View source for Buildings and architecture of Bristol

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{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
[[File:St Mary Redcliffe (600px).jpg|thumb|upright|[[St. Mary Redcliffe]] from the northwest]]
[[Bristol]], the largest city in [[South West England]], has an [[Eclecticism in architecture|eclectic]] combination of [[architectural style]]s, ranging from the [[Medieval architecture|medieval]] to 20th century [[Brutalist architecture|brutalism]] and beyond. During the mid-19th century, [[Bristol Byzantine]], an architectural style unique to the city, was developed, and several examples have survived.

Buildings from most of the [[architecture of the United Kingdom|architectural periods]] of the United Kingdom can be seen throughout Bristol. Parts of the fortified city and castle date back to the [[medieval era]], as do some churches dating from the 12th century onwards. Outside the historical city centre there are several large [[Tudor period|Tudor]] mansions built for wealthy merchants. [[Almshouses]] and [[public houses]] of the same period survive, intermingled with areas of more recent development. Several [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-era squares were laid out for the enjoyment of the middle class. As the city grew, it [[Conurbation|merged]] with its surrounding villages, each with its own character and centre, often clustered around a [[parish church]].

The construction of the city's [[Floating Harbour]], taking in the wharves on the [[River Avon, Bristol|River Avon]] and [[River Frome, Bristol|Frome]], provided a focus for industrial development and the growth of the local transport infrastructure. Key elements of which include the [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]] designed [[Clifton Suspension Bridge]] and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Temple Meads terminus]]; the latter served from 2002 to 2009 as the [[British Empire and Commonwealth Museum]], but is now closed.<ref name="1hfQB" />

The 20th century saw further expansion of the city, the growth of the [[University of Bristol]] and the arrival of the aircraft industry. During World War II, the [[Bristol city centre|city centre]] was extensively bombed in the [[Bristol Blitz]]. The redevelopment of shopping centres, office buildings, and the harbourside continues to this day.

==Medieval (11th&nbsp;– 14th century)==
[[File:Stjohnbristol.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Church of St John the Baptist, Bristol|Church of St John the Baptist]] with the tower over the city gateway.]]

===Defensive===
The city was defended in medieval times by [[Bristol Castle]], a [[Norman architecture|Norman]] fortification built on the site of a wooden predecessor. The castle played a key role in the civil wars that followed the death of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]. [[Stephen of England|Stephen of Blois]] reconnoitred Bristol in 1138 and claimed that the town was impregnable.<ref name="Zn4OW" /> After Stephen's capture, in 1141, he was imprisoned in the castle.<ref name="PbeMI" /> The castle was later taken into royal hands,<ref name="Bdkpu" /> and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] spent lavishly on it, adding a [[barbican]] before the main west gate, a gate tower, and a magnificent hall.<ref name="bmXTu" /> By the 16th century, the castle had fallen into disuse, but the city authorities had no control over royal property, and so the castle became a refuge for lawbreakers. In 1630, the city purchased the castle; [[Oliver Cromwell]] ordered its destruction in 1656.<ref name="7O2vM" /> An area outside the castle, known as [[Old Market, Bristol|Old Market]], was used as a mustering point for troops. It later became a market for the country people to set up stalls and sell their wares. Old Market was also the site of an autumn fair.<ref name="K9Fpp" /> The market may have existed as early as the 12th century, and was the site of the first suburb outside the city walls. It had side roads which could accommodate the traffic on market days.<ref name="dbrown" />

The city had extensive walls built by [[Geoffrey de Montbray|Geoffrey de Montbray, Bishop of Coutances]]. These have now largely disappeared, although parts remain on properties in [[King Street, Bristol|King Street]]. A gateway in the old wall can now be seen under the tower of the [[Church of St John the Baptist, Bristol|Church of St John the Baptist]].<ref name="burrough" />

===Religious===
The earliest surviving church in Bristol is [[St James' Priory, Bristol|St James' Priory]]<ref name="4goL7" /> in Horsefair, Whitson Street. It was founded in 1129, as a [[Benedictine]] priory, by [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester|Robert Rufus]]. The 12th century also saw the founding of [[All Saints, Bristol|All Saints]]<ref name="gx1nn" /> and [[St Philip and Jacob, Bristol|St Philip and Jacob]]<ref name="metIQ" /> churches.<ref name="burrough" /> [[Temple Church, Bristol|Temple Church]], now in ruins, was built on the site of the oval church of the [[Knights Templar]], a Christian military order forcibly disbanded in 1312. Either just before or just after the disappearance of the Templars, the church was rebuilt on a rectangular plan and served as a parish church.<ref name="m2i8b" />

[[Bristol Cathedral]]<ref name="BtD4G" /><ref name="QHaWo" /> was founded as St Augustine's Abbey in 1140 by [[Robert Fitzharding]], along with its associated [[Bristol Cathedral Choir School|school]], with the building works continuing in the Gothic style until about 1420. [[St Mark's Church, Bristol|St Mark's Church]] was built around 1220.<ref name="9LVFp" /> Soon after, the foundations were laid for [[Holy Trinity Church, Westbury on Trym|Holy Trinity Church]] in [[Westbury on Trym]].<ref name="spQt9" /> The 12th century also saw the foundation of [[St Mary Redcliffe]],<ref name="YWTSX" /> renowned as one of the finest examples of the 15th century [[English Gothic architecture|Perpendicular style]], and the tallest building in the city. [[Elizabeth I]], on a visit to the city in 1574, described it as the "fairest, goodliest and most famous parish church in England".<ref name="KHEMI" /> These 12th century churches were followed in the 14th century by the construction of Church of St John the Baptist<ref name="5fxNl" /> and [[St Stephen's Church, Bristol|St Stephen's Church]].<ref name="dKI0g" />

Westbury College was a 13th-century College of Priests located in [[Westbury on Trym, Bristol|Westbury-on-Trym]]. A [[Westbury College Gatehouse|gatehouse]], now a [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] property,<ref name="gKblZ" /> was added in the 15th century.

