View source for Bulletin board system

{{short description|Type of computer server system}}
{{Distinguish|Internet forum software}}
[[File:FreePort Software banner, inverted.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A welcome screen for the [[Free-net]] bulletin board, from 1994]]

A '''bulletin board system''' ('''BBS'''), also called a '''computer bulletin board service''' ('''CBBS'''),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=Derfler Jr. |first=Frank |date=1980-04-01 |title=Dial Up Directory |url=http://www.bbsdocumentary.com/photos/130randy/FILES/dialup.txt |access-date=2018-02-20 |work=Kilobaud Microcomputing Magazine |language=en}}</ref> is a [[computer server]] running [[list of BBS software|software]] that allows users to connect to the system using a [[terminal program]]. Once logged in, the user performs functions such as [[upload]]ing and [[download]]ing software and data, reading news and bulletins, and exchanging messages with other users through public [[Internet forum|message boards]] and sometimes via direct [[synchronous conferencing|chatting]]. In the early 1980s, message networks such as [[FidoNet]] were developed to provide services such as [[M+NetMail|NetMail]], which is similar to internet-based [[email]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bush|first=Randy|date=1992|title=FidoNet: Technology, Use, Tools, and History|url=https://www.fidonet.org/inet92_Randy_Bush.txt|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-22|website=Fidonet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031203124343/http://www.fidonet.org/inet92_Randy_Bush.txt|archive-date=2003-12-03}}</ref>

Many BBSes also offered [[BBS door|online games]] in which users could compete with each other. BBSes with multiple phone lines often provided [[chat room]]s, allowing users to interact with each other. Bulletin board systems were in many ways a precursor to the modern form of the [[World Wide Web]], [[social networking service|social networks]], and other aspects of the [[Internet]]. Low-cost, high-performance [[Asynchronous communication|asynchronous]] [[modem]]s drove the use of [[online service]]s and BBSes through the early 1990s. ''[[InfoWorld]]'' estimated that there were 60,000 BBSes serving 17 million users in the United States alone in 1994, a collective market much larger than major online services such as [[CompuServe]].

The introduction of inexpensive [[Dial-up Internet access|dial-up internet service]] and the [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic web browser]] offered ease of use and global access that BBS and online systems did not provide, and led to a rapid crash in the market starting in late 1994 to early 1995. Over the next year, many of the [[List of BBS software|leading BBS software providers]] went [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]] and tens of thousands of BBSes disappeared.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-20 |title=Bulletin-board system |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/bulletin-board-system |access-date=2023-04-28 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Today, BBSing survives largely as a nostalgic hobby in most parts of the world, but it is still a popular form of communication in Taiwan (see [[PTT Bulletin Board System]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkingchinese.com/chinese-bbs-the-social-activity-that-never-grows-old
 |title=Thinking Chinese - Chinese BBS – The Social Activity that Never Grows Old
 |website=thinkingchinese.com|access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Most surviving BBSes are accessible over [[Telnet]] and typically offer free email accounts, [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] services, and [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]]. Some offer access through packet switched networks or [[packet radio]] connections.<ref name=":0" />

==History==

=== Precursors ===

A precursor to the public bulletin board system was [[Community Memory]], which started in August 1973 in [[Berkeley, California]]. [[Microcomputer]]s did not exist at that time, and modems were both expensive and slow. Community Memory ran on a [[mainframe computer]] and was accessed through terminals located in several [[San Francisco Bay Area]] neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crosby|first=Kip|date=November 1995|title=CONVIVIAL CYBERNETIC DEVICES: From Vacuum Tube Flip-Flops to the Singing Altair - An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1)|journal=The Analytical Engine|publisher=Computer History Association of California|volume=3|issue=1|page=2|issn=1071-6351 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/chac/CHAC_Analytical_Engine/3.1_November_1995.pdf}}<!-- [https://web.archive.org/web/20050825165932/http://opencollector.org/history/homebrew/engv3n1.html An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1) in the newsletter of the Computer History Association of California] [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/chac/CHAC_Analytical_Engine/3.1_November_1995.pdf pdf][http://www.3kranger.com/HP3000/History/AE1995-11.pdf pdf][https://web.archive.org/web/20060825214122/http://www.chac.org/engine-ascii/engv3n1.txt txt] {{cite journal|last=Crosby|first=Kip|date=November 1995|title=CONVIVIAL CYBERNETIC DEVICES: From Vacuum Tube Flip-Flops to the Singing Altair - An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 1)|journal=The Analytical Engine|publisher=Computer History Association of California|volume=3|issue=1|issn=1071-6351 |url=http://www.opencollector.org/history/homebrew/engv3n1.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323072155/http://www.opencollector.org/history/homebrew/engv3n1.html|archivedate=2010-03-23}}--></ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Crosby|first=Kip|date=February 1996 |title=COMPUTERS FOR THEIR OWN SAKE: From the Dompier Music to the 1980 Computer Faire - An Interview with Lee Felsenstein (Part 2) |journal=The Analytical Engine|publisher=Computer History Association of California|volume=3|issue=2|page=8|issn=1071-6351|url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/chac/CHAC_Analytical_Engine/3.2_February_1996.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/chac/CHAC_Analytical_Engine/3.2_February_1996.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> The poor quality of the original modem connecting the terminals to the mainframe prompted [[Community Memory]] hardware person, [[Lee Felsenstein]], to invent the [[Pennywhistle modem]], whose design was influential in the mid-1970s.

