* 1970. ''Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometric Research''. Macmillan

===Collected works===
* 1996. ''Selected Papers of C.R. Rao 3''. (Ed). S. Das Gupta et al. Wiley-Interscience
* 1995. ''Advances in Econometrics and Quantitative Economics'', Essays in Honor of Professor C.R. Rao. (Eds.) G. S. Maddala, T. N. Srinivasan, and Peter C. B. Phillips. Wiley-Blackwell
* 1994. ''Selected Papers of C.R. Rao 2''. (Ed). S. Das Gupta et al. Wiley-Interscience
* 1994. ''Selected Papers of C.R. Rao 1''. (Ed). S. Das Gupta et al. Wiley-Interscience
* 1982. ''Statistics and Probability: Essays in Honor of C. R. Rao''. (Ed.). Kallinapur. Elsevier
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Nielsen">{{cite web |url=https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2016/12/01/raointerview/|title=Interview with Professor Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao |last=Nielsen |first=Frank |date=1 December 2016 |website=Amstat News}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* Nalini Krishnankutty, 1996. ''Putting Chance to Work: A Life in Statistics: A Biography of C. R. Rao''.
* किशोर खनाल, 2080. "विश्वविख्यात प्रोफेसर सीआर रावको सम्झनामा". [https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2023/09/1367367 विश्वविख्यात प्रोफेसर सीआर रावको सम्झनामा]
* Kishor Khanal and Shankar Prasad Khanal, 2023. " An interview with Professor C.R. Rao on the occasion of his 100th birthday". [https://journals.ku.edu.np/kuset/article/view/136]

==Sources==
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/19990904043915/http://www.mrs.umn.edu/~sungurea/introstat/history/w98/Rao.html Calyampudi Radhakrishnan Rao]. University of Minnesota Morris
* [http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13 Statisticians in History: Calyampudi R. Rao"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195003/http://www.amstat.org/about/statisticiansinhistory/index.cfm?fuseaction=biosinfo&BioID=13 |date=3 March 2016 }}. American Statistical Association
* [http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/(S(mvasupbk0rrt4l45w5nbwrvy))/pdf/Novermber_2013_Science_Horizon.pdf "Prof. C R Rao : An Eminent Statistician" By Bibhuprasad Mohapatra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061702/http://www.orissabigyanacademy.nic.in/(S(mvasupbk0rrt4l45w5nbwrvy))/pdf/Novermber_2013_Science_Horizon.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}. Govt. of Odisha.

==External links==
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091031080716/http://www.crraoaimscs.org/donors_patrons.html C. R. Rao's profile at the Advanced Institute of Mathematics, India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150527202111/http://stat.psu.edu/people/crr1 C. R. Rao's profile at Penn State]
* [http://sphhp.buffalo.edu/biostat/faculty/rao_calyampudi.php C. R. Rao's profile at the University at Buffalo]
* [http://korora.econ.yale.edu/et/interview/rao.pdf ET Interviews: C. R. Rao] on the [http://korora.econ.yale.edu/et/ Econometric Theory] page.
*[http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=RefNo=='EC/1967/22' Royal Society citation 1967] {{dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060216143522/http://www.amstat.org/awards/index.cfm?fuseaction=wilks-cites Rao was awarded the Samuel S. Wilks Award in 1989]
* {{MathGenealogy|id=40000 |title=C.R. Rao}}
*{{Cite journal |date=June 2022 | title = C. R. Rao (1920–) Celebrates His 101st Birthday  | journal = [[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]]  | volume = 69 | issue = 6 | pages = 982–997 | doi = 10.1090/noti2492 | url = https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/202206/rnoti-p982.pdf?adat=June/July%202022&trk=2492&cat=interest&galt=none | doi-access = free | last1 = Andrews | first1 = George E. | last2 = Babu | first2 = G. J. | last3 = Bai | first3 = Zhidong | last4 = Banks | first4 = David | last5 = Chernoff | first5 = Herman | last6 = Frieden | first6 = Roy | last7 = Fujikoshi | first7 = Yasunori | last8 = Mardia | first8 = Kanti V. | last9 = De Braganca Pereira | first9 = Basilio | last10 = Pingle | first10 = Urmila | last11 = Rao | first11 = M. B. | last12 = Srinivasa Rao | first12 = Arni S. R. | last13 = Rosenberger | first13 = James | last14 = Varadhan | first14 = S R.S. | last15 = Wu | first15 = Yuehua}}
{{div col end}}
For the Cramér–Rao inequality and the [[Rao–Blackwell theorem]] see the relevant entries on
* [http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathword.html Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics]
For Rao contribution to information geometry
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3578 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound and Information Geometry]
Photograph of Rao with [[Harald Cramér]] in 1978
* [http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/rao.gif C. R. Rao] from the [http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/welcome.htm PORTRAITS OF STATISTICIANS]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080619092151/http://www1.elsevier.com/homepage/sac/mathweb/rao.html President George Bush awarding Rao the National Medal of Science]

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|math-stat-comp}}
{{Guy Medal}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, C. R.}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:20th-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:National Medal of Science laureates]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania State University faculty]]
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:People from Ballari district]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics]]
[[Category:Presidents of the International Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:University at Buffalo faculty]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Statistical Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]
[[Category:American men centenarians]]
[[Category:Indian men centenarians]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Probability theorists]]
[[Category:Detection and estimation theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century American mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mathematical statisticians]]