==Tudor (15th&nbsp;– early 17th century)==
[[File:Red Lodge Museum, Bristol (2).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Red Lodge Museum, Bristol|Red Lodge]].]]
The [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor]] architectural period, which lasted from the late 15th century into the early 17th century, saw the development of large estates such as [[Ashton Court]].<ref name="aRK95" /> They were built for the local merchants, who gained much of their wealth from the trade passing through [[Bristol Harbour]]. [[Red Lodge Museum, Bristol|Red Lodge]] was constructed in 1580 for John Yonge as the lodge for a great house that once stood on the site of the present [[Bristol Beacon]].<ref name="GpvHW" /> In 1615, a number of houses were demolished for the development of the new Fishmarket.<ref name="Hovel_Tower" />

During the [[English Civil War]], the [[Royal Fort]] was considered the strongest part of Bristol's defences, and it was to the fort that the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] retreated when they found themselves under siege from the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]]. It fell to the parliamentary forces in 1645 and was subsequently demolished.<ref name="Fort_Steps" /> [[St Nicholas's Almshouses]] were built in 1652<ref name="OhCii" /> to provide care for the poor. Several public houses were also built in this period, including the [[Llandoger Trow]]<ref name="FsEEu" /> on King Street and the [[Hatchet Inn, Bristol|Hatchet Inn]].<ref name="B8e4H" /> More churches were built, including [[St Michael on the Mount Without]].<ref name="FGRNW" /> It served the St Michaels hill area, one of the first areas outside the city walls to be colonised by the wealthy merchants who were by then trying to escape the overcrowded and unhealthy conditions in the city centre.<ref name="dbrown" /> The city was by this time beginning to expand rapidly beyond its traditional city walls, and the surrounding villages were starting to become suburbs, such as the villages of [[Horfield]] and [[Brislington]]. Both had their own churches, the [[Church of the Holy Trinity with St Edmund]]<ref name="YtHX1" /> and [[St Luke's Church, Brislington|St Lukes]]<ref name="TZLTg" /> respectively.

==Stuart (1666–1713)==
[[File:Kings Weston House crop.jpg|thumb|[[Kings Weston House]].]]
The [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] or [[English Baroque]] period (1666–1713) saw more expansion of the city. Large mansions such as [[Kings Weston House]]<ref name="CDsAc" /> and [[Goldney Hall]]<ref name="Goldney_House" /> were constructed. The needs of the poor and destitute became the responsibility of institutions such as [[Colstons Almshouses|Colstons]]<ref name="ryibZ" /> and the [[Merchant Venturers Almshouses]].<ref name="N7Hi4" /> The [[King Street, Bristol|King Street]] area was developed outside the "Back Street Gate" of the city, home to the [[King William and Naval Volunteer Public Houses]].<ref name="ephtI" /> The nearby [[Queen Square, Bristol|Queen Square]] was planned during this era. In 1669, a series of four flights of steps, now called [[Christmas Steps (road)|Christmas Steps]], was constructed to replace a steep, muddy, and narrow street formerly known as Queene Street.<ref name="JPIaK" /><ref name="T7amB" /> Many of the larger houses of this period, including Queen Square, were built for merchant families who were heavily involved in the [[History of slavery|slave triangle]], importing goods from slave plantations. A few African and [[Creole peoples|creole]] (American/Caribbean-born) slaves came to Bristol as servants.<ref name="YjMMh" />

==Georgian (18th to 19th century)==
[[File:The Exchange Bristol at Dusk.JPG|thumb|left|[[The Exchange, Bristol|The Exchange]].]]

In 1732, John Strachan built Redland Court for [[John Cossins]]. It now forms one of the buildings making up [[Redland High School for Girls]].<ref name="2c05a" /> In 1760, the [[Bristol Bridge]] Act was carried through parliament by the Bristol MP [[Jarrit Smyth|Sir Jarrit Smyth]].<ref name="Bantock" /> That led to the demolition of St Nicholas's Gate, along with the original St Nicholas church, part of the Old Shambles, and thirty houses that stood on the old bridge.<ref name="Hovel_Tower" /> The original bridge was a medieval wooden structure, lined with houses on both sides.<ref name="dbrown" /> A 17th-century illustration shows that these were five stories high, including the attic rooms, and that they overhung the river much as Tudor houses would overhang the street.<ref name="Lynch" /> At the time of the [[English Civil War|Civil War]] the bridge was noted for its community of [[goldsmith]]s, who may have been attracted by the unusually secure premises.<ref name="Lynch" /> The current [[St Nicholas, Bristol|St Nicholas]] church was rebuilt in 1762–9 by James Bridges and Thomas Paty, who rebuilt the spire. Part of the old church and town wall survives in the 14th century crypt.<ref name="6XsM8" />