Community Memory allowed the user to type messages into a [[computer terminal]] after inserting a coin, and offered a "pure" bulletin board experience with public messages only (no email or other features). It did offer the ability to tag messages with keywords, which the user could use in searches. The system acted primarily in the form of a buy and sell system with the tags taking the place of the more traditional [[Classified advertising|classifications]]. But users found ways to express themselves outside these bounds, and the system spontaneously created stories, poetry and other forms of communications. The system was expensive to operate, and when their host machine became unavailable and a new one could not be found, the system closed in January 1975.

Similar functionality was available to most [[Mainframe computer|mainframe]] users, which might be considered a sort of ultra-local BBS when used in this fashion. Commercial systems, expressly intended to offer these features to the public, became available in the late 1970s and formed the [[online service]] market that lasted into the 1990s. One particularly influential example was [[PLATO (computer system)|PLATO]], which had thousands of users by the late 1970s, many of whom used the messaging and [[chat room]] features of the system in the same way that would later become common on BBSes.

===The first BBSes===
[[Image:Ward Christensen and the First BBS.jpg|right|thumb|[[Ward Christensen]] holds an expansion card from the original [[CBBS]] S-100 host machine.]]
Early modems were generally either expensive or very simple devices using [[acoustic coupler]]s to handle telephone operation. The user would pick up the phone, dial a number, then press the handset into rubber cups on the top of the modem. Disconnecting at the end of a call required the user to pick up the handset and return it to the phone. Examples of direct-connecting modems did exist, and these often allowed the host computer to send it commands to answer or hang up calls, but these were very expensive devices used by large banks and similar companies.

With the introduction of [[microcomputer]]s with expansion slots, like the [[S-100 bus]] machines and [[Apple II]], it became possible for the modem to communicate instructions and data on separate lines. These machines typically only supported asynchronous communications, and [[Synchronous serial communication|synchronous]] modems were much more expensive than asynchronous modems. A number of modems of this sort were available by the late 1970s. This made the BBS possible for the first time, as it allowed software on the computer to pick up an incoming call, communicate with the user, and then hang up the call when the user logged off.

The first public [[dial-up]] BBS was developed by [[Ward Christensen]] and [[Randy Suess]], members of the Chicago Area Computer Hobbyists' Exchange (CACHE). According to an early interview, when Chicago was snowed under during the [[Great Blizzard of 1978]], the two began preliminary work on the [[Computerized Bulletin Board System]], or [[CBBS]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zelchenko |first=Peter |date=30 October 1998 |title=Jack Rickard, editor of Boardwatch magazine, saw it coming |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-10-30-9901080059-story.html |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> The system came into existence largely through a fortuitous combination of Christensen having a spare S-100 bus computer and an early Hayes internal modem, and Suess's insistence that the machine be placed at his house in [[Chicago]] where it would be a local phone call for more users. Christensen patterned the system after the [[cork board]] his local computer club used to post information like "need a ride". CBBS officially went online on 16 February 1978.<ref name=byte_christensen_suess>{{cite magazine |last1=Christensen |first1=Ward |last2=Suess |first2=Randy |title= Hobbyist Computerized Bulletin Board System|url=http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/byte%20nov%201978%20computerized%20BBS%20-%20ward%20christensen.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128141504/http://vintagecomputer.net/cisc367/byte%20nov%201978%20computerized%20BBS%20-%20ward%20christensen.pdf |archive-date= January 28, 2018|access-date=February 16, 2019|url-status=live |quote=The Computerized Hobbyist Bulletin Board System ... was conceived, designed, built, programmed, tested, and installed in a 30 day period (January 16, 1978 to February 16, 1978) by the two of us. | magazine = Byte | volume = 3 | issue = 11 | pages = 150–157 | publisher = Byte Publications | location = Peterborough, NH | date = November 1978 }} [https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1978-11 Alt URL]</ref><ref name=ward>[http://www.bbsdocumentary.com/software/AAA/AAA/CBBS/memories.txt Collection of Memories of writing and running the first BBS by Ward Christensen (Circa 1992)], ''BBSDocumentary.com'', retrieved June 30, 2007</ref> CBBS, which kept a count of callers, reportedly connected 253,301 callers before it was finally retired.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

=== Smartmodem ===

[[File:Hayes 300 Baud Smartmodem 02.jpg|right|thumb|The 300 baud Smartmodem led to an initial wave of early bulletin board systems.]]

A key innovation required for the popularization of the BBS was the [[Hayes Microcomputer Products#The Smartmodem|Smartmodem]] manufactured by [[Hayes Microcomputer Products]]. Internal modems like the ones used by CBBS and similar early systems were usable, but generally expensive due to the manufacturer having to make a different modem for every computer platform they wanted to target. They were also limited to those computers with internal expansion, and could not be used with other useful platforms like [[video terminal]]s. External modems were available for these platforms but required the phone to be dialed using a conventional handset.{{efn|Technically they could have used an [[Modem#Automatic calling units|automatic calling unit]], but that was not economically viable.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}}} Internal modems could be software-controlled to perform outbound and inbound calls, but external modems had only the data pins to communicate with the host system.

Hayes' solution to the problem was to use a small [[microcontroller]] to implement a system that examined the data flowing into the modem from the host computer, watching for certain command strings. This allowed commands to be sent to and from the modem using the same data pins as all the rest of the data, meaning it would work on any system that could support even the most basic modems. The Smartmodem could pick up the phone, dial numbers, and hang up again, all without any operator intervention. The Smartmodem was not necessary for BBS use but made overall operation dramatically simpler. It also improved usability for the caller, as most terminal software allowed different phone numbers to be stored and dialed on command, allowing the user to easily connect to a series of systems.

