View source for British Turks

{{Short description|Ethnic group in the United Kingdom}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Turks in the United Kingdom<br><small>''Birleşik Krallık'taki Türkler''</small>
| image            = [[File:Kibrisyur.jpg|250px]]
| caption          = British Turks protesting in [[Central London]].
| population       = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''Turkish-born residents in the United Kingdom: 132,651 <br/>([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021/22 Census]]){{smallsup|a}} '''<br/>{{Flag|England}}: 124,758 (2021)<ref name="E&W_CoB22">{{cite web |title=Country of birth (extended) |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/create/filter-outputs/09395128-afa5-4645-8de6-6d0458aa806c#get-data |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref><br>{{Flag|Scotland}}: 4,348 (2022)<ref name="CountryBirth_22">{{cite web |title=Table UV204 - Country of birth: Country by Country of Birth by Individuals |url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/search-the-census#/location/topics/list?topic=Ethnicity,%20Identity,%20Language%20and%20Religion&categoryId=4 |publisher=National Records of Scotland|access-date=24 May 2024}} '2022' > 'All of Scotland' > 'Ethnic group, national identity, language and religion' > 'Country of birth: UV204'</ref><br/>{{Flag|Wales}}: 2,886 (2021)<ref name="E&W_CoB22"/><br/>[[Northern Ireland]]: 659 (2021)<ref name="CoB_NI21">{{cite web|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-ms-a18.xlsx|title=MS-A18: Country of birth - full detail|publisher=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency|date=22 September 2022|accessdate=25 May 2023}}</ref><br/>'''Previous estimates:'''<br/>101,721 (2011 UK Census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/CT0010/view/2092957703|title=Data Viewer - Nomis - Official Labour Market Statistics}}</ref><br />72,000 (2009 ONS estimate)<br /> 150,000 (academic estimates) <br/> '''Turkish Cypriot-born residents'''{{smallsup|a}} <br />100,000–150,000 (academic estimates)<br />'''Total population'''{{smallsup|b}}  <br/> '''500,000''' (2011 [[Home Office]] estimate)<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=38">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Home Affairs Committee|2011|loc=38}}</ref>
| popplace         = '''[[London]]''' <br/> ([[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], [[Croydon]], [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], [[Euston Road|Euston]], [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]], [[Islington]], [[Kensington]], [[Lambeth]], [[Lewisham]], [[Palmers Green]], [[Seven Sisters, London|Seven Sisters]], [[Southwark]], [[Waltham Forest]], and [[Wood Green]]) {{hlist| [[Birmingham]] | [[Luton]] | [[Manchester]] | [[Sheffield]]| [[Leicester]] and [[Nottingham]] | [[West Yorkshire]] and [[York]] | [[Kingston upon Hull]] }}
| langs            = {{hlist| [[British English]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (including the [[Cypriot Turkish]] dialect) }}
| rels             = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<br />Minority [[Shia Islam]], [[Alevism|Alevi Islam]], other religions, and [[irreligion]]
| footnotes        = {{smallsup|a}} Official data regarding the British Turkish community excludes British-born and dual heritage children of Turkish origin.<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=6">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Communities and Local Government|2009a|loc=6}}</ref> <br/> {{smallsup|b}} This includes 150,000 Turkish nationals, 300,000 [[Turkish Cypriots]], and also smaller [[Turkish minorities]] such as [[Bulgarian Turks]] and [[Romanian Turks]].<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=Ev 34"/>
| native_name      = 
| native_name_lang = 
| related_groups   = 
}}
{{Turkish people}}
{{Lists of British people}}
'''British Turks''' ({{langx|tr|{{italics correction|Britanyalı Türkler}}}}) or '''Turks in the United Kingdom''' ({{langx|tr|{{italics correction|Birleşik Krallık'taki Türkler}}}}) are [[Turkish people]] who have immigrated to the [[United Kingdom]]. However, the term may also refer to British-born persons who have Turkish parents or who have a Turkish ancestral background.

Turks first began to emigrate in large numbers from [[Northern Cyprus]] for work and then again when [[Turkish Cypriots]] were forced to leave their homes during the [[Cyprus conflict]]. Turks then began to come from [[Turkey]] for economic reasons.  Recently, smaller groups of Turks have begun to immigrate to the United Kingdom from other [[Europe]]an countries.<ref name="Lytra & Baraç 2009 loc=60">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Lytra|Baraç|2009|loc=60}}</ref>

As of 2011, there was a total of about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK,<ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite news |title=UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/01/turkish-immigration-possibilities-assessed |first=Alan |last=Travis |work=The Guardian |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110802151021/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/aug/01/turkish-immigration-possibilities-assessed |archive-date=2011-08-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> made up of approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals and about 300,000 [[Turkish Cypriots]].<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=Ev 34">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Home Affairs Committee|2011|loc=Ev 34}}</ref> Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing number of ethnic Turks immigrating to the United Kingdom from [[Algeria]] and [[Germany]]. Many other Turks have immigrated to Britain from parts of the southern [[Balkans]] where they form an ethnic and religious minority dating to the early [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period, particularly [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]], the [[Republic of North Macedonia]], and the province of [[East Macedonia and Thrace]] in [[Northern Greece]].<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=Ev 34"/><ref name=Ataturk/>