[[File:Arnosarch.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Arno's Court Triumphal Arch]].]]
The 1766 Theatre Royal, which claims to be the oldest continually operating theatre in England, joined with the Coopers' Hall, from 1744 and designed by architect [[William Halfpenny]], to form the [[Bristol Old Vic]].<ref name="q48jW" /><ref name="1LyNi" /><ref name="5SSER" />

During the period of [[Georgian architecture]] (about 1720–1840) the main architects and builders working in Bristol were [[James Bridges (architect)|James Bridges]], John Wallis, and [[Thomas Paty]] with his sons John and [[William Paty]].<ref name="burrough" /> They put up hundreds of new buildings, reflecting the increased prosperity that came with the new [[Floating Harbour]] and trade based at [[The Exchange, Bristol|The Exchange]], built in 1741–43 by [[John Wood the Elder]].<ref name="S46g4" /><ref name="Leech" /><ref name="vvmkw" /> Their early work included the Royal Fort,<ref name="Fort_Steps" /> [[Blaise Castle]] House<ref name="X8DZW" /> and [[Arno's Court]] estate, with the associated [[Arno's Court Triumphal Arch]]<ref name="HA5Ui" /> and [[Black Castle Public House]].<ref name="pKQZp" /> More modest terraces and squares grew up in the new suburbs such as [[Hotwells]]<ref name="dbrown" /> and north into [[Clifton, Bristol|Clifton]], including 7 Great George Street, now the [[Georgian House, Bristol|Georgian House Museum]].<ref name="yKdtb" /> It was built around 1790 for [[John Pinney]] a successful sugar merchant, and is believed to be the house where the poets [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] first met.<ref name="AQKkk" /> It was also home to Pinney's slave, Pero, after whom [[Pero's Bridge]] at Bristol Harbour is named.<ref name="0aPnT" />

In addition to evidence of the wealth brought by the slave trade there are several significant links to the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionists]]. Bristol's [[Hannah More]] was an influential member of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the African Slave Trade. In the [[Seven Stars Public House, Bristol|Seven Stars Public House]] [[Thomas Clarkson]] collected evidence for [[William Wilberforce]] on the cruelty of the trade in humans. Bristol Cathedral contains several memorials to people active in the abolition cause, including a bust of [[Robert Southey]].<ref name="AQmwG" /> [[John Wesley]] opposed the trade in humans and in 1774 his sermon at the [[New Room, Bristol|New Room]] against slavery was disturbed by explosion. Several plays adopted by the abolitionists were performed at the Bristol Old Vic, including ''[[Oroonoko]]'', the story of an enslaved African and ''[[The Padlock]]'', which was praised by Clarkson for its importance to the abolition cause.<ref name="RO8DY" />

Several residential squares with terraces of three-storey houses were laid out around central gardens. An example is [[Portland Square, Bristol|Portland Square]], which was built between 1789 and 1820, and is now largely occupied by offices. In the 1830s, much of Queen Square was rebuilt following damage caused during the [[Bristol Riots]],<ref name="ygkwR" /> and to the north of the city, Kings Square. The most fashionable areas were at the top of the hill, as in wet weather the [[cesspit]]s overflowed down the hill.<ref name="dbrown" /> Further development, though in a less formal manner, continued along the radial roads to [[Stokes Croft]] and Cheltenham, towards Horfield and in the [[St Philips Marsh|St Phillips]], [[Redcliffe, Bristol|Redcliffe]] and [[Bedminster, Bristol|Bedminster]] areas.<ref name="dbrown" />

Religious needs in the expanding city were met for several denominations with [[Redland Chapel]]<ref name="VgF0Y" /> and other [[Church of England]] buildings appearing, including [[Christ Church with St Ewen|Christ Church]]<ref name="TXFmB" /> and [[St Werburghs, Bristol|St Werburghs]]. [[Whitefield's Tabernacle, Kingswood]] was the first [[Methodist]] chapel<ref name="8YuL3" /> and a Quaker meeting house known as [[Quakers Friars]] was built in 1749.<ref name="0f9dG" />

===Regency (early 19th century)===
[[File:Victoria Rooms (750px).jpg|thumb|[[The Victoria Rooms]].]]
The term [[Regency architecture]] refers primarily to buildings of the early 19th century, when [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George&nbsp;IV]] was still [[prince regent]], and also to later buildings of the Victorian period which were designed in the same style. It follows closely on from the neo-classical Georgian style of architecture, adding an elegance and lightness of touch. Many buildings in the Regency style have a white painted stucco facade and an entryway to the main front door—usually coloured black—framed by two columns. Regency houses were typically built as terraces or crescents, often in a setting of trees and shrubs.<ref name="dbrown" /> Elegant wrought iron balconies and bow windows were also fashionable. An instigator of this style was [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]], whose most notable work in Bristol is [[Blaise Hamlet]], a complex of small cottages surrounding a green. It was built around 1811, for the retired employees of [[Quaker]] banker and [[philanthropy|philanthropist]] [[John Scandrett Harford]], who owned Blaise Castle House. The cottages are now owned by the National Trust.<ref name="gG86h" />

