View source for Brian Mulroney

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993}}
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{{Use Canadian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = Brian Mulroney
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|CC|GOQ|size=100%}}
| image               = Mulroney (cropped)(2).jpg
| caption             = Mulroney in 1984
| order               = 18th
| office              = Prime Minister of Canada
| term_start          = September 17, 1984
| term_end            = June 25, 1993
| monarch             = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor_general    = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jeanne Sauvé]]|[[Ray Hnatyshyn]]}}
| deputy              = {{Unbulleted list|[[Erik Nielsen]]|[[Don Mazankowski]]}}
| predecessor         = [[John Turner]]
| successor           = [[Kim Campbell]]
| office1             = [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| term_start1         = August 29, 1983
| term_end1           = September 17, 1984
| predecessor1        = Erik Nielsen
| successor1          = John Turner
| office2             = Leader of the {{awrap|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]]}}
| term_start2         = June 11, 1983
| term_end2           = June 13, 1993
| predecessor2        = Erik Nielsen (interim)
| successor2          = Kim Campbell
{{Collapsed infobox section begin |cont = yes |House of Commons constituencies
| titlestyle          = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed               = yes
| riding7             = [[Charlevoix (federal electoral district)|Charlevoix]]
| parliament7         = Canadian
| term_start7         = November 21, 1988
| term_end7           = October 25, 1993
| majority7           =
| predecessor7        = [[Charles-André Hamelin]]
| successor7          = [[Gérard Asselin]]
| riding8             = [[Manicouagan (electoral district)|Manicouagan]]
| parliament8         = <!-- Canadian -->
| term_start8         = September 4, 1984
| term_end8           = November 21, 1988
| majority8           =
| predecessor8        = [[André Maltais]]
| successor8          = [[Charles Langlois (politician)|Charles Langlois]]
| parliament9         = <!-- Canadian -->
| riding9             = [[Central Nova]]
| term_start9         = August 29, 1983
| term_end9           = September 4, 1984
| predecessor9        = [[Elmer MacKay]]
| successor9          = Elmer MacKay{{Collapsed infobox section end}} }}
| birth_name          = Martin Brian Mulroney
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1939|3|20}}
| birth_place         = [[Baie-Comeau, Quebec]], Canada
| death_date          = {{death date and age|2024|2|29|1939|3|20}}
| death_place         = [[Palm Beach, Florida]], U.S.
| resting_place       = [[Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]], Montreal, Quebec
| party               = {{Unbulleted list|[[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] (1955–2003)|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] (from 2003)}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Mila Mulroney|Mila Pivnički]]|1973}}
| children            = 4, including [[Caroline Mulroney|Caroline]] and [[Ben Mulroney|Ben]]
| relatives           = [[Jessica Mulroney]] (daughter-in-law)
| education           = {{Unbulleted list|[[St. Francis Xavier University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Dalhousie University]] (no degree)|[[Laval University]] ([[LLB]])}}
| signature           = Brian Mulroney Signature.svg
| module              = {{Listen
| pos                 = center
| embed               = yes
| filename            = Brian Mulroney's Voice.ogg
| title               = Brian Mulroney's voice
| type                = speech
| description         = Mulroney on the concerns of the [[Gulf Crisis]]<br/>Recorded August 9, 1990}}
}}

'''Martin Brian Mulroney'''{{efn|{{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|CC|GOQ}} ({{IPAc-en|m|ʊ|l|ˈ|r|uː|n|i}} {{respell|muul|ROO|nee}})}} (March 20, 1939 – February 29, 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the 18th [[prime minister of Canada]] from 1984 to 1993 as leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]].

Born in the eastern Quebec city of [[Baie-Comeau]], Mulroney studied [[political science]] and [[legal education|law]]. He then moved to [[Montreal]] and gained prominence as a [[labour law]]yer. He ran for [[1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election|leader of the Progressive Conservative party in 1976]], placing third. In 1977, he was appointed as president of the [[Iron Ore Company of Canada]]. He held that post until [[1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election|1983]], when he became leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]]. Mulroney led the party to a [[landslide victory]] in the [[1984 Canadian federal election|1984 federal election]], winning the second-largest percentage of seats in Canadian history (at 74.8%) and receiving over 50% of the popular vote. He led the party to a second [[majority government]] in the [[1988 Canadian federal election|1988 federal election]].