==History==
===Ottoman migration===
[[File:Turkish graves.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Ottoman Turkish graves buried in a segregated part of Clayhall Road cemetery.]]
[[File:Turkish Bath in London.jpg|thumb|left|220px|A [[Turkish bath]] built in 1895 and situated in [[London]].]]
The first Turks settled in the United Kingdom during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.<ref name="Gilliat-Ray 2010 loc=13">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gilliat-Ray|2010|loc=13}}</ref><ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=146">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sonyel|2000|loc=146}}</ref> Between the years 1509-1547 [[Turkish people|Turks]] were counted among [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII's]] mercenary troops as the Tudor monarch was known to make heavy use of foreign troops.<ref name=MuslimHeritage>{{cite web|author=MuslimHeritage|title= Muslims in Britain |url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=875|access-date= 2010-03-14}}</ref> By the late sixteenth century hundreds of Turks were to be found in [[England]] who were freed from [[galley slave]]ry on Spanish ships by English pirates.<ref name="Gilliat-Ray 2010 loc=13"/> It is believed that the release of Turkish slaves from Spanish ships were for political reasons.<ref name="Gilliat-Ray 2010 loc=13"/> At the time, England was vulnerable to attacks from the [[Spanish empire]], and Queen [[Elizabeth I]] wanted to cultivate good relations with the [[Ottoman Empire]] as a means of resisting the Spanish military. The Turkish slaves who had not yet returned to the Ottoman Empire requested assistance from London merchants trading in [[North Africa]] during the times of war between England and Spain, or England and France. Those who decided not to return to their country converted to [[Christianity]] and settled in England.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Matar|1998|loc=127}}</ref>

The first ever documented [[Muslim]] who arrived in England was in the mid-1580s, is believed to be a Turk born in [[Negropont]].<ref name="Matar 2001 loc=261">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Matar|2001|loc=261}}</ref> He was captured by [[Sir William Hawkins|William Hawkins]] aboard a Spanish ship and brought to England.<ref name="Matar 2001 loc=261"/> The Turk was known as Chinano, assumed to come from the name Sinan, and converted to [[Anglicanism]] in October 1586.<ref name="Matar 2001 loc=261"/> Once baptised, he was given the Christian name of William.<ref name="Matar 2001 loc=262">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Matar|2001|loc=262}}</ref> Two decades later, an allowance of 6 pence per diem was paid to a Turkish captive who embraced [[Christianity]] in England and assumed the name John Baptista.<ref name="Matar 2001 loc=262"/><ref name=MuslimHeritage/> Between the years 1624-1628 Salleman Alexander, ‘Richard a poore Turk’ and another unnamed Turk were also baptized in London.<ref name="Matar 2001 loc=262"/> Thus, by 1627, there were close to 40 [[Muslims]] living in [[London]] alone, most of which were Turks.<ref name="Gilliat-Ray 2010 loc=14">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gilliat-Ray|2010|loc=14}}</ref> One of the most famous Muslim converts to Christianity was Iusuf (Yusuf), ‘the Turkish Chaous’ (çavuş), who was born in [[Constantinople]]. Baptised on 30 January 1658, his conversion is deemed significant because Iusuf served as an ambassador for the Ottoman Sultan.<ref name="Matar 2001 loc=262"/>

[[File:Alikemalbey.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Ali Kemal Bey]] was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkish]] journalist and politician who fled to the UK. His great-grandson [[Boris Johnson]] was the British Prime Minister.]]
By the early 1650s, an English merchant who had been trading in the Ottoman Empire returned to London with a Turkish servant who introduced the making of [[Turkish coffee]], and by 1652 the first [[coffee house]] had opened in London; within a decade, more than 80 establishments flourished in the city.<ref name="Gilliat-Ray 2010 loc=14"/> In 1659, Yusuf, an Ottoman administrator from Negropont, was baptized in England and took the name Richard Christophilus.<ref name=MuslimHeritage/> With the influx of [[Muslim]] [[merchants]] and diplomats into England due to improved Anglo-Ottoman relations, a race for Muslim converts began between the [[Cromwellian]] party and the [[Anglicans]].<ref name=MuslimHeritage/> By 1679, Britain saw its first ever [[Turkish bath]] opened in [[London]].<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=146"/> Once [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] became [[King of England]] in 1714, he took with him from [[Hanover]] his two Turkish protégés, Mustafa and Mehmet. Mehmet's mother and Mustafa's son would also reside in England.<ref name=MuslimHeritage/> Due to their prominence in the court, Mustafa and Mehmet were depicted in the murals of [[Kensington Palace]]. In 1716 King George I ennobled Mehmet, who adopted the surname ''von Königstreu'' (true to the king).<ref name=MuslimHeritage/>

Ottoman Turkish migration continued after the [[Anglo-Ottoman Treaty]] of 1799.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cunningham|Ingram|1993|loc=105}}</ref> In the years 1820–22, the Ottoman Empire exported goods worth £650,000 to the United Kingdom. By 1836–38, that figure had reached £1,729,000 with many Ottoman merchants entering the country.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pamuk|2010|loc=29}}</ref> In 1839, the Ottoman [[Tanzimat]] reform movement began. This period saw rapid changes in Ottoman administration including numerous high-ranking officials receiving their higher education and postings in the Western nations. [[Mustafa Reşid Pasha|Rashid Pasha]] (1800–1858) served as the Ottoman ambassador to Paris and London in the 1830s. One of his disciples and future grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire, [[Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha|Ali Pasha]] (1815–1871), also served as ambassador to London in the 1840s. [[Fuad Pasha]] (1815–1869), also received appointment at the Ottoman London embassy before rising in public office in his own nation.<ref name=MuslimHeritage/>

In 1865 Ottoman intellectuals had established the [[Young Ottomans]] organisation in order to resist the [[Absolute monarchy|absolutism]] of [[Abdulaziz]].<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sonyel|2000|loc=147}}</ref> Many of these intellectuals escaped to [[London]] (and to [[Paris]]) in June 1867 where they were able to freely express their views by criticising the Ottoman regime in newspapers.<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Their successors, the [[Young Turks]], also took refuge in London in order to escape the absolutism of [[Abdul Hamid II]]. Even more political refugees were to arrive after the [[Young Turk Revolution]] of July 1908 and after the [[First World War]].<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/>