The Clifton and [[Cotham, Bristol|Cotham]] areas provide examples of the developments from the Georgian to the Regency style, with many fine terraces and villas facing the road, and at right angles to it. In the early 19th century, the romantic [[medieval]] [[Gothic revival|gothic]] style appeared, partially as a backlash to the [[symmetry]] of [[Palladianism]], and can be seen in buildings such as [[Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery]],<ref name="hgjea" /> [[Royal West of England Academy]],<ref name="wSmsX" /> and [[The Victoria Rooms]].<ref name="Victoria_Rooms" /> [[St Mary on the Quay]] church was built between 1839 and 1843, by [[Richard Shackleton Pope]], as a Catholic apostolic chapel for the [[Irvingite]] congregation: it is now a Roman Catholic church.<ref name="KZ9L4" />

==Victorian (late 19th century)==
[[File:Merchanthall.JPG|thumb|[[Merchant Hall]], [[Clifton Down]].]]
The [[Victorian era]] saw further expansion of the city, both in its industrial heartland around the docks and in the suburbs, particularly in Clifton.

Palatial squares were developed for the prosperous middle classes. [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] and [[Greek Revival architecture|Grecian]] villas, made with [[Bath Stone]] and sitting in their own gardens, were built in areas such as [[Clifton Down]]. At the same time, hundreds of acres of working class and artisan homes were built, especially in the south and east of the city.<ref name="dbrown" /> To support the growing population, public service buildings such as the Beaufort Hospital (now [[Glenside, Bristol|Glenside]]), schools such as [[Clifton College]] and public houses such as the [[Mauretania Public House]] were constructed.<ref name="nR4VP" />

Between 1849 and 1870, five large stone buildings were erected by [[George Müller]] to care for 2,050 orphans in his [[New Orphan Houses, Ashley Down, Bristol|Ashley Down orphanage]].<ref name="brBHc" />

[[Cabot Tower (Bristol)|Cabot Tower]] is situated in a public park on Brandon Hill. It was built in 1897 by [[William Venn Gough]] in memory of [[John Cabot]], 400&nbsp;years after he set sail from Bristol and landed on what is now [[Canada]].<ref name="toMqO" />

===Industrial===
[[File:uk bristol granary.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|The [[Bristol Byzantine|Byzantine style Granary]].]]
A notable feature of Bristol's architecture is the [[Bristol Byzantine]] style.<ref name="knQxW" /> Characterised by complicated polychrome brick and decorative arches, this style was used in the construction of factories, warehouses and municipal buildings built in the Victorian era. Surviving examples include the Colston Hall,<ref name="Fhhyh" /> the [[Granary, Bristol|Granary on Welsh Back]], and the [[Carriage Works, Bristol|Gloucester Road Carriage Works]],<ref name="6uGFr" /> along with some of the buildings around Victoria Street. Several of the warehouses around the harbour have also survived, including the [[Bush House, Bristol|Bush House]], which now houses an art gallery.<ref name="AhGV2" /> [[Clarks Wood Company warehouse]],<ref name="pAbdE" /> the [[St Vincent's Works]]<ref name="hTOTM" /> in Silverthorne Lane, and the [[Wool Hall, Bristol|Wool Hall]]<ref name="SwYnJ" /> in St Thomas Street, are other survivors from the 19th century.

[[File:Clifton.bridge.longview.750pix.jpg|thumb|[[Clifton Suspension Bridge]].]]
The local [[Sandstone|Pennant sandstone]] is frequently used as walling material, often with limestone dressings, as found on the old [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Temple Meads railway station]]<ref name="lbPO9" /> and [[Clifton Down railway station]].<ref name="8GxWd" /> Pennant sandstone is also used as large rock-faced squared blocks, described as ''Pennant rubble'', which are used alone, eked out with plain brickwork, or incorporated into the more rugged examples of Bristol Byzantine. Much of the local transport infrastructure including the [[Clifton Suspension Bridge]] and the original Temple Meads railway station—now used as the [[British Empire and Commonwealth Museum]]—were designed or built by [[Isambard Kingdom Brunel]].<ref name="Lv5yw" />

In 1864, after over 100&nbsp;years of planning, the Clifton Suspension Bridge<ref name="33eho" /> over the [[Avon Gorge]] linked the city to the Ashton Court estate. However, development to the west of the [[River Avon, Bristol|River Avon]] remained limited.

[[Former Everard's Printing Works|Edward Everard's printing works]] with its detailed ceramic frontage was constructed in 1900.

==20th century==
[[File:Wills Memorial Building from road during day.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|[[Wills Memorial Building]].]]
In the early part of the 20th century further expansion took place in residential districts increasingly distant from the city centre. [[Bristol Hippodrome]] was designed by [[Frank Matcham]], and opened on 16 December 1912.<ref name="1LoQl" />

The [[Wills Memorial Building]] was commissioned in 1912 by [[George Alfred Wills]] and [[Henry Herbert Wills]], the magnates of the Bristol tobacco company [[W. D. & H. O. Wills]], in honour of their father, [[Henry Overton Wills III]], benefactor and first Chancellor of the [[University of Bristol]]. [[Sir George Oatley]] was chosen as architect and told to "build to last". He produced a design in the [[Perpendicular Period|Perpendicular Gothic]] style, to evoke the famous university buildings of [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]].<ref name="ouyOn" /><ref name="PgWhc" /><ref name="d6NHI" /> The university also took over several existing houses such as Royal Fort,<ref name="Fort_Steps" /> [[Victoria Rooms (Bristol)|Victoria Rooms]],<ref name="Victoria_Rooms" /> [[Clifton Hill House]],<ref name="1uwu3" /> Goldney Hall,<ref name="Goldney_House" /> [[Wills Hall]]<ref name="zwysP" /> and buildings on [[Berkeley Square, Bristol|Berkeley Square]],<ref name="sgmFC" /><ref name="TH98G" /><ref name="8U6in" /> [[Park Street, Bristol|Park Street]] and the surrounding areas. Oatley was also involved in the design or restoration of other buildings in Bristol in the early part of the 20th century, including the restoration of John Wesley's original Methodist chapel, the New Room.<ref name="CU2vR" /><ref name="tZi7C" />

