View source for Burmese cat

{{Short description|Breed of cat}}
{{For|the "Sacred Cat of Burma" cat breed|Birman}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox Catbreed
| name = Burmese cat 
| image = British_burmese_-_Andel_Alois_at_Cat_show.JPG
| imagecaption = Brown European male
| country = {{Tree list}}
* {{flag|Burma}}
** {{flag|United Kingdom}}
** {{flag|United States}}{{Tree list/end}}
| acfstd = https://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/Group%20Three/Burmese%20Standard-2023.pdf
| cfastd = https://cfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/burmese-standard.pdf
| ticastd= https://tica.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/bu-bo.pdf
| ccastd = https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/BURMESE_20231109_172002.pdf
| fifestd= https://fifeweb.org/app/uploads/2023/10/BUR.pdf
| gccfstd= https://www.gccfcats.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Burmese.SOP_.Template-2.pdf
| wcfstd = https://wcf.de/pdf-en/breed/American_Burmese_2020-06_EN.pdf
| nzcfstd= https://nzcf.com/file_downloads/sop/SH-19-BUR-2024.pdf
}}
[[File:Geisha One Year Old (5640618397).jpg|thumb|A brown European adult showing the original coloration of the breed]]
[[File:Female Champagne Burmese Kitten.jpg|thumb|right|A chocolate European female kitten]]
[[File:BurMau Vega Star, champagne burmese kitten (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chocolate American kitten]]

The '''Burmese cat''' ({{langx|my|ဗမာကြောင်}}, {{lang|My-Latn|Băma kyaung|cat=ဗမာကြောင်}}, {{langx|th|แมวพม่า}} or {{lang|th|Suphalak}}, {{RTGS|Thongdaeng|italic=yes}} or {{Transliteration|th|[[Suphalak|Supphalak]]|italic=yes}}, meaning copper colour) is a [[cat breed|breed]] of domestic [[cat]], originating in [[Myanmar|Burma]], believed to have its roots near the [[Myanmar–Thailand border|Thai–Burma border]] and developed in the United States and Britain.

Most modern Burmese are descendants of one female cat called ''Wong Mau'', which was brought from Burma to the United States in 1930 and bred with American [[Siamese cat|Siamese]]. From there, American and British breeders developed distinctly different Burmese breed standards, which is unusual among [[pedigreed]] [[domestic cat]]s. Most modern [[cat registry|cat registries]] do not formally recognise the two as separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese.

Originally, all Burmese cats were dark brown ([[Cat coat genetics|genetically]] black), but are now available in a wide variety of colours; formal recognition of these also varies by standard. Both versions of the breed are known for their uniquely social and playful temperament and persistent vocalisation.

==History==
In 1871, [[Harrison Weir]] organised a cat show at the [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]], London. A pair of Siamese cats were on display that closely resembled modern American Burmese cats in build, thus probably similar to the modern [[Tonkinese (cat)|Tonkinese]] breed. The first attempt to deliberately develop the Burmese in the late 19th century in Britain resulted in what were known as Chocolate Siamese rather than a breed in their own right; this view persisted for many years, encouraging [[crossbreed]]ing between Burmese and Siamese in an attempt to more closely conform to the Siamese build. The breed thus slowly died out in Britain.{{r|BCCUK}}

[[Joseph Cheesman Thompson]] imported Wong Mau, a dark female cat, into [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] in 1930. Thompson considered the cat's build to be sufficiently different from the Siamese to still have potential as a fully separate breed. Wong Mau was bred with Tai Mau, a seal point Siamese, and then bred with her son to produce dark brown kittens that became the foundation of a new, distinctive strain of Burmese. In 1936, the [[Cat Fanciers' Association]] (CFA) granted the breed formal recognition. However, due to continued extensive outcrossing with [[Siamese (cat)|Siamese cats]] to increase the population, the original type was overwhelmed, and the CFA suspended breed recognition a decade later.{{r|UBCF}} Attempts by various American breeders to refine the unique Burmese standard persisted, however, and in 1954, the CFA lifted the suspension permanently.{{r|UBCF}} In 1958, the United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF) compiled an American judging standard that has remained essentially unchanged since its adoption.{{r|UBCF}}