===Turkish Cypriot migration===
{{see also|British Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot diaspora}}
[[File:Turkishprotest3.jpg|thumb|right|Turkish Cypriots in [[London]].]]
Migration from [[Cyprus]] to the United Kingdom began in the early 1920s when the British annexed Cyprus in 1914 and the residents of Cyprus became subjects of the Crown.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=153">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Yilmaz|2005|loc=153}}</ref> Many Turkish Cypriots went to the United Kingdom as students and tourists whilst others left the island due to the harsh economic and political life on the island leading to lack of job opportunities.<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Turkish Cypriot emigration to the United Kingdom continued to increase when the [[Great Depression]] of 1929 brought [[economic depression]] to Cyprus, with unemployment and low wages being a significant issue.<ref name="Hüssein 2007 loc=16">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hüssein|2007|loc=16}}</ref><ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Yilmaz|2005|loc=154}}</ref> During the [[Second World War]], the number of Turkish run cafes increased from 20 in 1939 to 200 in 1945 which created a demand for more Turkish Cypriot workers.<ref name="Ansari 2004 loc=151">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ansari|2004|loc=151}}</ref> Thus, throughout the 1950s, Turkish Cypriots began to emigrate to the United Kingdom for economic reasons and by 1958 the number of Turkish Cypriots was estimated to be 8,500.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ansari|2004|loc=154}}</ref> Their numbers increased each year as rumours about immigration restrictions appeared in much of the Cypriot media.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154"/>

As the island of Cyprus' independence was approaching, Turkish Cypriots felt vulnerable as they had cause for concern about the political future of the island.<ref name="Ansari 2004 loc=151"/> This was first evident when [[Greek Cypriots]] held a referendum in 1950 in which 95.7% of eligible Greek Cypriot voters cast their ballots in supporting a fight aimed at uniting Cyprus with [[Greece]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Panteli|1990|loc=151}}</ref> Thus, the 1950s saw the arrival of many Turkish Cypriots to the United Kingdom who were fleeing the [[EOKA]] terrorists and its aim of [[Enosis]].<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Once Cyprus became an independent state in 1960, inter-ethnic fighting broke out in 1963, and by 1964 some 25,000 Turkish Cypriots became internally displaced, accounting to about a fifth of their population.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cassia|2007|loc=236}}</ref><ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Kliot|2007|loc=59}}</ref> Thus, the oppression which the Turkish Cypriots suffered during the mid-1960s led to many of them emigrating to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Sonyel 2000 loc=147"/> Furthermore, Turkish Cypriots continued to emigrate to the United Kingdom during this time due to the economic gap which was widening in Cyprus. The Greek Cypriots were increasingly taking control of the country's major institutions causing the Turkish Cypriots to become economically disadvantaged.<ref name="Ansari 2004 loc=151"/> Thus, the political and economic unrest in Cyprus after 1964 sharply increased the number of Turkish Cypriot immigrants to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154"/>

Many of these early migrants worked in the clothing industry in London, where both men and women could work together- [[sewing]] was a skill which the community had already acquired in Cyprus.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bridgwood|1995|loc=34}}</ref> Turkish Cypriots were concentrated mainly in the north-east of London and specialised in the heavy-wear sector, such as coats and tailored garments.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Panayiotopoulos |Dreef|2002|loc=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=London Evening Standard |title=Turkish and proud to be here |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-931666-turkish-and-proud-to-be-here.do |access-date=2010-10-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110122165531/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-931666-turkish-and-proud-to-be-here.do |archive-date=2011-01-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This sector offered work opportunities where poor knowledge of the English language was not a problem and where self-employment was a possibility.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Strüder|2003|loc=12}}</ref>

By the late 1960s, approximately 60,000 Turkish Cypriots were forcefully moved into [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]] in Cyprus.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tocci|2004|loc=53}}</ref> Evidently, this period in Cypriot history resulted in an [[Emigration|exodus]] of more Turkish Cypriots. The overwhelming majority migrated to the United Kingdom, whilst others went to [[Turkey]], [[North America]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Hüssein|2007|loc=18}}</ref> Once the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek military junta]] rose to power in 1967, they staged a [[coup d'état]] in 1974 against the Cypriot President, with the help of [[EOKA B]], to unite the island with Greece.<ref name="Savvides 2004 loc=260">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Savvides|2004|loc=260}}</ref> This led to a military offensive by [[Turkey]] who [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|divided the island]].<ref name="Kliot 2007 loc=59"/> By 1983, the Turkish Cypriots declared their own state, the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] (TRNC), which has since remained internationally unrecognised except by Turkey. The division of the island led to an economic embargo against the Turkish Cypriots by the Greek Cypriot controlled Government of Cyprus. This had the effect of depriving the Turkish Cypriots of foreign investment, aid and export markets; thus, it caused the [[Economy of Northern Cyprus|Turkish Cypriot economy]] to remain stagnant and undeveloped.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tocci|2004|loc=61}}</ref> Due to these economic and political issues, an estimated 130,000 Turkish Cypriots have emigrated from Northern Cyprus since its establishment to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |author=BBC |title=Turkish today by Viv Edwardss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |access-date=2010-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125093521/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/turkish.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cassia|2007|loc=238}}</ref>

Many Turkish Cypriots emigrated to the United Kingdom with their extended families and/or brought their parents over shortly after their arrival to prevent the breakup of the family unit. These parents played a valuable role in giving support at home by looking after their grandchildren, whilst their children were working. The majority of these people are now of pensionable age, with little English language skills, given their lack of formal education and their insulation within the Turkish Cypriot community.

Finally, there is a small third group of settlers who came to the UK for educational purposes, and who then settled, in some cases being ‘overstayers’ and took up professional posts. Many of these people, as well as the second and third generation educated descendants of earlier settlers, are the initiators of the voluntary groups and organisations, which give support and advice to [[Turkish language|Turkish]] speaking people living in England – mainly in [[London]] and the surrounding areas.

===Mainland Turkish migration===
[[File:Turkish Festival, London.jpg|thumb|right|A Turkish festival in the [[City of London]].]]