The 1930s saw the construction of the [[Employment Exchange, Bristol|Employment Exchange]] and the planning of the new [[Council House, Bristol|Council House]], although this was not completed until 1956.<ref name="gg4tJ" /> As a centre of aircraft manufacturing, Bristol was a target for bombing during the [[Bristol Blitz]] of World War II.<ref name="sah59" /> Bristol's city centre was severely damaged, especially in November and December 1940, when the [[Broadmead]] area was flattened, and Hitler claimed to have destroyed the city.<ref name="X87qQ" /> The original central area, near the bridge and castle, is now a [[Castle Park, Bristol|park]] featuring two bombed-out churches and fragments of the castle. A third bombed church has been given a new lease of life as the St Nicholas' Church Museum. Slightly to the north, the [[Broadmead]] shopping centre was built over bomb-damaged areas. [[Clifton Cathedral]], to the north of the city centre, was built during the early 1970s.

[[File:The Bristol Hotel, from west.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|A modernist hotel and car park built dockside in 1966, while the docks were still in active use; now The Bristol Hotel.]]
Like much of British post-war development, the regeneration of [[Bristol city centre]] was characterised by Modernist architecture including Brutalist towers such as [[Castlemead]] - one of several notable examples of brutalist architecture<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thespoonsterspouts.com/observations/bristol-brutalism/|title=Bristol Brutalism - Best Brutalist Architecture in Bristol|date=2019-04-01|website=The Spoonster Spouts|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-25}}</ref> in the city, and improvement and expansion to road infrastructure. The world's oldest [[shot tower]] in Redcliffe was lost to road development in 1968, being replaced the following year by the [[Cheese Lane Shot Tower]] on a different site. Since the 1990s this trend has been reversing, limiting access with the closure of a number of main roads, whilst the Broadmead shopping centre has been further developed. In 2006, one of the city centre's tallest Mid-Century Modern towers was lost, with further historic 20th century structures being destroyed more recently. The transfer of the docks to [[Avonmouth]], <span style="white-space:nowrap">7&nbsp;miles&nbsp;(11&nbsp;km)</span> downstream from the city centre, relieved congestion in the centre of Bristol and allowed substantial redevelopment of the old central dock area (the Floating Harbour). The continued existence of the central docks was for some time in jeopardy, as they were seen to be remnants of a derelict industry instead of an asset to be developed for public use.

In 1958, [[Barton House, Bristol|Barton House]],Bristol's first tower block was built.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Booth |first=Martin |date=2023-11-15 |title=Hundreds of residents evacuated from Bristol's oldest tower block |url=https://www.bristol247.com/news-and-features/news/hundreds-residents-evacuated-bristol-oldest-tower-block/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Bristol24/7 |language=en}}</ref>

In the 1990s, a harbourside concert hall designed by architects [[Günter Behnisch|Behnisch & Partners]] was planned, but an [[Arts Council of Great Britain|Arts Council]] decision cut the funding and the project has not been revived.<ref name="aieRs" /> This has left [[We The Curious]] (formerly At-Bristol), which mixes art, science and nature, with its all-reflective planetarium, as the centrepiece of the Harbourside development.<ref name="JzH0m" />
{{Clear}}
{{wide image|Panorama of Bristol.jpg|1800px|Panorama over Bristol}}

==21st century==
[[File:CabotCircus.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Cabot Circus]] shopping centre, opened in 2008.]]
The [[Broadmead]] shopping centre was redeveloped in the early years of the century, involving the demolition of one of the city's tallest mid-century towers, [[Tollgate House]], in the construction of [[Cabot Circus]].<ref name="oegkO" /> The [[Former Bristol and West Building|former Bristol and West Tower]] was reworked into a glass skyscraper with glass panels in place of its concrete outer cladding. In 2005, the city council undertook extensive consultations about the future of tall buildings in Bristol, and identified support for new tall buildings so long as they are well designed, sustainable, distinctive and 'fit' into the existing urban landscape.<ref name="IV9Kj" />

In May 2007, proposals were announced to build approximately <span style="white-space:nowrap">753,000&nbsp;square feet&nbsp;(70,000&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>)</span> net of homes, offices, and business premises in the [[St Pauls, Bristol|St Pauls area]]. The development, if it had been approved, would have included a <span style="white-space:nowrap">600&nbsp;feet&nbsp;(183&nbsp;m)</span>, 40-storey tower next to the [[M32 motorway]], acting as a new entrance to the city. The tower would have been a similar shape to the [[30 St Mary Axe|Swiss Re "Gherkin" tower]] in London.<ref name="v8LFN" />