The introduction of the Smartmodem led to the first real wave of BBS systems. Limited in speed and storage capacity, these systems were normally dedicated solely to messaging, private email and public forums. File transfers were extremely slow at these speeds, and file libraries were typically limited to text files containing lists of other BBS systems. These systems attracted a particular type of user who used the BBS as a unique type of communications medium, and when these local systems were crowded from the market in the 1990s, their loss was lamented for many years.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}

=== Higher speeds, commercialization ===
Speed improved with the introduction of 1200 [[Bits per second|bit/s]] asynchronous modems in the [[Modem#Speeds|early 1980s]], giving way to 2400 bit/s fairly rapidly. The improved performance led to a substantial increase in BBS popularity. Most of the information was displayed using ordinary [[ASCII]] text or [[ANSI art]], but a number of systems attempted character-based [[graphical user interface]]s (GUIs) which began to be practical at 2400 bit/s.

There was a lengthy delay before 9600 bit/s models began to appear on the market. 9600 bit/s was not even established as a strong standard before [[V.32bis]] at 14.4 kbit/s took over in the early 1990s. This period also saw the rapid rise in capacity and a dramatic drop in the price of [[hard drive]]s. By the late 1980s, many BBS systems had significant file libraries, and this gave rise to leeching{{Snd}}users calling BBSes solely for their files. These users would use the modem for some time, leaving less time for other users, who got [[busy signal]]s. The resulting upheaval eliminated many of the pioneering message-centric systems.<ref>[http://www.oldgamemags.com/multi-format/non-gaming-magazines/chips-bits/ "File Sponges, the BBS nightmare"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120141625/http://www.oldgamemags.com/multi-format/non-gaming-magazines/chips-bits/ |date=2015-01-20 }}, ''Chips 'n Bits''</ref>

This also gave rise to a new class of BBS systems, dedicated solely to file upload and downloads. These systems charged for access, typically a flat monthly fee, compared to the per-hour fees charged by ''[[Event Horizons BBS]]'' and most online services. Many third-party services were developed to support these systems, offering simple credit card [[merchant account]] gateways for the payment of monthly fees, and entire file libraries on [[compact disk]] that made initial setup very easy. Early 1990s editions of ''Boardwatch'' were filled with ads for single-click install solutions dedicated to these new [[sysops]]. While this gave the market a bad reputation, it also led to its greatest success. During the early 1990s, there were a number of mid-sized software companies dedicated to BBS software, and the number of BBSes in service reached its peak.

Towards the early 1990s, BBS became so popular that it spawned three monthly magazines, ''[[Boardwatch]]'', ''BBS Magazine'', and in Asia and Australia, ''Chips 'n Bits Magazine'' which devoted extensive coverage of the software and technology innovations and people behind them, and listings to US and worldwide BBSes.<ref name=ChipsnBits>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/54469 Chips 'n' Bits : the Northern Territory Computer Users' newsletter], ''catalogue.nla.gov.au'', retrieved March 15, 2009</ref> In addition, in the US, a major monthly magazine, ''[[Computer Shopper (US magazine)|Computer Shopper]]'', carried a list of BBSes along with a brief abstract of each of their offerings.

===GUIs===
[[File:More ANSI art.png|thumb|ANSI art BBS logo]]
Through the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was considerable experimentation with ways to develop user-friendly interfaces for BBSes. Almost every popular system used ANSI-based color menus to make reading easier on capable hardware and terminal emulators, and most also allowed cursor commands to offer command-line recall and similar features. Another common feature was the use of [[autocomplete]] to make menu navigation simpler, a feature that would not re-appear on the Web until decades later.

A number of systems also made forays into GUI-based interfaces, either using character graphics sent from the host, or using custom GUI-based terminal systems. The latter initially appeared on the [[Macintosh]] platform, where [[TeleFinder]] and [[FirstClass]] became very popular. FirstClass offered a host of features that would be difficult or impossible under a terminal-based solution, including bi-directional information flow and non-blocking operation that allowed the user to exchange files in both directions while continuing to use the message system and chat, all in separate windows. Will Price's "Hermes", released in 1988, combined a familiar PC style with Macintosh GUI interface.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Michael Alyn |title=HermesBBS - History |url=http://www.hermesbbs.com/about/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=www.hermesbbs.com}}</ref> (Hermes was already "venerable" by 1994 although the Hermes II release remained popular.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://archive.org/details/boardwatch-1994-01 |title=Macintosh BBS News |language=English |date=January 1994 |last=Gram-Reefer |first=Bill |magazine=[[Boardwatch Magazine]] |quote= Since acquiring the venerable Hermes Macintosh BBS program last Spring, new owner Lloyd Woodall of Computer Classifieds has developed a major upgrade package. Programmer Robert Rebbun has added over 70 new features and enhancements to this widely used program that now supports color ANSI graphic menus in addition to ASCII menus.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Modin |first=Jörgen |date=June 1995 |title=COOCOM: New ways of using Information Technology for buildings design and management |url=http://www.perchristiansson.com/reports/coocom1_6_1995.pdf |journal=Project SBUF 2087 |quote=The BBS system chosen was Hermes (Price F & Yount Ralph, 1991), a character-based popular billboard system running on the Mac, but accessible from any computer system with VT100 terminal emulation.}}</ref>) [[Skypix]] featured on Amiga a complete [[markup language]]. It used a standardized set of icons to indicate mouse driven commands available online and to recognize different filetypes present on BBS storage media. It was capable of transmitting data like images, audio files, and audio clips between users linked to the same BBS or off-line if the BBS was in the circuit of the FidoNet organization.

