View source for Bugchasing

{{Short description|Seeking HIV infection through sex}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|A [[scanning electron microscope]] image of human immunodeficiency virus (green) in and around a cultured [[lymphocyte]]|alt=Small green orbs of HIV around a pink and blue cell]]

'''''Bugchasing''''' (alternatively''''' bug chasing'''''{{sfn|Tomso|2004|p=88}}) is the rare practice of intentionally seeking [[human immunodeficiency virus]] (HIV) infection through [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]].{{sfnm|1a1=García-Iglesias |1y=2020b |1p=1232|2a1=Holt |2y=2010 |2p=473|3a1=Klein |3y=2014 |3p=54|4a1=Malkowski |4y=2014 |4p=211|5a1=Tewksbury |5y=2003 |5p=468}} 

Bugchasers—those who eroticize HIV—are a subculture of [[barebacking|barebackers]], men who have [[safe sex|unprotected]] sex with other men. It is statistically rare for men to self-identify as bugchasers, and many of those who do never participate in sexual acts that can lead to HIV infection. There are some explanations for the behavior and fantasies of bugchasing, ranging from sexual excitement at the idea of HIV-positive status, to finding a shared sense of community with other HIV-positive people, to [[Suicide|suicidality]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20460937 | jstor=20460937 | title=The Existence of a Bug Chasing Subculture | last1=Moskowitz | first1=David A. | last2=Roloff | first2=Michael E. | journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality | year=2007 | volume=9 | issue=4 | pages=347–357 | doi=10.1080/13691050600976296 | pmid=17612955 | s2cid=31893571 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

By 2003, the concept had entered the public consciousness after ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' published "[[Bug Chasers: The men who long to be HIV+]]", an article—since widely disputed for its statistical methods—describing the practice. It may have existed since the [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|AIDS crisis]] began. It has since been mentioned in or the focus of pieces of media and popular culture. {{As of|2021}}, bugchasing behavior still persists as a niche behavior, in spite of the widespread availability of effective [[Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention|PrEP]] and [[HAART]] treatments that protect against HIV transmission.

== Origins ==
The early development of bugchasing subculture is obscure; the practice may have existed from the start of the [[Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS|AIDS crisis]].{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2020b|p=1232}} As a subculture, bugchasing became notably more visible and cohesive with the adoption of [[computer network]]s in the 1990s.{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2020b|p=1232}} ''Newsweek'' reported on it in 1997{{sfn|Howard|Yamey|2003|p=454}} and ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' in 2003. The ''Rolling Stone'' article, "[[Bug Chasers: The men who long to be HIV+]]", written by Gregory Freeman, was the first to bring widespread concern and attention to the practice.{{sfnm
|1a1=Anderson|1y=2018|1p=32
|2a1=Malkowski|2y=2014|2p=213
}} That article claimed that around 25 percent of all new HIV infections in the United States (10,000 of 45,000) were linked to bugchasing activity.{{sfnm
|1a1=Anderson|1y=2018|1p=32
|2a1=Malkowski|2y=2014|2p=213
}}
Freeman's statistics erroneously counted all men who engaged in barebacking, regardless of motivation or attempts to seek out HIV infection, as bugchasers.{{sfn|Graydon|2007|p=280}} Authorities that Freeman cited have since claimed he fabricated their statements, and his data have been widely criticized.{{sfn|Weiss|2006|p=389}} In the estimation of sexuality studies scholar Octavio R. Gonzalez, Freeman's article was perhaps most responsible for bringing the term ''bugchasing'' to a mainstream audience,{{sfn|Gonzalez|2010|p=88}} and public interest in and understanding of the practice increased following Freeman's article.{{sfnm|1a1=Malkowski|1y=2014|1p=213|2a1=Romero-Palau|2a2=Cuenca-Martínez|2y=2021|2p=46}}