Meanwhile, in the UK, interest in the breed was reviving. The cats that composed the new British breeding program were of a variety of builds, including some imported from the United States. By 1952, three true generations had been produced in Britain and the breed was recognised by the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]] (GCCF). Since the 1950s, countries in the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] and Europe started importing British Burmese; as a result, most countries have based their standard on the British model.

Historically, the two versions of the breed were kept strictly distinct genetically.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} European Burmese (also known as "traditional") were declassed as a breed by the CFA in the 1980s. The GCCF banned the registration of all Burmese imported from the United States in order to preserve the "traditional" bloodlines.{{r|GCCF}} Most modern [[Cat registry|cat registries]] do not formally recognise these dual standards as representing separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese.{{r|CFAEUR}} Recently,{{when|date=May 2024}} [[The International Cat Association]] (TICA) and CFA clubs have started using the American breed standard at select shows in Europe.

During the early period of breed development, it became clear that Wong Mau herself was genetically a [[crossbreed]] between a Siamese and Burmese type. This early [[crossbreed]] type was later developed as a separate breed, known today as the [[Tonkinese (cat)|Tonkinese]]. Burmese cats have also been instrumental in the development of the [[Bombay (cat)|Bombay]] and the [[Burmilla]], among others.

==Description==

=== Appearance ===

{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = BUR LV Malsan Tiffani (4502325566) (cropped).jpg
| caption1          = Lilac tortoiseshell American adult
| image2            = Planning Ahead (7899520426) (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = Chocolate European adult
| header            = Side facial profile comparison
}}

{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Шоколадный бурманский кот.jpg
| caption1          = Chocolate American adult
| image2            = British burmese - Alfa Felis in Cat Show Porvoo (cropped).JPG
| caption2          = Chocolate European adult
| header            = Body shape comparison
}}

The two standards differ mainly in head and body shape. The British or traditional ideal tends toward a more slender, long-bodied cat with a wedge-shaped head, large pointed ears, long tapering muzzle and moderately almond-shaped eyes. The legs should likewise be long, with neat oval paws. The tail tapers to medium length.{{r|BCS}} The American (also called "contemporary") Burmese is a noticeably stockier cat, with a much broader head, round eyes and distinctively shorter, flattened muzzle; the ears are wider at the base. Legs and tail should be proportionate to the body, medium-length, and the paws also rounded.

In either case, Burmese are a small to medium size breed, tending to be about {{cvt|4-6|kg|0||||}}, but are nevertheless substantially-built, muscular cats and should feel heavy for their size when held – "a brick wrapped in silk".{{r|ENCYCLOPEDIA}}

===Coat and colour===
In either standard, the coat should be very short, fine and glossy, with a satin-like finish. Colour is solid and must be uniform over the body, only gradually shading to lighter underparts. Faint [[Point (coat color)|colourpoint]] markings may be visible, but any barring or spotting is considered a serious fault.{{r|BCCUK}} The eyes are green or gold depending on coat colour.

The breed's original standard colour is a distinctively rich dark brown (genetically black), variously known as sable (USA), brown (UK, Australia) or seal (New Zealand). It is the result of the Burmese gene (c<sup>b</sup>), part of the albino series. This gene causes a reduction in the amount of pigment produced, converting black into brown and rendering all other colours likewise paler than their usual expression.{{r|GENES}} The action of the gene also produces the modified colourpoint effect, which is more noticeable in young kittens.

The first blue Burmese was born in 1955 in Britain, followed by red, cream, and [[Tortoiseshell cat|tortoiseshell]] over the next decades. Chocolate ("champagne" in the USA) first appeared in the United States. Lilac ("platinum" in the USA), the last major variant to appear, was likewise developed in the USA beginning in 1971. Currently, the British GCCF standard recognises solid brown, chocolate, blue, lilac, red and cream, as well as the tortoiseshell pattern on a base of brown, chocolate, blue or lilac.