[[File:Finzels Reach.JPG|thumb|21st century development which incorporates the regeneration of historic brewery buildings along the floating harbour]]
Planning for the large [[Finzels Reach]] development across the [[Floating Harbour]] from Castle Park, including the old Georges Brewery buildings, was first granted in 2006 but progress was hampered by the recession and the developers went into receivership.<ref name="KsQhd" /> By 2015 the development is part complete with the historic waterfront facade still awaiting regeneration.<ref name="abnSd" />
Since 2013, Bristol has seen an increase in buildings being built or office blocks being converted for student accommodation. These include [[Froomsgate House, Bristol|Froomsgate House]], [[Greyfriars, Bristol (office block)|Greyfriars]], St. Lawrence House (a former office block) in Broad Street, the former Magistrates Court site and [[New Bridewell Tower]].<ref name="jovIO" />

In 2024, plans were approved to demolish the now closed Haymarket [[Premier Inn]] hotel, alongside the former [[Debenhams]] department store by [[The Bearpit, Bristol|the Bearpit]]. The new buildings will be mixed use developments including student accommodation, flats and co-living developments, and will be the two tallest buildings in Bristol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purvis |first=Richard |date=2024-03-08 |title=Landmark Bristol buildings to be knocked down for student housing |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0v348017qno |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-24 |title=Demolition of Bristol Debenhams for tower block approved |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-68891339 |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Demolition of the Premier Inn building began in September that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Driscoll |first=Alex |date=2024-09-13 |title=Demolition begins on city centre restaurant as major development planned |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/demolition-begins-bristol-city-centre-9549204 |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Bristol Live |language=en}}</ref>

==Tallest buildings==
{{Main|List of tallest buildings and structures in Bristol}}
A roster of the tallest buildings constructed in Bristol includes:<ref name="2j4ig" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Rank|| rowspan="2"|Building|| rowspan="2"|Area|| colspan="2"|Height|| rowspan="2"|Floors|| rowspan="2"|Built
|-
|m||ft
|-
|1
|[[Castle Park View]]
|[[Castle Park, Bristol|Castle Park]]
|98
|322
|26
|2019-2022
|-
|2||[[St Mary Redcliffe]]||[[Redcliffe, Bristol|Redcliffe]]||{{convert|89|m|ft|0|disp=table}} 
| ||Completed 15th century
|-
|3||[[Castlemead]]||[[Castle Park, Bristol|Castle Park]]||{{convert|80|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
|19||1973-1981
|-
|4||[[Wills Memorial Building]]||[[University of Bristol|UoB]], [[Clifton, Bristol|Clifton]]||{{convert|66|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
| ||1925
|-
|5||[[Christ Church, Clifton Down|Christ Church]]||[[Clifton, Bristol|Clifton]]||{{convert|65|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
| ||1885
|-
|6||[[Cabot Circus|Eclipse]]||[[Castle Park, Bristol|Castle Park]]||{{convert|65|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
|14||2008
|-
|7||[[Avon House, Bristol|Avon House]]||[[The Bearpit, Bristol|Bear Pit]]||{{convert|64|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
|18||1972
|-
|8||[[Beacon Tower]]||[[The Centre, Bristol|The Centre]]||{{convert|63|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
|18||1973
|-
|9||[[Froomsgate House, Bristol|Froomsgate House]]||[[Lewin's Mead]]||{{convert|63|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
|15||1971
|-
|10
|Clifton Heights
|[[Clifton, Bristol|The Triangle]]
|62
|
|14
|
|-
|11||[[Former Bristol and West Building]]||[[Marsh Street]]||{{convert|61|m|ft|0|disp=table}}
|17||1967
|}