Migration from the [[Republic of Turkey]] to the United Kingdom began when [[migrant worker]]s arrived during the 1970s and were then followed by their families during the late 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Issa 2005 loc=8">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Issa|2005|loc=8}}</ref> Many of these workers were recruited by Turkish Cypriots who had already established businesses such as restaurants.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=154"/> These workers were required to renew their work permits every year until they became residents after living in the country for five years.<ref name="Issa 2005 loc=8"/> The majority who entered the United Kingdom in the 1970s were mainly from [[rural]] areas of Turkey. However, in the 1980s, intellectuals, including students, and highly educated professionals arrived in the United Kingdom, most of which received support from the Turkish Cypriot community.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thomson|2006|loc=19}}</ref> Mainland Turks settled in similar areas of London in which the Turkish Cypriots lived in; however, many have also moved to the outer districts such as [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] and [[Essex]].<ref name="Issa 2005 loc=8"/>

===Migration from other countries===
More recently, ethnic Turks from [[Turkish minorities|traditional areas of Turkish settlement]], especially from [[Europe]], have emigrated to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Lytra & Baraç 2009 loc=60"/> There is a growing number of [[Turks in Algeria|Algerian Turks]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Communities and Local Government|2009c|loc=34}}.</ref>  [[Turks in Bulgaria|Bulgarian Turks]],<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=Ev 34"/> [[Turks in Macedonia|Macedonian Turks]], [[Turks of Romania|Romanian Turks]]<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=Ev 34"/> and [[Turks in Western Thrace|Western Thrace Turks]] from the province of [[East Macedonia and Thrace]] in [[Northern Greece]] now residing in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Ataturk">{{cite web |author=Ingiltere Atatürkçü Düşünce Derneği |title=İngiltere Atatürkçü Düşünce Derneği'nin tarihçesi, kuruluş nedenleri, amaçları |url=http://www.ataturk.org.uk/viewpage.php?page_id=1 |access-date=2010-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031194134/http://www.ataturk.org.uk/viewpage.php?page_id=1 |archive-date=2010-10-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Furthermore, there is also an increasing number of Turkish families arriving from [[German-speaking countries]] (especially [[Turks in Germany|German Turks]] and [[Turks in the Netherlands|Dutch Turks]]).<ref name="EssexCountyCouncil">{{cite web|author=Essex County Council|title=An Electronic Toolkit for Teachers: Turkish and Turkish Cypriot Pupils|url=http://www.essex.gov.uk/Business-Partners/Partners/Schools/One-to-one-tuition/Documents/Turkish_Pupils%20an%20electronic%20toolkit.pdf|access-date=2011-06-16}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{see also|Demographics of the United Kingdom}}

=== Population ===
[[File:Turks in London.svg|thumb|A map of Turkish people in London. Over 70% of British Turks live in London.{{legend|#fff5f0|0.0%-0.49%}}
{{legend|#fcccb7|0.5%-0.99%}}
{{legend|#fb8e6e|1%-1.99%}}
{{legend|#f34d37|2%-3.49%}}
{{legend|#c4161b|3.5%-4.99%}}
{{legend|#67000d|5% and greater}}]]
There is an estimated 500,000 people of Turkish origin living in the United Kingdom.<ref name=TheGuardian/><ref name="Hurriyet">{{cite web
 |title       = İngiltere'deki Türkler
 |url         = http://www.hurriyet.de/haberler/yazarlar/999787/ingilteredeki-turkler
 |first       = Armin
 |last        = Laschet
 |work        = Hurriyet
 |date        = 17 September 2011
 |access-date  = 2011-09-27
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120119020128/http://www.hurriyet.de/haberler/yazarlar/999787/ingilteredeki-turkler
 |archive-date = 2012-01-19
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Çilingir|2010|loc=108}}</ref><ref name="Federation of Turkish Associations UK">{{cite web|author=[[Federation of Turkish Associations UK]]|title=Short history of the Federation of Turkish Associations in UK|url=http://www.turkishfederationuk.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=31|access-date=2011-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110204634/http://www.turkishfederationuk.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=31|archive-date=2012-01-10|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Hansard |house=House of Lords |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/text/110113-0001.htm |title=Turkey |date=13 January 2011 |column=1540 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611043010/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/text/110113-0001.htm |archivedate=2011-06-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Hansard |house=House of Commons |title=Implications for Justice and Home Affairs area of accession of Turkey to EU |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmhaff/uc789-ii/uc78901.htm |date=2011-04-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105081841/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmhaff/uc789-ii/uc78901.htm |archivedate=2011-11-05 }}</ref> The Turkish community is made up of about 300,000 [[Turkish Cypriots]], 150,000 Turkish nationals, and smaller groups of [[Bulgarian Turks]], [[Macedonian Turks]], [[Romanian Turks]] and [[Western Thrace Turks]].<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=38"/><ref name=Ataturk/><ref>{{cite web |author=BBC |title=Network Radio BBC Week 39: Wednesday 28 September 2011: Turkish Delight? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/radio/2011/wk39/wed.shtml |access-date=2011-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102190501/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/radio/2011/wk39/wed.shtml |archive-date=2011-11-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is also an increasing number of Turks arriving from [[German-speaking countries]] (mainly [[Turks in Germany|German Turks]] and [[Turks in the Netherlands|Dutch Turks]]).<ref name=EssexCountyCouncil/>