In the USA, chocolate ("champagne"), blue, and lilac ("platinum") cats were first formally considered a separate breed, the Malayan, in 1979. This distinction was abolished in 1984, but until 2010, the CFA continued to place the brown ("sable") Burmese into a separate division, bundling all other recognised colours into a "dilute division" and judging them separately.{{r|CFABA}} Currently, the CFA standard still recognises the Burmese only in sable, blue, chocolate ("champagne"), and lilac ("platinum").{{r|CFABURMESE}}

Other colours have been developed from this initial base set, with varying degrees of popularity and recognition. In 1989 a cinnamon breeding programme was started in the Netherlands; the first fawn kitten was born in 1998. Cinnamon, fawn, caramel, and apricot Burmese have also been developed in New Zealand, as have tortoiseshell variants of all these colours.{{r|ACB|NZCAT}} A new colour [[mutation]] ("russet") appeared in New Zealand in 2007. This line has an initially dark pigment in the cats' coats, which fades as they grow, eventually becoming a paler orange colour.{{r|PIGMENT}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:GIP HU Alba Regia Ganxsta Gizi (Gizi) BUR h female EX1 CAPS NOM.JPG|Chocolate tortoiseshell American adult
File:Geisha på fluff (4735888531).jpg|Brown European kitten. The temperature sensitive colourpoint restriction gene causes brown kittens to be born with light coats.
File:Elsa (5913477967).jpg|Lilac European adult
File:British burmese - Artiste peintre de Supercool.JPG|Cream European adult
File:MerlintheBlueBurmese.jpg|Blue European adult
</gallery>

=== Temperament ===
Burmese are a notably people-oriented breed, maintaining their kitten-like energy and playfulness into adulthood. They are also said to have a number of overtly [[Dog-like cat|puppy-like characteristics]], forming strong bonds with their owners and gravitating toward human activity. The cats often learn to play games such as 'fetch' and 'tag'.{{r|CFABURMESE}} Veterinarian Joan O. Joshua has written that the "dog-like attachment to the owners" of the Burmese, as with the similarly behaving [[Abyssinian cats|Abyssinians]], causes "greater dependence on human contacts". This stands in contrast to the mere "tolerant acceptance of human company" based around "comforts" that other breeds display.{{r|JOAN}} They are persistently vocal, in a manner reminiscent of their Siamese ancestry, yet they have softer, sweeter voices. Burmese are not as independent as other breeds and are not suited to being left alone for extended periods of time.<ref>{{cite book|first=Colette|last=Anderson|page=10|title=Burmese Cats|date=5 September 2014|publisher=EKL |isbn=978-1-909820-61-6}}</ref>

==Genetics==
The Burmese gene is also present in some other cat breeds, particularly the established rex breeds, where it can be fully expressed in its [[zygosity|homozygous]] form (c<sup>b</sup>c<sup>b</sup>) (referred to as Burmese Colour Restriction or Sepia). The same gene can also be combined with the Siamese gene (c<sup>b</sup>c<sup>s</sup>) to produce either darker points or a light-on-dark-brown coat, similar to the Burmese chocolate (champagne in the USA), known as "mink".{{r|CFADEVON|CFALAPERM}}

The [[Asian cat|Asian Group]] cat breed is related to the Burmese; the Asian is physically similar but comes in different patterns and colours.{{r|GENETICS1}} The [[Singapura (cat)|Singapura]] is always homozygous for the Burmese gene, combining it with a ticked tabby pattern. Snow [[Bengal (cat)|Bengal]]s with eye colours other than blue also have the gene.{{r|GENETICS2}}