On the PC, efforts were more oriented to extensions of the original terminal concept, with the GUI being described in the information on the host. One example was the [[Remote Imaging Protocol]], essentially a picture description system, which remained relatively obscure. Probably the ultimate development of this style of operation was the dynamic page implementation of the [[University of Southern California]] BBS (USCBBS) by Susan Biddlecomb, which predated the implementation of the [[HTML]] [[Dynamic web page]]. A complete Dynamic web page implementation was accomplished using [[The Bread Board System|TBBS]] with a [[TDBS]] add-on presenting a complete menu system individually customized for each user.

===Rise of the Internet and decline of BBS===
The demand for complex ANSI and ASCII screens and larger file transfers taxed available [[channel capacity]], which in turn increased demand for faster modems. 14.4 kbit/s modems were standard for a number of years while various companies attempted to introduce non-standard systems with higher performance{{Snd}}normally about 19.2 kbit/s. Another delay followed due to a long [[ITU-T V.34|V.34]] standards process before 28.8 kbit/s was released, only to be quickly replaced by 33.6 kbit/s, and then 56 kbit/s.

These increasing speeds had the side effect of dramatically reducing the noticeable effects of channel efficiency. When modems were slow, considerable effort was put into developing the most efficient protocols and display systems possible. [[TCP/IP]] ran slowly over 1200 bit/s modems. [[56&nbsp;kbit/s modem]]s could access the protocol suite more quickly than with slower modems. Dial-up Internet service became widely available in the mid-1990s to the general public outside of universities and research laboratories, and connectivity was included in most general-use [[operating systems]] by default as Internet access became popular.

These developments together resulted in the sudden obsolescence of bulletin board technology in 1995 and the collapse of its supporting market. Technically, Internet service offered an enormous advantage over BBS systems, as a single connection to the user's [[Internet service provider]] allowed them to contact services around the world. In comparison, BBS systems relied on a direct point-to-point connection, so even dialing multiple local systems required multiple phone calls. Internet protocols also allowed a single connection to be used to contact multiple services simultaneously; for example, downloading files from an [[FTP]] library while checking the weather on a local news website. Even with a [[shell account]], it was possible to multitask using [[job control (Unix)|job control]] or a [[terminal multiplexer]] such as [[GNU Screen]]. In comparison, a connection to a BBS allowed access only to the information on that system.

=== Estimating numbers ===
According to the [[FidoNet]] Nodelist, BBSes reached their peak usage around 1996, the same period when the [[World Wide Web]] and [[AOL]] became mainstream. BBSes rapidly declined in popularity thereafter, and were replaced by systems using the Internet for connectivity. Some of the larger commercial BBSes, such as MaxMegabyte and [[ExecPC BBS]], evolved into [[Internet service provider]]s.

The website ''[[textfiles.com]]'' is an archival history of BBSes. It includes a list of over 100,000 BBSes that once existed during a span of 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The TEXTFILES.COM BBS List|url=http://bbslist.textfiles.com/|access-date=2021-07-01|website=bbslist.textfiles.com}}</ref> The creator and maintainer of ''textfiles.com'', [[Jason Scott Sadofsky|Jason Scott]], also produced ''[[BBS: The Documentary]]'', a film that chronicles the history of BBSes and has interviews with well-known figures from the BBS heyday.

In the 2000s, most traditional BBS systems migrated to the Internet using Telnet or SSH protocols. As of September 2022, between 900 and 1000 are thought to be active via the Internet {{Snd}}fewer than 30 of these being of the traditional "dial-up" (modem) variety.{{fact|date=April 2025|reason=Is there a list of dial-up modem BBSes?}}

== Software and hardware ==
[[File:Amiga3000UX.jpg|thumb|Amiga 3000 running a two-line BBS]]

Unlike modern websites and [[online services]] that are typically hosted by third-party companies in commercial [[data center]]s, BBS computers (especially for smaller boards) were typically operated from the system operator's home. As such, access could be unreliable, and in many cases, only one user could be on the system at a time. Only larger BBSes with multiple phone lines using specialized hardware, multitasking software, or a [[LAN]] connecting multiple computers, could host multiple simultaneous users.

The first BBSes each used their own unique software,{{efn|CBBS Chicago (which [[Ward Christensen]] programmed) was about 20,000 lines of 8080 assembler.}} quite often written entirely or at least customized by the system operators themselves, running on early [[S-100 bus]] [[microcomputer]] systems such as the [[Altair 8800]], [[IMSAI 8080]] and [[Cromemco]] under the [[CP/M]] operating system. Soon after, BBS software was being written for all of the major [[home computer]] systems of the late 1970s era{{Snd}}the [[Apple II]], [[Atari 8-bit computers]], [[Commodore PET]], [[TI-99/4A]], and [[TRS-80]] being some of the most popular.

In 1981, the [[IBM Personal Computer]] was introduced and [[MS-DOS]] soon became the operating system on which the majority of BBS programs were run. [[RBBS-PC]], [[porting|ported]] over from the CP/M world, and ''Fido'' BBS, developed by [[Tom Jennings]] (who later founded [[FidoNet]]) were the first notable MS-DOS BBS programs. Many successful commercial BBS programs were developed, such as [[PCBoard]] BBS, [[RemoteAccess]] BBS, Magpie and [[Wildcat! BBS]]. Popular [[freeware]] BBS programs included [[Telegard]] BBS and [[Renegade (BBS)|Renegade BBS]], which both had early origins from leaked [[WWIV]] BBS source code.