== Motivation and activity ==
Bugchasers are [[men who have sex with men]] (MSM){{efn-ua|While other groups are also disproportionately impacted by HIV, including trans women, {{harvnb|García-Iglesias|2022|p=38}}, writes: "I have found little to no evidence (even anecdotal) of trans people engaging in bugchasing, and there is also an absence of trans people from online narratives and discourses about bugchasing. This suggests that it is not objective HIV prevalence but rather the cultural background of HIV that determines the makeup of bugchasing."}} who eroticize HIV infection, particularly through engaging in online sexual fantasies of being infected with HIV, or who actually pursue infection with the virus.{{sfnm|1a1=Buys|1y=2010|1p=483|2a1=García-Iglesias|2y=2020b|2p=1232|3a1=García-Iglesias|3y=2021a|3p=2|4a1=García-Iglesias|4y=2021b|4p=154|5a1=García-Iglesias|5y=2022|5p=34|6a1=Grov|6y=2006|6pp=990–991}} Since little is understood about the practice in general, the motivations for developing bugchasing identity and behavior remain largely undefined.{{sfn|Medeiros|2016|p=67}} However, at least four motivations have been suggested.{{sfnm
|1a1=Carballo-Diéguez|1a2=Bauermeister|1y=2004|1p=5
|2a1=Gauthier|2a2=Forsyth|2y=1999|2pp=93–96
|3a1=Moskowitz|3a2=Roloff|3y=2007b|3pp=22–23<!-- |ps=: "Four explanations have been proffered for this phenomenon ... community ... 'sexual nirvana' ... psychological reactance effect ... and anti-infection 'propaganda' ... inevitable result"-->
|4a1=Romero-Palau|4a2=Cuenca-Martínez|4y=2021|4pp=47–48}}

{{Quote box|quote=Once the initial shock dissipated, he felt relieved, like he had been given a free pass to have consensual bareback sex without worry of being infected.|author=— Journalist Bobby Box on a bugchaser's reaction to HIV-positive diagnosis (2020){{sfn|Box|2020}} |align=right|width=30em}}
First, some men may become bugchasers as a result of fear of HIV infection, which had previously altered their sexual behavior, such as men abstaining from sex entirely, committing to one partner, or using [[safe sex|preventative measures]] such as [[condoms]].{{sfnm
|1a1=Ames|1a2=Atchinson|1a3=Rose|1y=1995|1p=70
|2a1=Gauthier|2a2=Forsyth|2y=1999|2p=93
}} In this way, bugchasers may view their actions as empowering, both sexually and personally;{{sfn|Bollas|2021|p=7}} the transformation of bugchasers from HIV-negative to HIV-positive status is understood by the group as masculinizing, which grants them additional status.{{sfnm
|1a1=Reynolds|1y=2007b|1p=263
|2a1=MacKinnon|2a2=Crompton|2y=2012|2pp=428–429}} Second, some men view HIV-positive status as erotic or sexually stimulating. It may be a subject of pleasure or the ultimate [[taboo]] to overcome.{{sfnm
|1a1=Dean|1y=2009|1p=48
|2a1=García-Iglesias|2y=2020b|2p=1237
|3a1=Gauthier|3a2=Forsyth|3y=1999|3p=94
|4a1=Jaspal|4a2=Bayley|4y=2020|4p=57
|5a1=Santiesteban Díaz|5a2=Orlando-Narváez|5a3=Ballester-Arnal|5y=2019|5p=1420
}}
Third, bugchasers may understand HIV-positive status (or its pursuit) as granting a shared identity and sense of community.{{sfnm
|1a1=Dean|1y=2008|1p=91
|2a1=Gauthier|2a2=Forsyth|2y=1999|2p=94
|3a1=Palm|3y=2019|3p=131
|4a1=Swan|4a2=Monico|4y=2014|4p=466
}}
And fourth, bugchasing has been described as a political device and action against [[social norm]]s (such as those tied to [[heteronormativity]]) through transgression of—or rebellion against—popular sentiments about gay life.{{sfnm
|1a1=Crossley|1y=2004|1p=235
|2a1=Gauthier|2a2=Forsyth|2y=1999|2p=94
|3a1=Hammond|3a2=Holmes|3a3=Mercier|3y=2016|3p=268
|4a1=Inhorn|4y=2020|4p=302
|5a1=Reynolds|5y=2007b|5p=259
|6a1=Tomso|6y=2004|6p=88
}} There is a fifth possible motivation—suicide{{sfn|Gauthier|Forsyth|1999|p=97}}—but this remains an unclear or imprecise explanation for bugchasing behavior.{{sfn|Tomso|2004|p=102}}

