View source for Buffy-tufted marmoset

{{Short description|Species of New World monkey}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Buffy-tufted marmoset<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Groves|page=130|id=12100189}}</ref><ref name=SAP>{{cite book |vauthors=Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA|title = South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | chapter = The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini) | publisher = Springer |veditors=Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, [[Karen B. Strier|Strier KB]] | isbn = 978-0-387-78704-6 |pages=23–54 |year = 2009}}</ref>
| image = Buffy-tufted marmoset (Callithrix aurita).jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=de Melo, F.R. |author2=Port-Carvalho, M. |author3=Pereira, D.G. |author4=Ruiz-Miranda, C.R. |author5=Ferraz, D.S. |author6=Bicca-Marques, J.C. |author7=Jerusalinsky, L. |author8=Oliveira, L.C. |author9=Valença-Montenegro, M.M. |author10=Valle, R.R. |author11=da Cunha, R.G.T. |author12=Mittermeier, R.A. |year=2021 |title=''Callithrix aurita'' |amends=2020 |article-number=e.T3570A191700629 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3570A191700629.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1 
 | status2_system = CITES 
 | status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Callithrix
| species = aurita
| authority = ([[Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|É. Geoffroy]], 1812)
| range_map = Callithrix aurita distribution.svg
| synonyms = 
*''chrysopyga'' <small>Burmeister, 1854</small>
*''coelestis'' <small>Miranda Ribeiro, 1924</small>
*''itatiayae'' <small>Avila-Pires, 1959</small>
*''petronius'' <small>Miranda Ribeiro, 1924</small>
}}

The '''buffy-tufted marmoset''' ('''''Callithrix aurita'''''), also known as the '''buffy tufted-ear marmoset''' or '''white-eared marmoset''', is a [[New World monkey]] that lives in the forests on the Atlantic coast of southeast [[Brazil]]. Of all the [[marmoset]]s, it has the southernmost range.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rylands |first1=Anthony B |chapter=Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae |date=1993-06-10 |title=Marmosets and Tamarins |pages=11–77 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-854022-9 |last2=Coimbra-Filho |first2=Adelmar F |last3=Mittermeier |first3=Russell A|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198540229.003.0002 }}</ref>

The buffy-tufted marmoset resembles the [[common marmoset]], but is somewhat larger. It has grey-black skin, and the most obvious differences from the common marmoset are its whitish face ("skull-like facial mask",<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coimbra-Filho|first1=A. F.|last2=Mittermeier|first2=R. A.|last3=Rylands|first3=A. B.|last4=Mendes|first4=S. L.|last5=Kierulff|first5=M. C. M.|last6=Pinto|first6=L. P. de S.|title=The Taxonomic Status of Wied's Black-tufted-ear Marmoset, ''Callithrix kuhlii'' (Callitrichidae, Primates)|journal=Primate Conservation|date=2006|volume=21|pages=1–24|doi=10.1896/0898-6207.21.1.1|s2cid=51681917|doi-access=free}}</ref>) brown crown, and shorter ear tufts.

[[File:Buffy tufted marmoset 2.jpg|alt=The Buffy-tufted marmoset is a species threatened of extinction due to the high level of deforestation in the Atlantic Forest. In the image there is a Buffy-tufted marmoset.|left|thumb|270x270px|The Buffy-tufted marmoset is a species threatened of extinction due to the high level of deforestation in the [[Atlantic Forest]].]]

== Distribution ==
The buffy-tufted marmoset is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Atlantic Forest]] of southern Brazil, occurring in ombrophilous and [[Semi-deciduous|semideciduous]] forests in the [[Serra do Mar coastal forests|Serras do Mar]] and [[Mantiqueira Mountains|Mantiqueira]] in the states of [[Minas Gerais]], [[São Paulo]], and [[Rio de Janeiro]], and extending to the North of [[Doce River|Rio Doce]] in Minas Gerais.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mittermeier |first1=Russell A. |last2=Coimbra-Filho |first2=Adelmar F. |last3=Constable |first3=Isabel D. |last4=Rylands |first4=Anthony B. |last5=Valle |first5=Celio |date=January 1982 |title=Conservation of primates in the Atlantic forest region of eastern Brazil |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1982.tb02004.x |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=2–17 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1982.tb02004.x |issn=0074-9664|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They forage and travel in the lower canopy and dense understorey vegetation, typically found between 6 and 9 meters above the ground. Alongside ''[[Buffy-headed marmoset|C. flaviceps]]'', they are the species inhabiting areas with the most extreme climatic conditions.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Ferrari |first1=Stephen F. |date=1996 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_9 |title=Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates |pages=157–171 |editor-last=Norconk |editor-first=Marilyn A. |access-date=2023-11-28 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_9 |isbn=978-1-4419-8770-9 |last2=Kátia |first2=H. |last3=Corrêa |first3=M. |last4=Coutinho |first4=Paulo E. G. |chapter=Ecology of the "Southern" Marmosets (Callithrix aurita and Callithrix flaviceps) |editor2-last=Rosenberger |editor2-first=Alfred L. |editor3-last=Garber |editor3-first=Paul A.}}</ref>