BBS systems on other systems remained popular, especially [[home computer]]s, largely because they catered to the audience of users running those machines. The ubiquitous [[Commodore 64]] (introduced in 1982) was a common platform in the 1980s. Popular commercial BBS programs were [[Blue Board (software)|Blue Board]], [[Ivory BBS]], [[Color64]] and [[C-Net DS2|CNet 64]]. There was also a devoted contingent of BBS users on TI-99/4A computers, long after [[Texas Instruments]] had discontinued the computer in the aftermath of their [[price war]] with Commodore. Popular BBSes for the TI-99/4A included Techie, TIBBS (Texas Instruments Bulletin Board System), TI-COMM, and Zyolog.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Albright | first=Ron | date=March 1985 | url=https://ftp.whtech.com/magazines/micropendium/mp8503.pdf#page=12 | title=Touring the boards | journal=MICROpendium | volume=2 | issue=2 | pages=14–18 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627220622/https://ftp.whtech.com/magazines/micropendium/mp8503.pdf#page=12 | archivedate=June 27, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Christianson | first=Mike | date=August 1985 | url=https://ftp.whtech.com/magazines/micropendium/mp8508.pdf#page=31 | title='Techie' BBS is dream come true | journal=MICROpendium | volume=2 | issue=7 | pages=31–34 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627220614/https://ftp.whtech.com/magazines/micropendium/mp8508.pdf#page=31 | archivedate=June 27, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Gerk | first=Barbara | date=September 3, 1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jy8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA39 | title=Communiques | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=6 | issue=36 | page=39 | via=Google Books}}</ref> In the early 1990s, a small number of BBSes were also running on the Commodore [[Amiga]]. Popular BBS software for the Amiga were ABBS, [[Amiexpress]], C-Net, StormforceBBS, [[Infinity (software)|Infinity]] and Tempest. There was also a small faction of devoted Atari BBSes that used the Atari 800, then the 800XL, and eventually the [[Atari ST|1040ST]]. The earlier machines generally lacked [[hard drive]] capabilities, which limited them primarily to messaging.

MS-DOS continued to be the most popular operating system for BBS use up until the mid-1990s, and in the early years, most multi-node BBSes were running under a DOS based multitasker such as [[DESQview]] or consisted of multiple computers connected via a [[LAN]]. In the late 1980s, a handful of BBS developers implemented multitasking communications routines inside their software, allowing multiple phone lines and users to connect to the same BBS computer. These included Galacticomm's [[MajorBBS]] (later WorldGroup), eSoft [[The Bread Board System]] (TBBS), and Falken. Other popular BBS's were [[Maximus (BBS)|Maximus]] and Opus, with some associated applications such as BinkleyTerm being based on characters from the [[Berkeley Breathed|Berkley Breathed]] cartoon strip of [[Bloom County]]. Though most BBS software had been written in [[BASIC]] or [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] (with some low-level routines written in [[assembly language]]), the [[C (language)|C]] language was starting to gain popularity.

By 1995, many of the DOS-based BBSes had begun switching to modern [[Computer multitasking|multitasking]] operating systems, such as [[OS/2]], [[Windows 95]], and [[Linux]]. One of the first graphics-based BBS applications was [[Excalibur BBS]] with low-bandwidth applications that required its own client for efficiency. This led to one of the earliest implementations of Electronic Commerce in 1996 with replication of partner stores around the globe. TCP/IP networking allowed most of the remaining BBSes to evolve and include Internet hosting capabilities. Recent BBS software, such as [[Synchronet]], [[Mystic BBS]], EleBBS, [[Dave's own version of Citadel|DOC]], Magpie or [[Wildcat! BBS]], provide access using the [[Telnet]] protocol rather than dialup, or by using legacy DOS-based BBS software with a [[FOSSIL]]-to-Telnet redirector such as [[NetFoss]].

== Presentation ==
[[File:Neon2.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Welcome screen of Neon#2 BBS (Tornado)]]

BBSes were generally text-based, rather than [[Graphical user interface|GUI]]-based, and early BBSes conversed using the simple [[ASCII]] character set. However, some home computer manufacturers extended the ASCII character set to take advantage of the advanced color and graphics capabilities of their systems. BBS software authors included these extended character sets in their software, and terminal program authors included the ability to display them when a compatible system was called. Atari's native character set was known as [[ATASCII]], while most Commodore BBSes supported [[PETSCII]]. PETSCII was also supported by the nationwide online service [[Quantum Link]].{{efn|Quantum Link and parts of [[AppleLink]] went on to become [[America Online]].}}

The use of these custom character sets was generally incompatible between manufacturers. Unless a caller was using terminal emulation software written for, and running on, the same type of system as the BBS, the session would simply fall back to simple ASCII output. For example, a [[Commodore 64]] user calling an Atari BBS would use ASCII rather than the native character set of either. As time progressed, most terminal programs began using the [[ASCII]] standard, but could use their native character set if it was available.

COCONET, a BBS system made by Coconut Computing, Inc., was released in 1988 and only supported a GUI (no text interface was initially available but eventually became available around 1990), and worked in EGA/VGA graphics mode, which made it stand out from text-based BBS systems. COCONET's bitmap and [[vector graphics]] and support for multiple type fonts were inspired by the [[PLATO system]], and the graphics capabilities were based on what was available in the [[Borland Graphics Interface]] library. A competing approach called [[Remote Imaging Protocol]] (RIP) emerged and was promoted by Telegrafix in the early to mid-1990s but it never became widespread. A [[teletext]] technology called [[NAPLPS]] was also considered, and although it became the underlying graphics technology behind the [[Prodigy (online service)|Prodigy service]], it never gained popularity in the BBS market. There were several GUI-based BBSes on the [[Apple Macintosh]] platform, including [[TeleFinder]] and [[FirstClass]], but these were mostly confined to the Mac market.