Bugchasing is a rare sexual taboo.{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2021a|p=5}}{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2022|p=61}} Many self-identified bugchasers do not deliberately seek out sex with HIV-positive people.{{sfnm
|1a1=García-Iglesias|1y=2021b|1p=156
|2a1=Moskowitz|2a2=Roloff|2y=2007a|2p=353
}} Many men who self-identify as bugchasers never attempt to become HIV-positive.{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2022|p=34}} 

The widespread availability of [[pre-exposure prophylaxis]] (PrEP), capable of preventing HIV infection in otherwise unprotected sexual encounters, has not resulted in the disappearance of bugchasing.{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2022|p=80}} Some men incorporate taking PrEP alongside bugchasing behavior, others experiment with bugchasing while on PrEP, and others view it as emasculating and refuse to use it.{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2022|pp=80, 84–85}}

== Group dynamics ==
While barebacking and bugchasing are both centered in risky sexual activity, they are distinct activities. Bugchasing is a subculture of barebacking, and intent is a distinguishing characteristic between bugchasers and barebackers: most barebackers do not intend to be infected (or infect others) with HIV, which is the apparent focus of bugchasing behavior.{{sfn|Moskowitz|Roloff|2007a|p=348<!--|ps=: "Bug chasers comprise a certifiably real subculture".-->}}

In the view of ethnologist Jamie García-Iglesias and researcher Tim Dean, bugchasers circulate several metaphors that distinguish their identity from other MSM communities: insemination, pregnancy, and paternity.{{sfnm
|1a1=Dean|1y=2008|1p=86
|2a1=García-Iglesias|2y=2020a|2p=229
|3a1=Klein|3y=2014|3p=56
|4a1=Reynolds|4y=2007a
}} According to Dean and the psychological researcher Hugh Klein, since HIV is able to spread and reproduce through the sexual activity belonging to bugchasing, its cultural dimensions—institutions, norms, practices, and forms of kinship that, taken together, form a community situated around HIV status—may be transmitted through viral infection, similar to cultural propagation through birth and paternity.{{sfnm
|1a1=Dean|1y=2008|1p=86
|2a1=Klein|2y=2014|2p=56}}

<!-- {{Quote box|quote=I don't pull out of his torn cunt until I'm sure my poison sperm is well into his bloodstream, invading his DNA to begin reproducing baby strains of death.|author=— Member of a bugchasing community{{sfn|Reynolds|2007b|p=259}} |align=right|width=30em}} -->
Similarly, bugchasing spaces may reinforce certain notions of masculinity. The sex researcher Ellie Reynolds writes that HIV-positive men who purposely seek out others to infect with HIV—known as giftgivers—are constructed as [[hypermasculine]] through a [[Sexual penetration|penetrative]] sexual role, while bugchasers are understood to lack masculinity: penetrated (rather than penetrating), having their rectums described with words relating to women such as "pussy" and "mancunt", they occupy a feminine role in the social order.{{sfn|Reynolds|2007b|p=262}} Whether giftgivers continue to exist is uncertain, given what García-Iglesias calls their "statistically rare" population and "biological implausib[ility] (on the basis of widespread successful treatment)".{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2022|p=103}}

== Media and culture ==
American filmmaker Louise Hogarth released a documentary, ''[[The Gift (2003 film)|The Gift]]'', in the same year the ''Rolling Stone'' piece was published. It focused on narratives of bugchasers,{{sfn|Huebenthal|2017|loc=paras. 34–35}} emphasizing the self-reported positive aspects of HIV infection.{{sfn|Breitfeller|Kanekar|2012|pp=117–118}} Three years later, Ricky Dyer, an HIV-positive man, released a documentary through [[BBC3]] entitled "I love being HIV+", suggesting that most bugchasing activity is simply fantasy.{{sfn|Shoffman|2006}} In 2009, gay playwright [[Erik Patterson]] ran the tragicomedy ''He Asked For It'',{{sfn|Parashar|2009}} dealing with bugchasing and HIV-positive status in contemporary [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].{{sfn|Los Angeles Times|p=E20}} Bugchasing was also a part of the show ''[[Queer as Folk (American TV series)|Queer as Folk]]''.{{sfn|Crook|2004|p=2}}