It occurs in perennial, semideciduous, secondary, mixed montane forests, interspersed with stands of bamboo at altitudes ranging from 80 to 1200 meters.<ref>{{cite journal |date=1998 |first1=L. D.|first2=P. F.|last1=Brandão|last2=Develey|number=3|pages=86–88|journal=Neotropical Primates|title=Distribution and conservation of the buffy tufted-ear marmoset, ''Callithrix aurita'', in lowland coastal atlantic forest, southeast Brazil|volume=6|doi=10.62015/np.1998.v6.402 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Corrêa |first1=Honorly Kátia M. |last2=Coutinho |first2=Paulo E. G. |date=April 1997 |title=Fatal attack of a pit viper,Bothrops jararaca, on an infant buffy-tufted ear marmoset (''Callithrix aurita'') |journal=Primates |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=215–217 |doi=10.1007/bf02382010 |s2cid=20234237 |issn=0032-8332}}</ref>

== Morphology ==
It has an overall black coloration, but they can also be found with reddish spots or speckled with red, without presenting a general pattern of stripes. Moreover, its reddish spots provide the characteristic golden hue that gave rise to the species' name "aurita". Its forehead is white, with the sides of the face being black, sometimes speckled with red. They have short (20 to 50 mm), white intra-auricular tufts that can vary to a brownish hue. The feet are brown, and the hands are a strongly weathered brown color. The tail is black with white rings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-29 |title=Handbook of the Mammals of the World - Volume 3 |url=https://www.lynxeds.com/product/handbook-of-the-mammals-of-the-world-volume-3/ |access-date=2023-11-29 |website=Lynx Nature Books |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is probably the largest species in the ''[[Callithrix]]'' genus, weighing 400–450 g and with a body length of 19–25 cm and a tail length of 27–35 cm.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Malukiewicz |first1=Joanna |last2=Boere |first2=Vanner |last3=de Oliveira |first3=Maria Adélia Borstelmann |last4=D'arc |first4=Mirela |last5=Ferreira |first5=Jéssica V. A. |last6=French |first6=Jeffrey |last7=Housman |first7=Genevieve |last8=de Souza |first8=Claudia Igayara |last9=Jerusalinsky |first9=Leandro |last10=R de Melo |first10=Fabiano |last11=M Valença-Montenegro |first11=Mônica |last12=Moreira |first12=Silvia Bahadian |last13=de Oliveira E Silva |first13=Ita |last14=Pacheco |first14=Felipe Santos |last15=Rogers |first15=Jeffrey |date=2020-12-31 |title=An Introduction to the Callithrix Genus and Overview of Recent Advances in Marmoset Research |journal=ILAR Journal |volume=61 |issue=2–3 |pages=110–138 |doi=10.1093/ilar/ilab027 |issn=1930-6180 |pmid=34933341|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Ecology ==
It is [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]], living almost all its life in the trees in groups that usually consist of 4 to 8 individuals, although it's possible to find groups of 11 individuals, with only one reproductive pair of male and female, with a [[Dominance hierarchy|dominant female]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muskin |first=Alies |date=January 1984 |title=Field notes and geographic distribution of Callithrix aurita in Eastern Brazil |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajp.1350070406 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=377–380 |doi=10.1002/ajp.1350070406 |pmid=32106636 |s2cid=84555471 |issn=0275-2565|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The offspring, always twins, are born after a gestation period of 144 days and are carried by the parents in the first weeks of life. Older siblings assist in caring for the offspring. When they reach adulthood, they migrate to other groups to form new pairs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mf |first=Stevenson |date=1988 |title=The marmosets, genus callithrix |url=https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1572543025771285888 |journal=Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates |pages=131–222}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Corinna N. |last2=Fite |first2=Jeffrey E. |last3=Jensen |first3=Heather |last4=French |first4=Jeffrey A. |date=February 2007 |title=Demographic review of a captive colony of callitrichids (Callithrix kuhlii) |journal=American Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=234–240 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20367 |issn=0275-2565 |pmc=2980351 |pmid=17177315}}</ref> Their activity period is reduced during hot-dry times. During the rainy season - 6:30-19:00 / dry season - 7:30-16:30. Their resting sites are associated with dense vegetation.<ref name=":0" />