In the UK, the [[BBC Micro]] based OBBS software, available from [[Pace Micro Technology|Pace]] for use with their modems, optionally allowed for color and graphics using the [[Teletext]] based graphics mode available on that platform. Other systems used the [[Viewdata]] protocols made popular in the UK by [[British Telecom]]'s [[Prestel]] service, and the on-line magazine [[Micronet800|Micronet 800]] whom were busy giving away modems with their subscriptions.

Over time, terminal manufacturers started to support [[ANSI X3.64]] in addition to or instead of proprietary terminal control codes, e.g., color, cursor positioning.

The most popular form of online graphics was [[ANSI art]], which combined the [[Extended ASCII|IBM Extended ASCII]] character set's blocks and symbols with [[ANSI X3.64|ANSI]] [[escape sequence]]s to allow changing colors on demand, provide cursor control and screen formatting, and even basic musical tones. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, most BBSes used ANSI to make elaborate welcome screens, and colorized menus, and thus, ANSI support was a sought-after feature in terminal client programs. The development of ANSI art became so popular that it spawned an entire BBS "[[artscene]]" [[subculture]] devoted to it.
[[File:Koala Country BBS Login Screen.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|BBS ANSI Login Screen example]]

The [[Amiga]] ''Skyline BBS'' software in 1988 featured a script [[markup language]] communication protocol called [[Skypix]]<ref name="atrterm">
{{cite web
 | url = http://discmaster.textfiles.com/view/11573/FishNMoreVol1.bin/more/telecom/demoterm/demoterm.arc/AtrTerm.DOC
 | type       = Software documentation
 | title      = AtrTerm.DOC
 | author     = Michael Cox
 | date       = 1989-05-24
 | accessdate = 2024-05-02
 | quote      = "Skypix is a way of sending graphics, fonts, brushes, and (soon) sound samples over the phone line via modem.  It is an extension of ANSI that takes advantage of the Amiga's graphic power. ... At this writing (May 24) most of the systems listed will still be running Atredes 1.0, a much less sophisticated system than 1.1. ... ATREDES, SKYPIX, and SKYPAINT are Copyright © 1988, 1989 Michael Cox.  All rights reserved worldwide."
}}</ref> which was capable of giving the user a complete graphical interface, featuring rich graphics, changeable fonts, mouse-controlled actions, animations and sound.<ref name=Skyline>{{Cite web
 | title = An Overview of BBS Programs
 | url = http://www.bbsdocumentary.com/software/expanded.html
 | publisher=[[Jason Scott Sadofsky|Jason Scott]]
 | author=Scott Lee 
 | quote="Skyline BBS, for the Amiga, was originally marketed under the name 'Atredes BBS'. ... It was, BTW, cool software which allowed for plain text, ANSI graphics, as well as a proprietary graphical point and click 'SkyPix' UI using special terminal software ('SkyTerm')."
 | accessdate = 5 December 2017}}</ref>

Today{{when|date=September 2024}}, most BBS software that is still actively supported, such as Worldgroup, [[Wildcat! BBS]] and [[Citadel/UX]], is Web-enabled, and the traditional text interface has been replaced (or operates concurrently) with a Web-based user interface. For those more nostalgic for the true BBS experience, one can use NetSerial (Windows) or [[DOSBox]] (Windows/*nix) to redirect DOS COM port software to telnet, allowing them to connect to Telnet BBSes using 1980s and 1990s era modem [[terminal emulator|terminal emulation]] software, like [[Telix]], [[Terminate (software)|Terminate]], [[Qmodem]] and [[Procomm Plus]]. Modern 32-bit terminal emulators such as mTelnet and [[Synchronet#SyncTerm|SyncTerm]] include native telnet support.

== Content and access ==
Since most early BBSes were run by computer hobbyists, content was largely technical, with user communities revolving around hardware and software discussions.

As the BBS phenomenon grew, so did the popularity of special interest boards. Bulletin Board Systems could be found for almost every hobby and interest. Popular interests included politics, religion, music, [[matchmaker.com|dating]], and [[alternative lifestyle]]s. Many system operators also adopted a [[Theme (computing)|theme]] in which they customized their entire BBS (welcome screens, prompts, menus, and so on) to reflect that theme. Common themes were based on [[fantasy]], or were intended to give the user the illusion of being somewhere else, such as in a [[sanatorium]], wizard's castle, or on a [[pirate ship]].

In the early days, the file download library consisted of files that the system operators obtained themselves from other BBSes and friends. Many BBSes inspected every file uploaded to their public file download library to ensure that the material did not violate copyright law. As time went on, [[shareware]] CD-ROMs were sold with up to thousands of files on each [[CD-ROM]]. Small BBSes copied each file individually to their hard drive. Some systems used a CD-ROM drive to make the files available. Advanced BBSes used Multiple CD-ROM disc changer units that switched 6 CD-ROM disks on demand for the caller(s). Large systems used all 26 DOS drive letters with multi-disk changers housing tens of thousands of copyright-free shareware or freeware files available to all callers. These BBSes were generally more family-friendly, avoiding the seedier side of BBSes. Access to these systems varied from single to multiple modem lines with some requiring little or no confirmed registration.

Some BBSes, called elite, [[Warez|WaReZ]], or pirate boards, were exclusively used for distributing [[copyright infringement of software|cracked software]], [[phreaking]] materials, and other questionable or unlawful content. These BBSes often had multiple modems and phone lines, allowing several users to upload and download files at once. Most elite BBSes used some form of new user verification, where new users would have to apply for membership and attempt to prove that they were not a law enforcement officer or a ''[[lamer]].'' The largest elite boards accepted users by invitation only. Elite boards also spawned their own subculture and gave rise to the [[slang]] known today as [[leet]]speak.