==See also==
{{Commons|Bristol}}
* [[Churches in Bristol]]
* [[Grade I listed buildings in Bristol]]
* [[Grade II* listed buildings in Bristol]]
* [[Grade II listed buildings in Bristol]]
* [[History of Bristol]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
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<ref name="Fort_Steps">{{cite web|title=Royal Fort and attached front step railings |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1218262 |access-date=24 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
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<ref name="Bantock">Bantock, Anton (2004) ''Ashton Court'', {{ISBN|0-7524-3213-3}}, p. 29</ref>
<ref name="Lynch">{{Cite book|last=Lynch |first=John |title=For King & Parliament |year= 1999|publisher=Sutton Pub.|location= Stroud, Gloucestershire|isbn=0-7509-2021-1}}</ref>
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<ref name="Victoria_Rooms">{{cite web|title=Victoria Rooms and attached railings and gates |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202480 |access-date=23 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="1hfQB">{{cite web |url=http://www.empiremuseum.co.uk/ |title=Empire and Us |publisher=British Empire & Commonwealth Museum |access-date=2 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228112239/http://www.empiremuseum.co.uk/|archive-date=28 February 2011}}</ref>
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<ref name="K9Fpp">{{cite web | title=Old Market | work=About Bristol | url=https://www.about-bristol.co.uk/out-05.asp | access-date=21 May 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="4goL7">{{cite web|title=Church of St James |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282067 |access-date=25 October 2006 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="gx1nn">{{cite web|title=Church of All Saints |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282313 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="metIQ">{{cite web|title=Church of St Philip and St Jacob |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1218100 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="m2i8b">{{cite web|title=Temple Church |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291644 |access-date=28 July 2006 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="BtD4G">Joseph Bettey, ''St Augustine's Abbey, Bristol'' (Bristol Branch of the Historical Association 1996), pp.1, 5, 7.</ref>
<ref name="QHaWo">{{cite web|title=Cathedral Church of St Augustine, including Chapter House and cloisters |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202129 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="9LVFp">{{cite web|title=Church of St Mark, Lord Mayor's Chapel |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1355174 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="spQt9">{{cite web|title=Church of the Holy Trinity |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202080 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="YWTSX">{{cite web|title=Church of St Mary Redcliffe |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1218848 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="KHEMI">{{cite web|url=http://www.ivebeenthere.co.uk/places/united-kingdom/bristol/tips/architecture |title=Bristol / architecture |access-date=27 March 2007 |work=The Guardian|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928163321/http://www.ivebeenthere.co.uk/places/united-kingdom/bristol/tips/architecture|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="5fxNl">{{cite web|title=Church of St John the Baptist and St John's Gate |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202022 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="dKI0g">{{cite web|title=Church of St Stephen |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202558 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="gKblZ">{{cite web|title=Westbury College and College House |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1187175 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="aRK95">{{cite web|title=Ashton Court Mansion and Stables |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1129841 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="GpvHW">{{cite web|title=Red Lodge and attached rubble walls and entrance steps |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202417 |access-date=10 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="OhCii">{{cite web|title=St Nicholas' Almshouses, Nos.1–10 |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1209635 |access-date=21 February 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="FsEEu">{{cite web|title=Llandoger Trow |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202324 |access-date=22 February 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="B8e4H">{{cite web|title=No.1 The Palace Hotel |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1219436 |access-date=15 May 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="FGRNW">{{cite web|title=Church of St Michael and attached railings |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282109 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="YtHX1">{{cite web|title=Church of the Holy Trinity with St Edmund |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202667 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="TZLTg">{{cite web|title=Church of St Luke |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1205151 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="CDsAc">{{cite web|title=Kings Weston House |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1209729 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="ryibZ">{{cite web|title=Colstons Almshouses |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202546 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="N7Hi4">{{cite web|title=Merchant Venturers' Almshouses |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202333 |access-date=21 February 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="ephtI">{{cite web|title=King William and Naval Volunteer Public Houses |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1292605 |access-date=22 February 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="JPIaK">{{cite web|title=Christmas Steps |work=About Bristol |url=http://www.about-bristol.co.uk/out-02.asp |access-date=13 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726112722/http://www.about-bristol.co.uk/out-02.asp |archive-date=26 July 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="T7amB">{{cite web| title=history | work=Christmas Steps | url=http://www.christmassteps.co.uk/ | access-date=13 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206081535/http://www.christmassteps.co.uk/|archive-date=6 February 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="YjMMh">{{cite web|url=http://www.englandpast.net/education/docks1.html |title=The City Docks, Bristol...the slavery trail |access-date=4 September 2007 |work=History Footsteps from the Victoria County History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828105141/http://www.englandpast.net/education/docks1.html <!-- Added by H3llBot --> |archive-date=28 August 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="2c05a">{{cite web|title=Redland Court (Redland High School) |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291739 |access-date=13 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="6XsM8">{{cite web|title=City Museum, former Church of St Nicholas |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202553 |access-date=16 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="q48jW">{{cite web|title=The Theatre Royal |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1209703 |access-date=16 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="1LyNi">{{cite web|title=The Coopers' Hall |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282244 |access-date=16 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="5SSER">{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Patrick |title=Bristol in the Eighteenth Century |year=1972 |publisher=David & Charles PLC |isbn=0-7153-5726-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bristolineightee0000mcgr }}</ref>
<ref name="S46g4">{{Cite book|last=Haddon |first=John |title=Portrait of Avon |year=1981 |publisher=Robert Hale Ltd |location=London |isbn=0-7091-8361-5}}</ref>
<ref name="vvmkw">{{Cite book|last=Little |first=Bryan |title=The city and county of Bristol |year=1967 |publisher=SR Publishing |location=Wakefield |isbn=0-85409-512-8}}</ref>