They feed on resins and other plant secretions, as well as plant material itself, such as fruits and tree [[Gum (botany)|gum]]. During dry periods, they adapt their diet to include animal matter, such as [[lepidoptera]] larvae, [[Orthoptera|orthopterans]], [[Cockroach|cockroaches]], [[Spider|spiders]], [[Opiliones|harvestmen]], [[Snake|snakes]], [[Lizard|lizards]], small [[Frog|frogs]] and [[Bird egg|bird eggs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martins |first1=Milene M. |last2=Setz |first2=Eleonore Z. F. |date=2000-06-01 |title=Diet of Buffy Tufted-Eared Marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in a Forest Fragment in Southeastern Brazil |journal=International Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=467–476 |doi=10.1023/A:1005491903220 |s2cid=1471465 |issn=1573-8604}}</ref> Studies also show that this species can feed on bamboo fungi.<ref name="iucn"/>

It can establish [[sympatry]] with other species like those of the genus ''[[Gracile capuchin monkey|Cebus]]'' and ''[[Callicebus]]'', but there are no records of sympatry with other forms of ''[[Callithrix]]''.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Densidade, genética e saúde populacional como ferramentas para propor um plano de controle e erradicação de invasão biológica: o caso de Callithrix aurita (Primates) no Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, RJ, Brasil |url=http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/14251|lang=pt-br}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
This species is present on the list of endangered species in the mentioned states where it occurs,<ref>{{cite web|title=Texto publicado no Diário Oficial do Estado do Rio de Janeiro contendo a listagem das 257 espécies|url=https://institutolife.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Lista-da-Fauna-Ameacada-de-Extincao-RJ.pdf |lang=pt|page=18|archive-date=14 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414085508/http://institutolife.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Lista-da-Fauna-Ameacada-de-Extincao-RJ.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.sp.gov.br/leis/legislacao-do-estado/ |title=Pesquisa de legislação|lang=pt|website=Norma}}</ref>{{fv|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=DELIBERAÇÃO NORMATIVA COPAM Nº 147, DE 30 DE ABRIL DE 2010 |url=http://www.siam.mg.gov.br/sla/download.pdf?idNorma=13192 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.siam.mg.gov.br}}</ref> as well as on the Brazilian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibama.gov.br/sophia/cnia/legislacao/MMA/PT0444-171214.pdf |title=Diário Oficial da União|issn=1677-7042|lang=pt-br}}</ref> and global lists.<ref name="iucn" /> Its restricted distribution, habitat destruction, population decline, competition with other species, and [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] due to the introduction of invasive [[Introduced species|exotic species]] (''[[Common marmoset|Callithrix jacchus]]'' and ''[[Black-tufted marmoset|C. penicillata]]'') are among the main threats.<ref name="iucn" />

==Predation==
Predators of buffy-tufted marmosets include pit vipers ([[Bothrops jararaca]]).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Primates as prey: ecological, morphological and behavioral relationships between primate species and their predators|date=May 2000|author=Donna Lee Hart|publisher=Washington University Department of Anthropology}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikispecies|Callithrix (Callithrix) aurita|Buffy-tufted marmoset}}

{{Callitrichidae nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1150912}}

[[Category:Callithrix|buffy-tufted marmoset]]
[[Category:Primates of Brazil]]
[[Category:Endemic mammals of Brazil]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Atlantic Forest]]
[[Category:Environment of Rio de Janeiro (state)]]
[[Category:Environment of São Paulo (state)]]
[[Category:Vulnerable animals]]
[[Category:Vulnerable biota of South America]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1812|buffy-tufted marmoset]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]]