In 2012, Canadian Steven Boone was tried and convicted of three counts each of attempted murder and aggravated sexual assault after having unprotected sex with four men after previously contracting HIV. A self-described "poz vampire"—the word ''poz'' referring to acquiring HIV{{sfn|García-Iglesias|2020a|p=221}}—he was immersed in bugchasing culture. His convictions on attempted murder have since been quashed after appealing to the [[Court of Appeal for Ontario]], while the aggravated sexual assault convictions remain. The appeals court said it was not proven in the original case that he intended to kill his sexual partners; it offered the government the possibility of a new trial.{{sfn|Yogaretnam|2019|p=A4}} 

== Notes and references ==

===Notes===
{{notelist-ua}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ames |first1=Lynda J. |last2=Atchinson |first2=Alana B. |last3=Rose |first3=Tom |title=Love, Lust, and Fear: Safer Sex Decision Making Among Gay Men |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |date=17 December 1995 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=53–73 |doi=10.1300/J082v30n01_03|pmid=8907598 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Patrick |title=To Be Undone |journal=Performance Research |date=18 August 2018 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=25–34 |doi=10.1080/13528165.2018.1533755|s2cid=192836674 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ashford |first1=Chris |title=Barebacking and the 'Cult of Violence': Queering the Criminal Law |journal=The Journal of Criminal Law |date=August 2010 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=339–357 |doi=10.1350/jcla.2010.74.4.647|s2cid=144980351 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Box |first1=Bobby |title=Why These Gay Men Want HIV—Not PrEP |url=http://www.newnownext.com/gay-men-want-hiv-aids-prep-bug-chaser/01/2020/ |website=LOGO News |access-date=30 April 2021 |date=23 January 2020 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bollas |first1=Angelos |title=Masculinities on the Side: An Exploration of the Function of Homosexism in Maintaining Hegemonic Masculinities and Sexualities |journal=Sexuality & Culture |date=27 March 2021 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=1761–1770 |doi=10.1007/s12119-021-09848-3 |s2cid=233688402 |url=https://doras.dcu.ie/25698/ }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Breitfeller |first1=Gabriella H. |last2=Kanekar |first2=Amar |title=Intentional HIV Transmission Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Scoping Review |journal=Gay & Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review |year=2012 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=112–121}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Buys |first1=Anthea |title=Athi-Patra Ruga and the Politics of Context |journal=Critical Arts |date=1 November 2010 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=480–485 |doi=10.1080/02560046.2010.511891|s2cid=143555740 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Carballo-Diéguez |first1=Alex |last2=Bauermeister |first2=José |title='Barebacking': Intentional Condomless Anal Sex in HIV-Risk Contexts. Reasons for and Against It |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |date=19 May 2004 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1300/J082v47n01_01|pmid=15189783 |s2cid=216116560 }}
* {{cite news |last1=Crook |first1=John |title=Growing Pains |work=Calgary Herald |date=14 May 2004}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Crossley |first1=Michele L. |title=Making Sense of 'Barebacking': Gay Men's Narratives, Unsafe Sex and the 'Resistance Habitus' |journal=British Journal of Social Psychology |date=June 2004 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=225–244 |doi=10.1348/0144666041501679|pmid=15285832 }}
<!-- Dawson; health researcher 2005 claim that it did not exist before in empirical data, but that it does now;
* {{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=Alvin G. |last2=Ross |first2=Michael W. |last3=Henry |first3=Doug |last4=Freeman |first4=Anne |title=Evidence of HIV Transmission Risk in Barebacking Men-Who-Have-Sex-With-Men: Cases from the Internet |journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy |date=21 October 2005 |volume=9 |issue=3–4 |pages=73–83 |doi=10.1300/J236v09n03_05|s2cid=143404927 }} -->