Another common type of board was the ''support BBS'' run by a manufacturer of computer products or software. These boards were dedicated to supporting users of the company's products with question and answer forums, news and updates, and downloads. Most of them were not a free call. Today, these services have moved to the Web.

Some general-purpose Bulletin Board Systems had special levels of access that were given to those who paid extra money, uploaded useful files or knew the system operator personally. These specialty and pay BBSes usually had something unique to offer their users, such as large file libraries, [[warez]], [[pornography]], [[chat room]]s or [[Internet]] access.

Pay BBSes such as The [[WELL (virtual community)|WELL]] and Echo NYC (now Internet forums rather than dial-up), [[ExecPC BBS|ExecPC]], PsudNetwork and [[MindVox]] (which folded in 1996) were admired for their close, friendly communities and quality discussion forums. However, many free BBSes also maintained close communities, and some even had annual or bi-annual events where users would travel great distances to meet face-to-face with their on-line friends. These events were especially popular with BBSes that offered [[chat room]]s.

Some of the BBSes that provided access to illegal content faced opposition. On July 12, 1985, in conjunction with a [[credit card fraud]] investigation, the [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]] Sheriff's department raided and seized The Private Sector BBS, which was the official BBS for [[grey hat]] hacker quarterly [[2600 Magazine]] at the time.<ref name=Psector>[http://thegreatgeekmanual.com/blog/this-day-in-geek-history-july-12 This Day in Geek History: July12], ''thegreatgeekmanual.com'', retrieved March 26, 2009</ref> The notorious [[Rusty n Edie's BBS]], in [[Boardman, Ohio]], was raided by the FBI in January 1993 for trading unlicensed software, and later sued by [[Playboy]] for copyright infringement in November 1997. In [[Flint, Michigan]], a 21-year-old man was charged with distributing [[child pornography]] through his BBS in March 1996.<ref name="flintj">{{cite news|title=Man Says Kiddie Porno Made Computer Site Popular|newspaper=[[The Flint Journal]]|date=1996-03-20|author=Doran, Tim}}</ref>

==Networks==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}
Most early BBSes operated as individual systems. Information contained on that BBS never left the system, and users would only interact with the information and user community on that BBS alone. However, as BBSes became more widespread, there evolved a desire to connect systems together to share messages and files with distant systems and users. The largest such network was [[FidoNet]].

As is it was prohibitively expensive for the hobbyist system operator to have a dedicated connection to another system, FidoNet was developed as a [[store and forward]] network. Private email (Netmail), public message boards (Echomail) and eventually even file attachments on a FidoNet-capable BBS would be bundled into one or more archive files over a set time interval. These archive files were then compressed with [[ARC (file format)|ARC]] or [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]] and forwarded to (or polled by) another nearby node or hub via a dialup [[Xmodem]] session. Messages would be relayed around various FidoNet hubs until they were eventually delivered to their destination. The hierarchy of FidoNet BBS nodes, hubs, and zones was maintained in a routing table called a Nodelist. Some larger BBSes or regional FidoNet hubs would make several transfers per day, some even to multiple nodes or hubs, and as such, transfers usually occurred at night or in the early morning when toll rates were lowest. In Fido's heyday, sending a Netmail message to a user on a distant FidoNet node, or participating in an Echomail discussion could take days, especially if any FidoNet nodes or hubs in the message's route only made one transfer call per day.

FidoNet was platform-independent and would work with any BBS that was written to use it. BBSes that did not have integrated FidoNet capability could usually add it using an external FidoNet [[front end processor (program)|front-end]] mailer such as SEAdog, [[FrontDoor]], BinkleyTerm, InterMail or D'Bridge, and a mail processor such as [[FastEcho]] or [[Squish (FidoNet)|Squish]]. The front-end mailer would conduct the periodic FidoNet transfers, while the mail processor would usually run just before and just after the mailer ran. This program would scan for and pack up new outgoing messages, and then unpack, sort and "toss" the incoming messages into a BBS user's local email box or into the BBS's local message bases reserved for Echomail. As such, these mail processors were commonly called "scanner/tosser/packers".

Many other BBS networks followed the example of FidoNet, using the same standards and the same software. These were called FidoNet Technology Networks (FTNs). They were usually smaller and targeted at selected audiences. Some networks used [[QWK (file format)|QWK]] doors, and others such as [[RelayNet]] (RIME) and [[WWIVnet]] used non-Fido software and standards.

Before commercial Internet access became common, these [[computer network|networks]] of BBSes provided regional and international [[e-mail]] and message bases. Some even provided [[Gateway (computer networking)|gateways]], such as UFGATE, by which members could send and receive e-mail to and from the [[Internet]] via [[UUCP]], and many FidoNet discussion groups were shared via gateway to [[Usenet]]. Elaborate schemes allowed users to download binary files, search [[Gopher (protocol)|gopherspace]], and interact with distant [[Computer program|programs]], all using plain-text e-mail.

As the volume of FidoNet Mail increased and newsgroups from the early days of the Internet became available, satellite data downstream services became viable for larger systems. The satellite service provided access to FidoNet and Usenet newsgroups in large volumes at a reasonable fee. By connecting a small dish and receiver, a constant downstream of thousands of FidoNet and Usenet newsgroups could be received. The local BBS only needed to upload new outgoing messages via the modem network back to the satellite service. This method drastically reduced phone data transfers while dramatically increasing the number of message forums.

FidoNet is still in use today, though in a much smaller form, and many Echomail groups are still shared with Usenet via FidoNet to Usenet gateways. Widespread abuse of Usenet with [[spam (electronic)|spam]] and [[pornography]] has led to many of these FidoNet gateways to cease operation completely.