The lineage of Burmese cats known as "Contemporary Burmese" often hosts a 4-aminoacid deletion on the [[ALX1]] gene. [[Heterozygosity]] of the mutation results in brachicephaly, while [[homozygosity]] results in a profound head malformation known as the Burmese head defect, which is always fatal.<ref name="ufaw-burmese">{{cite web |title=Burmese - Burmese Head Defect |url=https://www.ufaw.org.uk/cats/burmese---burmese-head-defect |publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare |access-date=7 June 2023}}</ref>

===Genetic diversity===
A 2008 study conducted at [[UC Davis]] by the team led by feline geneticist Dr Leslie Lyons found that the American Burmese has the second lowest level of genetic diversity (after the [[Singapura (cat)|Singapura]]) of all the breeds studied, and concludes that this situation should be addressed.{{r|SUPERREFERENCE}} The CFA observes that "breeders are reporting less hearty litters, smaller adults, smaller litters, and immune system problems, all of which point towards inbreeding depression becoming more common." The Burmese breed council currently allows outcrossing using [[Bombay (cat)|Bombay]], [[Tonkinese (cat)|Tonkinese]] and Burmese type cats imported from Southeast Asia to improve genetic diversity.{{r|GENETICDIVERSITY1}} The [[Fédération Internationale Féline]] (FIFe) excludes novice show cats from breeding.{{r|GENETICDIVERSITY2}}

==Health==
A 2016 study in England of veterinary records found the Burmese to have a higher prevalence of [[Diabetes in cats|diabetes mellitus]] compared to other breeds with 2.27% of Burmese having the condition compared to the overall rate of 0.58%.{{r|HEALTH}} An Australian study in 2009 found a prevalence of 22.1% compared to an overall rate of 7.4%.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Lederer | first1=R. | last2=Rand | first2=J.S. | last3=Jonsson | first3=N.N. | last4=Hughes | first4=I.P. | last5=Morton | first5=J.M. | title=Frequency of feline diabetes mellitus and breed predisposition in domestic cats in Australia | journal=The Veterinary Journal | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=179 | issue=2 | year=2009 | issn=1090-0233 | doi=10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.09.019 | pages=254–258| pmid=18155627 }}</ref>

A study of veterinary records in the UK found an average life expectancy of 14.42 years for the Burmese with a sample size of 45, the highest in the study and higher than the overall of 11.74 years.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Teng | first1=Kendy Tzu-yun | last2=Brodbelt | first2=Dave C | last3=Church | first3=David B | last4=O'Neill | first4=Dan G | title=Life tables of annual life expectancy and risk factors for mortality in cats in the UK | journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery | volume=26 | issue=5 | date=2024 | article-number=1098612X241234556 | issn=1098-612X | doi=10.1177/1098612X241234556 | doi-access=free | pmid=38714312 | pmc=11156239 }}</ref>

Certain UK bloodlines suffer from an acute teething disorder in young kittens (FOPS: Feline Orofacial Pain Syndrome), where the eruption of the second teeth causes extreme discomfort and the young cat tears at its face to try to alleviate the pain. Eruption of the new teeth in the jaw that causes the problem; these cannot be removed until they have erupted, by which time the problem ceases. Pain relief intervention should be considered, to prevent overt self-trauma. Apart from scarring caused by the self-mutilation, the cat seems to recover completely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rusbridge|first1=Clare|last2=Heath|first2=Sarah|last3=Gunn-Moore|first3=Danièlle A.|last4=Knowler|first4=Susan Penelope|last5=Johnston|first5=Norman|last6=McFadyen|first6=Angus Kennedy|date=June 2010|title=Feline orofacial pain syndrome (FOPS): a retrospective study of 113 cases|journal=Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery|volume=12|issue=6|pages=498–508|doi=10.1016/j.jfms.2010.03.005|issn=1532-2750|pmc=7128958|pmid=20451434}}</ref>