====Turkish Cypriot population====
Between 100,000 and 150,000 [[Turkish Cypriots]] have immigrated to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Museum">{{cite web |url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/RWWC/themes/1295/1283 |title=Turkish Cypriot London |publisher=Museum of London |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217030959/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/RWWC/Themes/1295/1283/ |archive-date=2010-12-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Laçiner 2008 loc=397">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Laçiner|2008|loc=397}}</ref> According to the [[Department for Communities and Local Government]] and the Turkish [[consulate]], 130,000 nationals of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] have immigrated to the United Kingdom; however, this does not include Turkish Cypriots who have emigrated from the [[Republic of Cyprus]] or British-born Turkish Cypriots.<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=6"/><ref name=TurkishConsulate>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishconsulate.org.uk/en/commun.htm|title=Turkish community in the UK|publisher=Consulate General for the Republic of Turkey in London|access-date=5 January 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304091100/http://www.turkishconsulate.org.uk/en/commun.htm |archive-date = 4 March 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2001, the TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that about 200,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in the United Kingdom.<ref name=TRNCInfo>{{cite web |author=TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue |url=http://www.trncinfo.com/tanitma/en/index.asp?sayfa=cms&dmid=0&cmsid=214&ssid=556095671 |publisher=Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defence |date=May 2001 |access-date=5 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209081929/http://www.trncinfo.com/tanitmadairesi/2002/ENGLISH/BRIEFINGNOTES/070202BRIEFINGNOTES.htm |archive-date=2011-02-09 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In 2011, the [[Home Affairs Committee]] stated that there are now 300,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=Ev 34"/> The "Kıbrıs Gazetesi", in 2008, claimed that 280,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in [[London]] alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bir plastik sandalyeyi bile çok gördüler!..|url=http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=119&art=9203|first=Akay|last=Cemal|work=Kıbrıs Gazetesi|date=6 September 2008|access-date=2011-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320232733/http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=119&art=9203|archive-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Furthermore, an article by [[Armin Laschet]] suggests that the British-Turkish Cypriot community now numbers 350,000<ref name=Hurriyet/> whilst some Turkish Cypriot sources suggest that they have a total population of 400,000 living in the United Kingdom.<ref name=StarKibris>{{cite web |title=Olmalı mı Olmamalı mı? |url=http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=51233 |first=Gözde |last=Akben |work=Star Kıbrıs |date=11 February 2010 |access-date=21 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724084050/http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=51233 |archive-date=2011-07-24 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Dıştaki gençlerin askerlik sorunu çözülmedikçe…
 |url=http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/1/col/119/art/17680/PageName/Ana_sayfa
 |first=Akay
 |last=Cemal
 |work=Kıbrıs Gazetesi
 |date=2 June 2011
 |access-date=17 June 2011
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144431/http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/index.php/cat/1/col/119/art/17680/PageName/Ana_sayfa
 |archive-date=2011-07-21
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

====Mainland Turkish population====
According to the [[Office for National Statistics]], the estimated number of British residents born in Turkey was 72,000 in 2009,<ref name="2009 estimates">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |date=September 2009 |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114061243/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip |archive-date=2010-11-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> compared to the 54,079 recorded by the [[2001 UK Census]].<ref name=OECD>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |title=Country-of-birth database |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031258/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls |archive-date=2011-05-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Home Office]] and the Turkish consulate in London both claim that there are approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals living in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Home Affairs Committee 2011 loc=38"/><ref name=TurkishConsulate/> Academic sources suggest that the Turkey-born population is made up of 60,000 to 100,000 ethnic [[Turkish people|Turks]] and 25,000 to 50,000 ethnic [[Kurds]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Laçiner|2008|loc=397}}</ref> However, the [[Department for Communities and Local Government]] suggests that the Kurdish community in the UK is about 50,000, among which [[Iraqi Kurds]] make up the largest group, exceeding the numbers from Turkey and [[Iran]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Communities and Local Government|2009b|loc=35}}</ref> The [[Atatürk Thought Association]] claims that 300,000 people of Turkish origin (not including Turkish Cypriots) are living in the UK.<ref name=Ataturk/> By 2005, ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper reported that one gang alone had illegally smuggled up to 100,000 Turks into the UK.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/gang-held-over-smuggling-100000-turks-into-britain-510591.html |title=Gang held over smuggling 100,000 Turks into Britain |first=Jason |last=Bennetto |work=The Independent |date=12 October 2005 |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305034006/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/gang-held-over-smuggling-100000-turks-into-britain-510591.html |archive-date=2009-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, the [[Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]], claimed that there were almost 400,000 Turkish citizens living in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|author=Turkish Weekly|title=Turkey's Foreign Minister Says Turkey and Britain have Bright Future|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/113309/turkey-39-s-foreign-minister-says-turkey-and-britain-have-bright-future.html|date=31 March 2011|access-date=14 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407082510/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/113309/turkey-39-s-foreign-minister-says-turkey-and-britain-have-bright-future.html|archive-date=7 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Other Turkish populations====
{{see also|Turkish minorities}}
There is a growing number of Turks from countries other than Cyprus and Turkey who have emigrated to the United Kingdom, mainly from [[Algeria]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] and [[Romania]]. These populations, which have different nationalities (i.e. Algerian, Bulgarian, German, Greek, Macedonian or Romanian citizenship), share the same ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious origins as the Turks and Turkish Cypriots and are thus part of the Turkish-speaking community of the United Kingdom.

=====Bulgarian Turks=====
In 2009 the [[Office for National Statistics]] estimated that 35,000 Bulgarian-born people were resident in the UK.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip | title=Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3) | publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] | date=September 2009 | access-date=8 July 2010 | archive-date=14 November 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114061243/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Oct08-Sep09.zip | url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria, [[Bulgarian Turks]] make up 12% of short term migration, 13% of long term migration, and 12% of the labour migration.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ivanov|2007|loc=58}}</ref> However, the number of Bulgarian Turks in the United Kingdom may be much higher; Bulgarian citizens of Turkish origin make up entire majorities in some countries.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Markova|2010|loc=214}}</ref> For example, in the [[Netherlands]] Bulgarian Turks make up about 80% of Bulgarian citizens.<ref>{{Harvnb|Guentcheva|Kabakchieva|Kolarski|2003|loc=44}}.</ref>