Mulroney's tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]], the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|goods and services tax]] (GST) that was created to replace the manufacturers' sales tax, and the privatization of 23 of 61 of Canada's [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]], including [[Air Canada]] and [[Petro-Canada]]. Mulroney attempted to secure Quebec's endorsement of the [[Constitution Act, 1982|1982 constitutional amendments]] through the [[Meech Lake Accord]] and then the [[Charlottetown Accord]]. Both proposed recognizing Quebec as a [[distinct society]], extending provincial powers, and extensively changing the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian constitution]]; however, the accords failed to be ratified, and the Meech Lake Accord's demise revived [[Quebec separatism]], leading to the formation of the [[Bloc Québécois]]. Mulroney's government also faced criticism for its response to the [[Air India Flight 182]] bombing, the largest mass killing in Canadian history. It later signed the [[Nunavut Land Claims Agreement]] following a [[1992 Nunavut creation referendum|referendum]], which led to the creation of the territory of [[Nunavut]]. In foreign policy, Mulroney strengthened [[Canada–United States relations|Canada's ties with the United States]], ordered [[Operation Friction|military intervention in the Gulf War]], and took a leading role in mobilizing [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] sanctions against the [[apartheid]] regime in [[South Africa]]. Mulroney made environmental protection a priority by securing [[U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement|a treaty with the United States on acid rain]], making Canada the first [[developed country]] to ratify the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]], adding eight [[National parks of Canada|national parks]], and enacting legislation, including the 1988 ''[[Canadian Environmental Protection Act#History|Environmental Protection Act]]'' and the 1992 ''[[Canadian Environmental Assessment Act#History|Environmental Assessment Act]]''.

The unpopularity of the GST and the controversy surrounding its passage in the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]], combined with the [[early 1990s recession]], the prevalence of Canada's chronic [[budget deficit]], the collapse of the Charlottetown Accord, and the rise of the Bloc and the [[Reform Party of Canada|Reform Party]] (the latter a result of growing [[Western alienation]]), caused a stark decline in Mulroney's popularity. He resigned in June 1993 and [[1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election|was succeeded]] by his cabinet minister [[Kim Campbell]]. In the [[1993 Canadian federal election|election later that year]], the Progressive Conservatives were reduced from a [[Parliamentary group|parliamentary caucus]] of 156 to two, with its support being eroded by the Bloc and Reform parties. In his retirement, Mulroney served as an international business consultant and sat on the board of directors of multiple corporations. Although he places above average in [[Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada|rankings of Canadian prime ministers]], his legacy remains controversial. He was criticized for his role in the resurgence of [[Quebec nationalism]] and accused of corruption in the [[Airbus affair]], a scandal which came to light only several years after he left office.

== Early life (1939–1955) ==
Mulroney was born on March 20, 1939, in [[Baie-Comeau]], Quebec, a remote and isolated town of the [[Côte-Nord]] region, in the eastern part of the province. He was the son of [[Irish Canadian]] [[Catholic]] parents, Mary Irene (née O'Shea) and Benedict Martin Mulroney,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdnirish.concordia.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|title=School of Canadian Irish Studies – Irene Mulroney Scholarship|publisher=Cdnirish.concordia.ca|access-date=June 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173454/http://cdnirish.concordia.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79|archive-date=July 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> who was a [[paper mill]] electrician. As there was no English-language Catholic high school in Baie-Comeau, Mulroney completed his high school education at a [[Roman Catholic]] boarding school in [[Chatham, New Brunswick]], operated by [[St. Thomas University (Canada)|St. Thomas University]]. In 2001, St. Thomas University named its newest academic building in his honour. Benedict Mulroney worked overtime and ran a repair business to earn extra money for his children's education, and he encouraged his oldest son to attend university.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Mulroney: The Politics of Ambition'', by [[John Sawatsky]], 1991</ref>