The Burmese is predisposed to [[hypotrichosis|congenital hypotrichosis]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hnilica | first1=Keith A. | last2=Patterson | first2=Adam P. | title=Small Animal Dermatology | publisher=Saunders | publication-place=St. Louis (Miss.) | date=19 September 2016 | isbn=978-0-323-37651-8 | page=}}</ref>

The Burmese is one of the more commonly affected breeds for [[gangliosidosis 2]]. An [[autosomal recessive]] mutation of the [[HEXB]] gene is responsible for the condition in the breed.<ref>{{cite book |author1-first=James A.C. |author1-last=Oliver |author2-first=Cathryn S. |author2-last=Mellersh | editor1-first=Barbara | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Mullineaux |editor3-first=Lynn | editor3-last=Turner |title=BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing |date=2020 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910-44339-2 |edition=Sixth|chapter=Genetics| page=131}}</ref>

The Burmese is the cat breed most often affected by [[hypokalaemia]]. An [[autosomal recessive]] mutation of the [[WNK4]] gene is responsible for congenital forms of hypokalaemia in the breed.<ref>{{cite book |author1-first=James A.C. |author1-last=Oliver |author2-first=Cathryn S. |author2-last=Mellersh | editor1-first=Barbara | editor1-last=Cooper | editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Mullineaux |editor3-first=Lynn | editor3-last=Turner |title=BSAVA Textbook of Veterinary Nursing |date=2020 |publisher=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |isbn=978-1-910-44339-2 |edition=Sixth|chapter=Genetics| page=131}}</ref>