==Shareware and freeware==
{{Main|Shareware}}
Much of the [[shareware]] movement was started via user distribution of software through BBSes. A notable example was [[Phil Katz]]'s PKARC (and later [[PKZIP]], using the same ".zip" [[algorithm]] that [[WinZip]] and other popular archivers now use); also other concepts of software distribution like [[freeware]], [[postcardware]] like [[JPEGview]] and [[donationware]] like Red Ryder for the Macintosh first appeared on BBS sites. [[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]] from [[id Software]] and nearly all [[3D Realms|Apogee Software]] games were distributed as shareware. The Internet has largely erased the distinction of shareware{{Snd}}most users now download the software directly from the developer's website rather than receiving it from another BBS user "sharing" it. Today, shareware often refers to electronically distributed software from a small developer.

Many commercial BBS software companies that continue to support their old BBS software products switched to the shareware model or made it entirely free. Some companies were able to make the move to the Internet and provide commercial products with BBS capabilities.

==Features==
A classic BBS had:
* A [[computer]]
* One or more [[modem]]s
* One or more phone lines, with more allowing for increased concurrent users
* A [[List of BBS software|BBS software package]]
* A [[sysop]] – system operator
* A user community

The BBS software usually provides:{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* Menu systems
* One or more [[Message board|message base]]s
* Uploading and downloading of message packets in [[QWK (file format)|QWK]] format using [[XMODEM]], [[YMODEM]] or [[ZMODEM]]
* File areas
* Live viewing of all caller activity by the system operator 
* Voting – opinion booths
* Statistics on message posters, top uploaders / downloaders
* [[Online game]]s (usually single [[Player (game)|player]] or only a single active player at a given time)
* A [[BBS door|doorway]] to third-party online games
* Usage auditing capabilities
* Multi-user chat (only possible on multi-line BBSes)
* Internet email (more common in later Internet-connected BBSes)
* Networked message boards
* Most modern BBSes allow [[telnet]] access over the Internet using a telnet server and a virtual [[FOSSIL]] driver.
* A "yell for SysOp" page caller side menu item that sounded an audible alarm to the system operator. If chosen, the system operator could then initiate a text-to-text chat with the caller.
* Primitive social networking features, such as leaving messages on a user's profile

==See also==
{{Portal|Internet}}
{{colbegin}}
* {{annotated link|ANSI art}}
* {{annotated link|Free-net}}
* {{annotated link|Imageboard}}
* {{annotated link|Internet forum}}
* {{annotated link|Internet Relay Chat}}
* {{annotated link|List of BBS software}}
* {{annotated link|List of bulletin board systems}}
* {{annotated link|Minitel}}
* {{annotated link|Online magazine}}
* {{annotated link|PODSnet}}
* {{annotated link|Shell account}}
* {{annotated link|Terminal emulator}}
* {{annotated link|Textboard}}
* {{annotated link|User-generated content}}
* {{annotated link|Usenet}}
{{Colend}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cane |first=Mike |year=1986 |title=The Computer Phone Book |publisher=New American Library }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gross |first1=Larry P. |last2=Woods |first2=James D. |last3=Woods |first3=Professor James D. |year=1999 |title=The Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics |isbn=0-231-10446-4 |publisher=Columbia University Press }}
* {{Cite book |last=Haas |first=Lou |year=1984 |title=Going On-Line with Your Micro |publisher=Tab Books |isbn=0-8306-0746-3 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Steve |year=2003 |title=Encyclopedia of New Media: An Essential Reference to Communication and Technology |isbn=0-7619-2382-9 |publisher=SAGE Publications |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofne2003unse }}
* {{Cite book |last=Pippen |first=Patrick |date=July 2004 |title=Beam Me Up Scottie |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=1-4116-0987-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rathbone |first=Tina |year=1993 |title=Modems for Dummies |publisher=IDG Books |isbn=1-56884-001-2}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Veith |first1=Gene Edward Jr. |last2=Stamper |first2=Christopher L. |year=2000 |title=Christians in a .Com World: Getting Connected Without Being Consumed |url=https://archive.org/details/christiansincomw0000veit |url-access=registration |publisher=Crossway |isbn=1-58134-218-7 }}
* {{Citation |title=Compute! |url=https://archive.org/details/compute-magazine?sort=-date |publisher=Compute! Publications |date=October 1989 – September 1994}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q210499|c=category:Bulletin board systems|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|s=no|q=no}}
* [http://www.bbscorner.com/ The BBS Corner]
* [http://www.bbsdocumentary.com/ The BBS Documentary] – [https://archive.org/details/bbs_documentary/ (Video Collection)]
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130117194731/http://bbsmates.com/ BBSmates community and resource site]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130521201350/http://bbsmates.com/ archive from 2013]}})
* [https://telnetbbsguide.com/ The Telnet BBS Guide] (BBSes available via the Internet)
* [http://textfiles.com/ Textfiles.com]&nbsp;– Collection of historical BBS documents, files and history
* [http://thebbs.org/ The BBS organization (longest running bbs services site)]
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/11/the-lost-civilization-of-dial-up-bulletin-board-systems/506465/ The Lost Civilization of Dial-Up Bulletin Board Systems (The Atlantic, 2016)]
* [https://color64.com/ Color64 - official project website]
* [https://theoasisbbs.com/color-64-bbs/ Color64 documentation - OasisBBS]
{{BBS|state=expanded}}
{{Computer-mediated communication}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:Bulletin board systems| ]]
[[Category:Online chat]]
[[Category:Pre–World Wide Web online services]]
[[Category:Internet forums]]
[[Category:Computer-mediated communication]]
[[Category:Telephony]]
[[Category:Telnet]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1978]]