* {{cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Tim |title=Breeding Culture: Barebacking, Bugchasing, Giftgiving |journal=The Massachusetts Review |year=2008 |volume=49 |issue=1/2 |pages=80–94 |jstor=25091283 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25091283 |issn=0025-4878 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Tim |title=Unlimited Intimacy: Reflections on the Subculture of Barebacking |date=2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-13939-5}}
* {{cite web |last1=García-Iglesias |first1=Jaime |title=Do Some People Really Want to get HIV? I Spoke to 'Bug Chasers' around the World to Find Out |url=https://theconversation.com/do-some-people-really-want-to-get-hiv-i-spoke-to-bug-chasers-around-the-world-to-find-out-103609 |website=The Conversation |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en |date=18 October 2018 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=García-Iglesias |first1=Jaime |title=Wanting HIV Is 'Such a Hot Choice': Exploring Bugchasers' Fluid Identities and Online Engagements |journal=Deviant Behavior |date=2 October 2020b |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=1232–1243 |doi=10.1080/01639625.2019.1606617 |hdl=20.500.11820/3bbe24b0-f076-48bb-a276-1f400a4c4e94 |s2cid=151117568 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/wanting-hiv-is-such-a-hot-choice-exploring-bugchasers-fluid-identities-and-online-engagements(b4122c83-a58c-40bb-bcce-46ac1950a873).html |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=García-Iglesias |first1=Jaime |title=Viral Breedings: HIV as Pregnancy Among Bugchasers |journal=Norma |date=17 November 2020a |volume=15 |issue=3–4 |pages=221–234 |doi=10.1080/18902138.2020.1744408 |hdl=20.500.11820/d0a60054-89d2-4acb-82a3-af3b29f6edfc |s2cid=216431370 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/238394657/RNOR_2019_0031_R2.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last1=García-Iglesias |first1=Jaime |title=From Training Wheels to Chemical Condoms: Exploring Narratives of PrEP Discontinuation |journal=Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine |date=24 March 2021a |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=114–128 |doi=10.1177/13634593211005177|pmid=33757365 |pmc=9742631 |hdl=2299/24158 |s2cid=232338686 |hdl-access=free }}<!-- Not yet assigned a volume and issue number by Health -->
* {{cite journal |last1=García-Iglesias |first1=Jaime |title=Writing Bugchasing Ethnoperformance: Creative Representations of Online Interactions |journal=Sexualities |date=1 February 2021b |volume=24 |issue=1–2 |pages=154–175 |doi=10.1177/1363460719896967 |s2cid=210553863 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/writing-bugchasing-ethnoperformance-creative-representations-of-online-interactions(9585c9a6-7dc0-43a6-bdc6-bdce0bcfdc4f).html }}
* {{cite book |last1=García-Iglesias |first1=Jaime |title=The Eroticizing of HIV: Viral Fantasies |year=2022 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |series=Health, Technology and Society |isbn=9783031113529}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Gauthier |first1=Deann K. |last2=Forsyth |first2=Craig J. |title=bareback sex, bug chasers, and the gift of death |journal=Deviant Behavior |date=January 1999 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=85–100 |doi=10.1080/016396299266605}} <!-- The capitalization here is preserved from the original, which is purposeful -->
* {{cite journal |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Octavio R. |title=Tracking the Bugchaser: Giving "The Gift" of HIV/AIDS |journal=Cultural Critique |year=2010 |volume=75 |issue=75 |pages=82–113 |doi=10.1353/cul.2010.0010 |jstor=40800643 |s2cid=53388432 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40800643 |issn=0882-4371 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Graydon |first1=Michael |title=Don't Bother to Wrap It: Online Giftgiver and Bugchaser Newsgroups, the Social Impact of Gift Exchanges and the 'Carnivalesque' |journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality |date=May 2007 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=277–292 |doi=10.1080/13691050601124649|pmid=17457731 |s2cid=20164022 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Greteman |first1=Adam J. |title=Fashioning a Bareback Pedagogy: Towards a Theory of Risky (Sex) Education |journal=Sex Education |date=August 2013 |volume=13 |issue=supplementary 1 |pages=S20–S31 |doi=10.1080/14681811.2012.760154|s2cid=143601481 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Grov |first1=Christian |title=Barebacking Websites: Electronic Environments for Reducing or Inducing HIV Risk |journal=AIDS Care |date=November 2006 |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=990–997 |doi=10.1080/09540120500521137|pmid=17012090 |s2cid=24493921 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hammond |first1=Chad |last2=Holmes |first2=Dave |last3=Mercier |first3=Mathieu |title=Breeding New Forms of Life: A Critical Reflection on Extreme Variances of Bareback Sex |journal=Nursing Inquiry |date=September 2016 |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=267–277 |doi=10.1111/nin.12139|pmid=27264510 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Huebenthal |first1=Jan |title=Un/Detectability in Times of "Equality": HIV, Queer Health, and Homonormativity |journal=European Journal of American Studies |date=24 January 2017 |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.4000/ejas.11729|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Holt |first1=Thomas J. |title=Exploring Strategies for Qualitative Criminological and Criminal Justice Inquiry Using On-Line Data |journal=Journal of Criminal Justice Education |date=December 2010 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=466–487 |doi=10.1080/10511253.2010.516565|s2cid=143390082 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Ken |last2=Yamey |first2=Gavin |title=Magazine's HIV Claim Rekindles "Gay Plague" Row |journal=BMJ |date=22 February 2003 |volume=326 |page=454|doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7386.454 |s2cid=70917253 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Inhorn |first1=Marcia C. |title=Reproducing Men in the Twenty-first Century: Emergent Masculinities, Subjectivities, Biosocialities, and Technologies |journal=Norma |date=17 November 2020 |volume=15 |issue=3–4 |pages=299–305 |doi=10.1080/18902138.2020.1831157 |s2cid=225119140 |language=en |issn=1890-2138}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jaspal |first1=Rusi |last2=Bayley |first2=Jake |title=HIV and Gay Men: Clinical, Social and Psychological Aspects |date=2020 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-7225-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Hugh |title=Generationing, Stealthing, and Gift Giving: The Intentional Transmission of HIV by HIV-positive Men to their HIV-negative Sex Partners |journal=Health Psychology Research |date=22 October 2014 |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=1582 |doi=10.4081/hpr.2014.1582|pmid=26973945 |pmc=4768590 }}
* {{cite news |title=Truthful Take on a Tough Topic |work=Los Angeles Times |date=2 May 2008 |ref={{harvid|Los Angeles Times}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=MacKinnon |first1=Emily |last2=Crompton |first2=Constance |title=The Gender of Lying: Feminist Perspectives on the Non-Disclosure of HIV Status |journal=UBC Law Review |date=2012 |volume=45 |issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Malkowski |first1=Jennifer |title=Beyond Prevention: Containment Rhetoric in the Case of Bug Chasing |journal=Journal of Medical Humanities |date=June 2014 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=211–228 |doi=10.1007/s10912-014-9280-x|pmid=24682645 |s2cid=25612944 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Medeiros |first1=Priscilla |title=The Harmful Consequences of Living with HIV in Contemporary Society |journal=Nexus: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology |year=2016 |volume=24 |pages=59–73|doi=10.15173/nexus.v24i1.890 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Moskowitz |first1=David A. |last2=Roloff |first2=Michael E. |title=The Existence of a Bug Chasing Subculture |journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality |date=July 2007a |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=347–357 |doi=10.1080/13691050600976296|pmid=17612955 |s2cid=31893571 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Moskowitz |first1=David A. |last2=Roloff |first2=Michael E. |title=The Ultimate High: Sexual Addiction and the Bug Chasing Phenomenon |journal=Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity |date=2 April 2007b |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=21–40 |doi=10.1080/10720160601150121|s2cid=11481290 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Palm |first1=Fredrik |title=Death Matters |chapter=Viral Desires: Enjoyment and Death in the Contemporary Discourse on Barebacking |editor-first1=Tora |editor-last1=Holmberg|editor-first2=Annika|editor-last2= Jonsson|editor-first3=Fredrik|editor-last3= Palm |date=2019 |pages=129–150 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-11485-5_7|isbn=978-3-030-11484-8|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |s2cid=155983517 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Parashar |first1=Amita |title=He Asked for It |url=https://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/theater/2009/06/29/he-asked-it |website=The Advocate |language=en |date=29 June 2009 }}