=====Western Thrace Turks=====
The total number of Turkish-speaking Muslims who have emigrated from [[Western Thrace]], that is, the province of [[East Macedonia and Thrace]] in [[Northern Greece]] is unknown; however, it is estimated that 600-700 [[Western Thrace Turks]] are living in [[London]]. The number of Western Thrace Turks, as well as [[Pomaks]] from [[Northern Greece]], living outside London or who are British-born is unknown.<ref>{{Harvnb|Şentürk|2008|loc=427}}.</ref> On 15 January 1990 the Association of Western Thrace Turks UK was established.<ref>{{cite news|author=Association of Western Thrace Turks UK|title=İngiltere Batı Trakya Türkleri Dayanışma Derneği 20. yılını kutladı|url=http://www.batitrakya.org.uk/|access-date=2011-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719092458/http://www.batitrakya.org.uk/|archive-date=19 July 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===Settlement===
{{see also|Turkish community of London}}
The vast majority of Turkish-born people recorded in the 2001 British census lived in [[England]], with only 471 recorded in [[Wales]] and 1,042 in [[Scotland]]. A total of 39,132 Turkish-born people were recorded in London.<ref name="Born Abroad">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/turkey.stm |title=Turkey |work=Born Abroad |publisher=BBC |access-date=26 September 2010 |date=7 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061218152933/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/turkey.stm |archive-date=2006-12-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 2001 census also shows that the Cyprus-born population (which includes both Turkish and Greek Cypriots) live in similar areas to the Turkish-born population.<ref name="Born Abroad Cyprus">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/cyprus.stm |title=Cyprus |work=Born Abroad |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 October 2010 |date=7 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921193828/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/cyprus.stm |archive-date=2008-09-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority live in England, with only 1,001 in Wales, and 1,533 in Scotland. A total of 45,887 were recorded in London.<ref name="Born Abroad Cyprus"/> However, official data regarding the British Turkish community excludes British-born and dual heritage children of Turkish origin; thus, it is unlikely that any of the official figures available provide a true indication of the community.<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=6"/>

Turks from the same villages and districts from their homeland tend to congregate in the same quarters in the UK.<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=155">{{Harvnb|Yilmaz|2005|loc=155}}.</ref> Many of the Turkish-speaking communities have successfully settled in different parts of the capital,<ref name="Yilmaz 2005 loc=155" /> notably in [[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] and [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]], but also in [[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]], [[Lewisham]], [[Lambeth]], [[Southwark]], [[Croydon]], [[Islington]], [[Kensington]], [[Waltham Forest]], and [[Wood Green]].<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=6"/> The majority of the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] population live in Hackney, and they are mainly [[Turkish Cypriot]]. Turkish-speaking communities are located in all parts of the Borough, though there is a greater concentration in North and Central parts of the Borough. [[Stoke Newington]], [[Newington Green]] and [[Dalston]] have the greatest concentration of population and in particular along [[Green Lanes (London)|Green Lanes]], running from [[Manor House, London|Manor House]] down to Newington Green Roundabout.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/26/turkish_london_feature.shtml |title=Turkish London |publisher=BBC London |date=August 2008 |access-date=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127121825/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/26/turkish_london_feature.shtml |archive-date=2011-01-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[Department for Communities and Local Government]], outside London there are smaller Turkish communities in [[Birmingham]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Luton]], [[Manchester]], [[Sheffield]] and the [[East Midlands]] (mostly [[Leicester]] and [[Nottingham]]).<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=6" /> At the time of the 2001 census, only two [[census tracts]] outside London were home to more than 100 Turkish-born residents: south [[Cheshunt]] in [[Hertfordshire]] and [[Clifton, Nottingham|Clifton]] in [[Nottingham]].<ref name="Born Abroad"/> As for the Cypriot-born residents, two areas of [[Manchester]] – [[Stretford]] and [[Moss Side]] – have the largest Cyprus-born (regardless of ethnicity) clusters outside London.<ref name="Born Abroad Cyprus"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Religion of Turkish Born - England and Wales<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country of birth (extended) by religion - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM092/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/43600106-bcc0-4d46-b081-bbae0c7f056b#get-data}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |Census 2021
|-
!Number
!%
|-
|[[File:Star_and_Crescent.svg|20x20px]] [[Islam]]
|67,918
|53.2%
|-
|No Religion
|27,728
|21.7%
|-
|Other Religions
|16,988
|13.3%
|-
|[[File:Gold_Christian_Cross_no_Red.svg|26x26px]] [[Christianity]]
|2,141
|1.7%
|-
|[[File:Star_of_David.svg|23x23px]] [[Judaism]]
|381
|0.3%
|-
|[[File:Dharma_Wheel.svg|20x20px]] [[Buddhism]]
|103
|0.1%
|-
|[[File:Khanda.svg|25x25px]] [[Sikhism]]
|18
|0.0%
|-
|[[File:Om.svg|21x21px]] [[Hinduism]]
|17
|0.0%
|-
|Not Stated
|12,351
|9.7%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''127,645'''
|'''100%'''
|}

== Culture ==
Traditional family values are considered to be very important for the Turkish community.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=249">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Küçükcan|2004|loc=249}}</ref> Marriage in particular is seen as an important part of their social sphere, and considerable social pressure is put onto single Turks to get married.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=249"/> Thus, getting married and having a family is a significant part of their Turkish identity.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=249"/> Turkish parents consistently try to hold onto the cultural values in order to 'protect' these traditional values onto the younger generation.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=250">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Küçükcan|2004|loc=250}}</ref> Young Turks from a very young age are encouraged to attend Turkish school to learn about the Turkish culture including folk dances, food, history and the language.<ref name="Lytra & Baraç 2009 loc=60"/> The first generation generally maintains their culture rather than adopting the British social and cultural values. However, the younger generations have a desire to preserve parental values at home and to adopt some elements of the host culture outside the home.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=251"/>

===Language===

The [[Turkish language]] is the main language spoken among the community in the United Kingdom, but a [[Cypriot Turkish|Turkish Cypriot dialect]] is also widely spoken amongst its community. The first generation and recent migrants often speak fluent Turkish and women within the community are particularly constrained by language limitations.<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=7">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Communities and Local Government|2009a|loc=7}}</ref><ref name="Abu-Haidar 1996 loc=122">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Abu-Haidar|1996|loc=122}}</ref>

A new Turkish language, ''Anglo-Turkish'' or also referred to as ''[[Turklish]]'', has been forming amongst the second and third generations, where the [[English language]] and the [[Turkish language]] is used interchangeably in the same sentences.<ref name="Communities and Local Government 2009 loc=7"/>

===Religion===
{{see also|Religion in the United Kingdom}}
[[File:Aziziye Mosque.jpg|thumb|left|[[Aziziye Mosque (London)|Aziziye Mosque]] in [[Stoke Newington]], London.]]
[[File:Suleymaniye Mosque London, E2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Suleymaniye Mosque (London)|Suleymaniye Mosque]] in [[Dalston]], London.]]