Mulroney would frequently tell stories about newspaper publisher [[Robert R. McCormick]], whose company had founded Baie-Comeau. Mulroney would sing [[Irish music|Irish songs]] for McCormick,<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Peter C. Newman |first=Peter C. |last=Newman |title-link=The Secret Mulroney Tapes |title=The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister |publisher=Random House Canada |date=2005 |page=54}}</ref> and the publisher would slip him $50.<ref>[[Gordon Donaldson (journalist)|Gordon Donaldson]], ''The Prime Ministers of Canada'', (Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997), p. 309.</ref> Mulroney grew up speaking English and French fluently.<ref name="Donaldson310">Donaldson, p. 310.</ref>

== Family ==
On May 26, 1973, Mulroney married [[Mila Pivnički]], the daughter of a [[Serbs|Serbian]]-Canadian doctor, {{Interlanguage link|Dimitrije Pivnički|sr|3=Димитрије Пивнички|lt=Dimitrije Pivnički}}, from [[Novi Bečej]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://san.ba/index.php?id=1818|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630000121/http://san.ba/index.php?id=1818|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 30, 2018|title=SAN Dnevne novine|publisher=San.ba|date=March 14, 2008|access-date=June 7, 2010}}</ref> Many PC campaign buttons featured both Mulroney's face and hers, and Ontario [[Premier of Ontario|premier]] [[Bill Davis]] commented to Brian, "Mila will get you more votes for you than you will for yourself."<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19840904&id=NhgiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nqUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5252,662170 Mila: Mulroney's Not-so-secret Weapon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217113920/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19840904&id=NhgiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nqUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5252,662170 |date=December 17, 2020 }}, ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)]]'', September 4, 1984</ref>

The Mulroneys have four children:

* [[Caroline Mulroney Lapham]] (b. 1974) - Since 2018 the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|Member of Provincial Parliament]] for [[York—Simcoe (provincial electoral district)|York—Simcoe]] and a provincial cabinet minister in the [[Ford ministry|ministry of Doug Ford]]. Like Mulroney, she contested the [[2018 Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election|Ontario Progressive Conservative Party leadership in 2018]] without having been an electoral candidate, placed third in the first ballot behind Ford and runner-up [[Christine Elliott]]. Mulroney said that she was the most like him "in her mindset" and that she would have been the most likely to follow his footsteps into politics.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2017 |title=Caroline Mulroney se lance en politique provinciale {{!}} JOËL-DENIS BELLAVANCE {{!}} Politique canadienne |url=http://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-canadienne/201706/16/01-5108325-caroline-mulroney-se-lance-en-politique-provinciale.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219090315/http://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-canadienne/201706/16/01-5108325-caroline-mulroney-se-lance-en-politique-provinciale.php |archive-date=February 19, 2018 |access-date=February 18, 2018 |work=La Presse |language=fr-CA}}</ref>
* [[Ben Mulroney|Benedict (Ben) Mulroney]] (b. 1976) - a radio and television personality, currently the host of ''The Ben Mulroney Show'' mornings on [[CFIQ|640 Toronto]], and from 2016 to 2021 the host of the CTV morning show ''[[Your Morning]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Ben Mulroney leaving CTV's Your Morning to pursue 'a lifelong dream' |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/ben-mulroney-leaving-ctv-s-your-morning-to-pursue-a-lifelong-dream-1.5605015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929220628/https://www.ctvnews.ca/entertainment/ben-mulroney-leaving-ctv-s-your-morning-to-pursue-a-lifelong-dream-1.5605015 |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |access-date=September 30, 2021 |work=CTV News |agency=Canadian Press}}</ref> He is married to stylist [[Jessica Mulroney|Jessica]], and their three children served as page boys and bridesmaids during the [[wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle]] on May 19, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 2018 |title=Mulroney children to be bridesmaid, page boys at royal wedding |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/windsor/article/mulroney-children-to-be-bridesmaid-page-boys-at-royal-wedding/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928061107/https://windsor.ctvnews.ca/mulroney-children-to-be-bridesmaid-page-boys-at-royal-wedding-1.3932401 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |access-date=February 29, 2024 |work=[[CTV News]] |agency=The Canadian Press}}</ref> 
* Mark Mulroney (b. 1977) - a banking executive, it was announced in August 2025 that he would join [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce|CIBC]] as a global vice chair. His name was mentioned by the press as a potential contender leading up to the [[2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election|2017]] and [[2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election|2020]] federal Conservative leadership contests.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
* Nicholas Mulroney (b. 1985) - co-founder of Bond Bakery Brands, an investment platform for independent commercial bakeries.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Education (1955–1964) ==
Mulroney entered [[St. Francis Xavier University]] in the fall of 1955 as a 16-year-old first-year student. His political life began when he was recruited to the campus Progressive Conservative group by [[Lowell Murray]] and others early in his first year. Murray, who was appointed to the [[Senate of Canada]] in 1979, became Mulroney's close friend, mentor, and adviser. Mulroney made other important, lasting friendships with [[Gerald Doucet]], [[Fred Doucet]], [[Sam Wakim]], and [[Patrick MacAdam]]. Mulroney enthusiastically embraced political organization and assisted the local PC candidate in his successful 1956 Nova Scotia provincial election campaign; the PCs, led provincially by [[Robert Stanfield]], won a surprise victory.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Mulroney became a youth delegate and attended the 1956 leadership convention in [[Ottawa]]. While initially undecided, Mulroney was captivated by [[John Diefenbaker]]'s powerful oratory and easy approachability. Mulroney joined the Youth for Diefenbaker committee, which was led by [[Edward Samuel Rogers|Ted Rogers]], a future [[kinship|scion]] of Canadian business. Mulroney struck an early friendship with Diefenbaker (who won the leadership) and received telephone calls from him.<ref name="Donaldson310" />