* {{cite web |last1=Reynolds |first1=Ellie |title=Becoming HIV: Disease as Agency |url=https://materialworldblog.com/2007/02/becoming-hiv-disease-as-agency/ |website=Material World |access-date=29 April 2021 |date=25 February 2007a |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006123245/https://materialworldblog.com/2007/02/becoming-hiv-disease-as-agency/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Reynolds |first1=Ellie |title='Pass the Cream, Hold the Butter': Meanings of HIV Positive Semen for Bugchasers and Giftgivers |journal=Anthropology & Medicine |date=December 2007b |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=259–266 |doi=10.1080/13648470701694693|pmid=27268741 |s2cid=8926663 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Romero-Palau |first1=Mario |last2=Cuenca-Martínez |first2=Ferran |title=Conductas Sexuales de Riesgo y Búsqueda Consciente de Infección por Vih/Sida (Bug-Chasing): Una Revisión Narrativa Desde la Psicología |journal=Apuntes de Psicología |date=2021 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=45–51 |doi=10.55414/ap.v39i1.836 |s2cid=259561798 |issn=0213-3334|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Santiesteban Díaz |first1=Yasel Manuel |last2=Orlando-Narváez |first2=Solon Alberto |last3=Ballester-Arnal |first3=Rafael |title=Conductas de Riesgo Hacia la Infección por VIH. Una Revisión de Tendencias Emergentes |journal=Ciência & Saúde Coletiva |date=April 2019 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=1417–1426 |doi=10.1590/1413-81232018244.02322017|pmid=31066843 |doi-access=free |hdl=10234/182884 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last1=Shoffman |first1=Marc |title=No Evidence of Gay "Bug Chasers," AIDs Group Say |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2006/04/10/no-evidence-of-gay-bug-chasers-aids-group-say/ |website=PinkNews |access-date=13 June 2021 |date=10 April 2006 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sothern |first1=Matthew |title=On Not Living With AIDS: Or, AIDS-As-Post-Crisis |journal=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies |year=2006 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=144–162 |url=https://acme-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/754 |language=en |issn=1492-9732 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Swan |first1=Holly |last2=Monico |first2=Laura |title=Understanding Deviance: Connecting Classical and Contemporary Perspectives |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |edition=Illustrated |chapter=Connections: HIV and Bugchasers across Queer Collectives |editor-last=Tammy L |editor-first=Tammy L.}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tewksbury |first1=Richard |title=Bareback Sex and the Quest for HIV: Assessing the Relationship in Internet Personal Advertisements of Men who have Sex with Men |journal=Deviant Behavior |date=September 2003 |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=467–482 |doi=10.1080/713840245 |s2cid=146756101 |language=en |issn=0163-9625}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tomso |first1=Gregory |title=Bug Chasing, Barebacking, and the Risks of Care |journal=Literature and Medicine |year=2004 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=88–111 |doi=10.1353/lm.2004.0014|pmid=15264511 |s2cid=9065179 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tomso |first1=Gregory |title=Viral Sex and the Politics of Life |journal=South Atlantic Quarterly |date=1 April 2008 |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=265–285 |doi=10.1215/00382876-2007-066}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Amanda |title=Criminalizing Consensual Transmission of HIV |journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum |year=2006 |volume=2006 |pages=389–408}}
*{{cite news |last1=Yogaretnam |first1=Shaamini |title=Court Quashes Convictions of Man who Tried to Spread HIV |work=[[Ottawa Citizen]] |date=13 August 2019}}
{{refend}}

{{LGBT slang}}
{{Sexual slang}}

[[Category:HIV/AIDS]]
[[Category:LGBTQ slang]]
[[Category:Self-harm]]
[[Category:Sexual health]]
[[Category:Suicide methods]]