The vast majority of the Turkish community are [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s, whilst the remaining people generally do not have any religious affiliation. Nonetheless, even those who define themselves as not being religious feel that [[Islam]] has had an influence of their [[Turkish people|Turkish]] identity.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=253">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Küçükcan|2004|loc=253}}</ref> There is mostly a lack of knowledge about the basic principles of Islam within the younger generations.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=251">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Küçükcan|2004|loc=251}}</ref> The young generation of the community tends to have little knowledge about their religion and generally do not fulfill all religious duties.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=251"/> However, the majority of young Turks still believe in Islam and the basic principles of the religion as it has more of a symbolic attachment to them due to traditional Turkish values.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=251"/> 

In recent years{{when|date=December 2016}} there has also been a strong movement towards [[religion]] by the community with the growth of Islamic organisations.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=253"/>  The desire to retain an [[Identity (social science)|identity]] has increased the strength of [[Islam]] among the communities. Clinging to traditions is seen as a way of maintaining [[culture]] and identity.<ref>[http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/people/Hackney%20Turkish%20Cypriot.doc THE TURKISH CYPRIOT COMMUNITY LIVING IN HACKNEY] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224162215/http://cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/people/Hackney%20Turkish%20Cypriot.doc |date=24 December 2010 }}</ref> Nonetheless, young Turkish Muslims are brought up in a more liberal home environment than other [[Islam in the United Kingdom|British Muslims]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Ansari|2002|loc=13}}</ref> Thus, there are many Turks, especially the younger generations, who do not abstain from eating non-halal food or drinking alcohol, whilst still identifying as Muslim.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=251"/>

The establishment of [[mosques]] has always been considered a priority within the Turkish community.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=254">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Küçükcan|2004|loc=254}}</ref> The first Turkish mosque, [[Shacklewell Lane Mosque]], was established by the Turkish Cypriot community in 1977.<ref name="Geaves 2001 loc=218">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Geaves|2001|loc=218}}</ref> There are numerous other Turkish Mosques in [[London]], mainly in Hackney, that are predominantly used by the Turkish community, especially the [[Aziziye Mosque (London)|Aziziye Mosque]]<ref>{{cite web|author=London Borough of Hackney|title=UK Turkish Islamic Association - Aziziye Mosque|url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=4342&Admin=0|access-date=2008-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000139/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=4342&Admin=0|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Suleymaniye Mosque (London)|Suleymaniye Mosque]].<ref>{{cite web|author=London Borough of Hackney|title=UK Turkish Islamic Cultural Centre / Suleymaniye Mosque|url=http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=3924&Admin=0|access-date=2008-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304000110/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/servapps/CommunityDirectories/Details.aspx?OrgID=3924&Admin=0|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable Turkish mosques outside London include Selimiye Mosque in [[Manchester]], Hamidiye Mosque in [[Leicester]], and Osmaniye Mosque in [[Stoke-on-Trent]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Çoştu|Turan|2009|loc=45}}</ref> During the Turkish invasion into Syria in 2019, adherents prayed for the [[Turkish Land Forces|Turkish army]] in a mosque under the guidance of the Turkish [[Directorate of Religious Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Spreading whose word? Militarism and nationalism in the transnational Turkish mosques |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/719164 |access-date=2022-05-26 |journal=HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory |date=March 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=27–32 |language=en |doi=10.1086/719164|last1=Kurt |first1=Mehmet }}</ref> As of 2018 there were 17 mosques under the control of the Directorate of Religious affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazir |first=Agah |date=2019-06-20 |title=The Turkish Diyanet in the UK: How national conditions affect the influence of a transnational religious institution |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2019/06/the-turkish-diyanet-in-the-uk-how-national-conditions-affect-the-influence-of-a-transnational-religious-institution/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=[[London School of Economics]]}}</ref>  

Activities are held in many Turkish mosques in order to retain an Islamic identity and to pass these traditional values onto the younger generation. These mosques have introduced new policies and strategies within their establishments as they have recognised that traditional methods are not very productive within the British context.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=254"/> For example, one mosque has opened an independent primary school whilst another has been granted permission to register weddings in its mosque. Other mosques have even allowed the formation of small market places.<ref name="Küçükcan 2004 loc=254"/>

== Politics ==
{{see also|Turkey – United Kingdom relations|Cyprus – United Kingdom relations}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = 43 Belgrave Square.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 = 
| caption1 = 
| image2 = Northern_Cypriot_Office_London_20060615.jpg
| width2 = 140
| alt2 = 
| caption2 = 
| footer = The Turkish Embassy located in [[Belgrave Square]] (left) and the London office of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] in [[Bedford Square]] (right).
}}

===Diplomatic missions===
In 1793, Sultan [[Selim III]] established the first ever Ottoman Embassy in London with its first ambassador being Yusuf Ağa Efendi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Aksan|2007|loc=226}}</ref> This marked the establishment of mutual diplomatic relations between the British and the Ottoman Turks. By 1834, a permanent embassy was established by Sultan [[Mahmud II]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Quataert|2000|loc=80}}</ref> Today the current Turkish Embassy is located at 43 [[Belgrave Square]], London. There is also a Turkish Cypriot Embassy which represents nationals of [[Northern Cyprus]] located at 29 [[Bedford Square]], London.