The Burmese is the most commonly affected breed for [[feline orofacial pain syndrome]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Bellows | first=Jan | title=Feline Dentistry | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | publication-place=Hoboken, NJ | date=2022-01-21 | isbn=978-1-119-56803-2 | page=109}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Myanmar}}
* [[List of cat breeds]]
* [[Tonkinese cat]], a domestic cat breed produced by [[crossbreeding]] between [[Siamese cat|Siamese]] and Burmese cats.
* [[Puppy cat]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="BCCUK">{{cite web|title=History of Burmese|author=Rosemary Hale|publisher=burmesecatclub.com|url=https://burmesecatclub.com/history-of-burmese/|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="UBCF">The Burmese Cat by: Rosemond S. Peltz, MD</ref>
<ref name="GCCF">{{cite web|url=https://www.gccfcats.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Burmese-Breed-Registration-Policy.October2023.pdf|title=GCCF Burmese Registration Policy|publisher=The [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]]|access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="CFAEUR">{{cite web|title=Breed Profile: The European Burmese|url=https://cfa.org/breed/european-burmese/|access-date=11 October 2024|archive-date=11 October 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241011041115/https://cfa.org/breed/european-burmese/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="BCS">{{cite web|title=Standard of Points - October 2009|publisher=burmesecatassociation.org|url=http://www.burmesecatassociation.org/index.php/faqs/standard-of-points.html|date=1 October 2009|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621035431/http://www.burmesecatassociation.org/index.php/faqs/standard-of-points.html}}</ref>
<ref name="ENCYCLOPEDIA">The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Cats| {{ISBN|978-0-7894-1970-5}}</ref>
<ref name="GENES">{{cite web|url=http://www.messybeast.com/gene-loci.htm |title=Genes and Alleles Summary|publisher=Messybeast.com|access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="CFABURMESE">{{cite web|title=Burmese - CFA|url=https://cfa.org/breed/burmese/|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="CFABA">{{cite web|title=Burmese Article - CFA|author=Erika Graf-Webster|url=https://cfa.org/burmese-article/|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="ACB">{{cite web|title=The Cinnamon Burmese Programme|url=http://burmese.id.au/040531%20Cinnamon%20Burmese%20copy.doc|format=[[Microsoft Word]]|publisher=Arsenios|access-date=12 February 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="NZCAT">{{cite web|title=NZCF Standard of Points – Burmese|date=2017|url=http://nzcf.com/sop/SH-18-BUR-2017.pdf|publisher=New Zealand Cat Fancy|access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="PIGMENT">{{cite web|url=http://messybeast.com/amber-russet.htm|title=AMBER AND RUSSET - LATE COLOUR CHANGE GENES|publisher=messybeast.com|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="JOAN">{{cite book|page=1|title=The Clinical Aspects of Some Diseases of Cats|first=Joan O.|last=Joshua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yjLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|date=2013|isbn=978-1-4832-2600-2|publisher=Elsevier}}</ref>
<ref name="CFADEVON">{{cite web|title=CFA Breed Standard: Devon Rex|date=2018|url=http://cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/devon.pdf|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410215735/http://cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/devon.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="CFALAPERM">{{cite web|title=CFA Breed Standard: LaPerm|date=2014|url=http://cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/laperm.pdf|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410215734/http://cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/laperm.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="GENETICS1">{{cite web|url=https://www.gccfcats.org/Cat-Breeds/Asian|title=Asian|publisher=The [[Governing Council of the Cat Fancy]]|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="GENETICS2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdOUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|title=Domestic Cats: Their History Breeds and Other Facts|author=Nancy Robbins|publisher=Barnes and Noble Press |access-date=14 October 2019|isbn=978-1-9870-6180-2}}</ref>
<ref name="SUPERREFERENCE">{{Cite journal|last1=Lipinski|first1=M. J.|last2=Froenicke|first2=L.|last3=Baysac|first3=K. C.|last4=Billings|first4=N. C.|last5=Leutenegger|first5=C.M.|last8=Niini|first8=T.|last9=Ozpinar|first9=H.|last10=Slater|doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2007.10.009|first10=M. R.|last11=Pedersen|first11=N. C.|last12=Lyons|first12=L. A.|title=The ascent of cat breeds: Genetic evaluations of breeds and worldwide random-bred populations|journal=Genomics|volume=91|issue=1|pages=12–21|year=2008|pmid=18060738|pmc=2267438}}</ref>
<ref name="GENETICDIVERSITY1">{{cite web|title=2012 Breed Council Poll: Burmese|url=http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/org/2012bc-burm.pdf|publisher=The Cat Fanciers' Association|access-date=21 January 2014}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
<ref name="GENETICDIVERSITY2">{{cite web|url=http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/rules/br_reg_en.zip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313203013/http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/rules/br_reg_en.zip|archive-date=13 March 2013|format=ZIP|title=FIFe Rules|website=Fifeweb.org|access-date=21 December 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="HEALTH">{{cite journal|last1=O'Neill|first1=DG|last2=Gostelow|first2=R|last3=Orme|first3=C|last4=Church|first4=DB|last5=Niessen|first5=SJ|last6=Verheyen|first6=K|last7=Brodbelt|first7=DC|title=Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus among 193,435 cats attending primary-care veterinary practices in England|journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine|date=July 2016|volume=30|issue=4|pages=964–72|doi=10.1111/jvim.14365|pmid=27353396|pmc=5094533}}</ref>
</references>

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=David |year=1989 |title=The Ultimate Cat Book |publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishers |isbn=0-86318-371-9}} 4th printing.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Burmese cats}}
* [https://burmesecat.org National Alliance of Burmese Breeders, a CFA-affiliated Burmese Club]
* [https://pawpeds.com/db/?p=bur Burmese pedigree database]
* [https://burmesepedigrees.com Burmese-Burmilla pedigree database]
* [https://burmesecatclub.nz/ Burmese Cat Club of New Zealand]
* [https://burmesecatassociation.org/ UK Burmese Cat Association]
* [https://burmesecatclub.com The Burmese Cat Club]
* [https://yourpetplanet.com/brown-cat-breeds/ Burmese Brown Cat Breeds Characteristics and more] also read about another brown cat breed [[York Chocolate]] 
* [https://burmesecatsociety.org.uk UK Burmese Cat Society]
* [http://united-burmese.org United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF)] a non-affiliated global Burmese Cat Club

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