<ref name="X8DZW">{{cite web|title=Blaise Castle House and attached wall |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1279500 |access-date=13 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="HA5Ui">{{cite web|title=Arno's Court Triumphal Arch |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203684 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="pKQZp">{{cite web|title=Black Castle Public House |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1292881 |access-date=16 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="yKdtb">{{cite web|title=The Georgian House, attached front area railings and rear garden walls |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202244 |access-date=14 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="AQKkk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bath-bristol.co.uk/Web/51235.htm#Georgian%20House |title= Georgian House |access-date=14 March 2007 |work=Homes and Gardens|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306103200/http://www.bath-bristol.co.uk/Web/51235.htm|archive-date=6 March 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="0aPnT">{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Museums-Galleries/bristols-georgian-house.en |title= Bristol's Georgian House |access-date=14 March 2007 |publisher=Bristol Museums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405224617/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/content/Leisure-Culture/Museums-Galleries/bristols-georgian-house.en|archive-date=5 April 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="AQmwG">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2007/03/16/abolition_walk_feature.shtml |title=In the footsteps of Bristol's abolitionists |access-date=17 October 2007 |publisher=BBC Bristol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017103839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2007/03/16/abolition_walk_feature.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="RO8DY">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2007/03/16/abolition_walk_feature.shtml |title=In the footsteps of Bristol's abolitionists |access-date=4 September 2007 |publisher=BBC Bristol |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017103839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2007/03/16/abolition_walk_feature.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="ygkwR">{{cite book|last1=Foyle|first1=Andrew|title=Bristol Pevsner Architectural Guides|date=2004|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0300104424|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bristol0000foyl}}</ref>
<ref name="VgF0Y">{{cite web|title=Redland Chapel |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1218876 |access-date=9 July 2006 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="TXFmB">{{cite web|title=Christ Church with St Ewen |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282367 |access-date=16 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="8YuL3">{{cite web|title=Whitfield's Tabernacle |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1116201 |access-date=13 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="0f9dG">{{cite web|title=Quaker meeting house, now registry office |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202463 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="gG86h">{{cite web|title=Blaise Hamlet |url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/blaise-hamlet |publisher=National Trust |access-date=21 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108004737/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/blaise-hamlet/ |archive-date= 8 November 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="hgjea">{{cite web|title=City Museum and Art Gallery and attached front walls |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202478 |access-date=10 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="wSmsX">{{cite web|title=Royal West of England Academy |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282156 |access-date=9 May 2006 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="KZ9L4">{{cite web|title=Church of St Mary-on-the-Quay |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1052289 |access-date=16 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="nR4VP">{{cite web|title=The Mauretania Public House |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1208102 |access-date=19 February 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="brBHc">{{cite web|title=Ashley George Muller's Orphanage|url=https://www.about-bristol.co.uk/ash-01.asp|publisher=About Bristol|access-date=10 September 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="toMqO">{{cite web|title=Cabot Tower |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202009 |access-date=13 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="knQxW">{{cite web| title=Bristol Byzantine | work=Looking at Buildings | url=http://www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk/default.asp?Document=3.C.1.6 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234936/http://www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk/default.asp?Document=3.C.1.6 | archive-date=27 September 2007 | access-date=18 May 2007}}</ref>
<ref name="Fhhyh">{{cite web|title=The Colston Hall |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202145 |access-date=13 March 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="6uGFr">{{cite web|title=No.104 The Carriage Works |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1025273 |access-date=2 May 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="AhGV2">{{cite web|title=Bush House |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282181 |access-date=18 August 2006 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="pAbdE">{{cite web|title=Clarks Wood Company warehouse |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202567 |access-date=15 May 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="hTOTM">{{cite web|title=St Vincent's Works and attached front area railings |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282118 |access-date=2 May 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="SwYnJ">{{cite web|title=No.12 The Wool Hall, including the Fleece and Firkin Public House |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1207794 |access-date=12 May 2007 |publisher=Historic England }}</ref>
<ref name="lbPO9">{{cite web|title=Temple Meads Station |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282106 |access-date=16 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="8GxWd">{{cite web|title=Clifton Down Station, Steam Tavern Public House and attached screen walls |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202700 |access-date=24 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="Lv5yw">{{cite web|title=Bristol Old Station, Temple Meads |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1209622 |access-date=13 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="33eho">{{cite web|title=Clifton Suspension Bridge |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1205734 |access-date=9 May 2006 }}</ref>
<ref name="1LoQl">{{cite web|title=The Hippodrome |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282137 |access-date=21 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="ouyOn">{{cite web|url=http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2003/257.html |title=New Chapter for the Wills Memorial Building |publisher=University of Bristol |access-date=21 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122051858/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2003/257.html |archive-date=22 November 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="PgWhc">{{cite web|url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/romanticstudies/events/willsbuilding.html|title=Wills Memorial Building|publisher=University of Bristol, Centre for Romantic Studies|access-date=18 March 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060627041332/http://www.bris.ac.uk/romanticstudies/events/willsbuilding.html| archive-date = 27 June 2006}}</ref>
<ref name="d6NHI">{{cite web|title=University Tower and Wills Memorial Building and attached front walls and lamps |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1218203 |access-date=13 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="1uwu3">{{cite web|title=Clifton Hill House and attached front walls |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1280480 |access-date=14 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="zwysP">{{cite web|title=Wills Hall |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1202430 |access-date=13 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="sgmFC">{{cite web|title=Nos.1–8 (Consecutive) and attached railings and gates |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1281359 |access-date=22 February 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="TH98G">{{cite web|title=Nos.11–19 (Consecutive) and attached railings |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1204128 |access-date=22 February 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="8U6in">{{cite web|title=Nos.20–30 (Consecutive) and attached railings and gates |work=historicengland.org.uk |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1282396 |access-date=22 February 2007 }}</ref>
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==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| last=Buchanon | first=R.A. |author2=Neil Cossons | year=1969 | title=Industrial Archaeology of the Bristol Region | publisher=David & Charles PLC | isbn=0-7153-4394-7 }}
* {{Cite book| last=Ison | first=Walter | year=1978 | title=The Georgian Buildings of Bristol | publisher=AvonAnglia | isbn=0-901571-88-1 }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Leech |first=Roger |year=2000 |title=The Topography of Medieval Bristol |journal=Bristol Record Society |volume=51 |pages=396–422 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Priest |first=Gordon |title=The Paty Family: Makers of Eighteenth-century Bristol |year=2003 |publisher=Redcliffe Press Ltd |isbn=1-900178-54-0 }}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Buildings And Architecture Of Bristol}}
[[Category:Architecture in the United Kingdom by city|Bristol]]
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[[Category:Architecture in England]]
[[Category:History of Bristol]]