===Cyprus issue===
{{see also|Cyprus dispute}}
Due to the large Turkish Cypriot diaspora in the United Kingdom, the [[Cyprus dispute]] has become an important political issue in the United Kingdom. Turkish Cypriots carry out numerous activities such as [[lobbying]] in British politics.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Østergaard-Nielsen|2003|loc=685}}</ref> Organisations were first set up during the 1950s and 1960s mainly by Turkish Cypriot students who had met and studied in cities in [[Turkey]], such as [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]], before moving to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Østergaard-Nielsen 2003 loc=688">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Østergaard-Nielsen|2003|loc=688}}</ref>
Organisations such as the "Turkish Cypriot Association" were originally set up to preserve the communities culture and provide meeting places. However, during the 1960s, when political violence increased in Cyprus, these organisations centred more on politics.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Østergaard-Nielsen|2003|loc=687}}</ref>

Turkish Cypriot organisations which engage in the Cyprus issue can be divided into two main groups: there are those who support the [[TRNC]] government, and those who oppose it. Both groups back up their lobbying by supporting British (and European) politicians.<ref name="Østergaard-Nielsen 2003 loc=688"/> The general impression is that the majority of British Turkish Cypriots are mainly conservative supporters of a Turkish Cypriot state and lobby for its recognition.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Østergaard-Nielsen|2003|loc=690}}</ref> British Turkish Cypriots cannot vote in Cypriot elections; therefore, Turkish Cypriot organisations have tended to take an active role in political affairs by providing economic support for political parties.<ref name="Østergaard-Nielsen 2003 loc=692">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Østergaard-Nielsen|2003|loc=692}}</ref>

There are also campaigns which are directed at the wider British population and politicians. Yearly demonstrations occur to commemorate historical important days; for example, each year on 20 July, a pro-TRNC organisation arranges a demonstration from [[Trafalgar Square]] to the Turkish Embassy in [[Belgrave Square]].  15 November is another date in which public places are used to voice political issues regarding the Cyprus dispute.<ref name="Østergaard-Nielsen 2003 loc=692"/>

===Politicians===
British political figures of Turkish descent include: [[Boris Johnson]], who has served as [[Mayor of London]], [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] and was formerly the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] and whose great-grandfather was Turkish (although he was half [[Circassians|Circassian]] origin); [[Baroness]] [[Meral Ece|Meral Hussein-Ece]], the first woman of Turkish Cypriot origin to be a member of the [[House of Lords]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Liberal Democrat Voice|title=Baroness Meral Hussein-Ece's maiden speech|url=http://www.libdemvoice.org/baroness-meral-husseineces-maiden-speech-20346.html|access-date=2011-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724193800/http://www.libdemvoice.org/baroness-meral-husseineces-maiden-speech-20346.html|archive-date=24 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nesil Caliskan]], the first member of the [[House of Commons (United Kingdom)|House of Commons]] of Turkish Cypriot origin, who has served as [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Barking (UK Parliament constituency)|Barking]] since 2024;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-28 |title=Nesil Çalışkan, Labour candidate for UK general election |url=https://www.tcexist.com/newstce/international/nesil-caliskan-labour-candidate-for-uk-general-election |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=TCE |language=en-gb}}</ref> and [[Alp Mehmet]], a diplomat who retired in 2009 as the British ambassador to [[Iceland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fipra.com/people/alp_mehmet~196/|title=Alp Mehmet|publisher=Fipra International|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

== Media ==

===Turkish television programmes===
* [[Euro Genc TV]]

=== Turkish magazines ===
* [[BritishTurks.com]]
* [[AdaAktüel Magazine]]
* [[BN Magazine]]
* [[T-VINE Magazine]]

=== Turkish newspapers ===
* [[Avrupa Gazete]]
* [[London Turkish Gazette]]
* [[Olay Gazetesi]]

=== Turkish radio ===
* [[Bizim FM]]

=== Turkish film ===
* [[London Turkish Film Festival]]

==Notable people==
{{see also|List of British Turks}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey|United Kingdom}}
* [[List of British Turks]]
* [[Turks in London]]
* [[Turkey – United Kingdom relations]]
* [[Turks in Ireland]]
* [[Turks in Europe]]
* [[Britons in Turkey]]
* [[Byerley Turk]]
* [[Fordingbridge|Fordingbridge Turks]] football club, established in 1868 and named after Turks

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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==Further reading==
* {{Citation|url=http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/185935274X.pdf|title=Young Turks and Kurds: A set of 'invisible' disadvantaged groups|first1=Pinar|last1=Enneli|first2=Tariq|last2=Modood|first3=Harriet|last3=Bradley|location=York|publisher=Joseph Rowntree Foundation/University of Bristol|isbn=978-1-85935-273-1|year=2005|access-date=2008-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626062237/http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/185935274X.pdf|archive-date=2008-06-26|url-status=dead}}
* {{Citation|url=http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/pdfs/WP0742-Vasta.pdf|title=Differentiating irregularity and solidarity: Turkish Immigrants at work in London|first1=Aykan|last1=Erdemir|first2=Ellie|last2=Vasta|journal=COMPAS Working Paper|volume=42|year=2007|publisher=ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford|postscript=.|access-date=30 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716105919/http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/pdfs/WP0742-Vasta.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Turks in the United Kingdom}}
* [http://londra.bk.mfa.gov.tr/Mission Turkish Consulate in London]

{{AsiansinUK}}
{{EuropeansinUK}}
{{Turkish people by country}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turks In The United Kingdom}}
[[Category:Turkish diaspora by country|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Turkish diaspora in Europe|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British people of Turkish descent| ]]
[[Category:Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin]]
[[Category:Islam in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Muslim communities in Europe]]
[[Category:Turkey–United Kingdom relations]]