Mulroney won several public speaking contests at St. Francis Xavier University, was a star member of the school's [[debating]] team, and never lost an inter-university debate. He was also very active in campus politics, serving with distinction in several [[model parliament]]s, and was campus prime minister in a [[Maritimes]]-wide Model Parliament in 1958.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Mulroney assisted with the 1958 national election campaign at the local level in Nova Scotia. This campaign led to the largest majority in the history of the Canadian House of Commons.<ref>''The Politics of Ambition'', by [[John Sawatsky]], 1991</ref> After graduating from St. Francis Xavier with a degree in political science in 1959, Mulroney at first pursued a law degree from [[Dalhousie Law School]] in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]]. It was around this time that Mulroney also cultivated friendships with the Tory [[premier of Nova Scotia]], [[Robert Stanfield]], and his chief adviser [[Dalton Camp]]. In his role as an advance man, Mulroney assisted with Stanfield's successful 1960 re-election campaign. Mulroney neglected his studies, fell seriously ill during the winter term, was hospitalized, and, despite getting extensions for several courses because of his illness, left his program at Dalhousie after the first year.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> He then applied to [[Université Laval]] in Quebec City and continued his legal studies there later in 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Le très honorable Martin Brian Mulroney, Biographie 1939–" |url=http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/primeministers/h4-3456-f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20020220000000/http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/primeministers/h4-3456-f.html |archive-date=February 20, 2002 |access-date=March 1, 2024 }}</ref>

In [[Quebec City]], Mulroney befriended future Quebec [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[Daniel Johnson Sr.]] and frequented the provincial legislature, making connections with politicians, aides, and journalists. At Laval, Mulroney built a network of friends, including [[Lucien Bouchard]], [[Bernard Roy]], [[Michel Cogger]], [[Michael Meighen]], and [[Jean Bazin]], that would play a prominent role in Canadian politics for years to come.<ref>H. Graham Rawlinson and [[J. L. Granatstein]], ''The Canadian 100: The 100 Most Influential Canadians of the 20th century,'' Toronto: McArthur & Company, 1997, pp. 19–20.</ref>

Mulroney secured a temporary appointment in Ottawa during the summer of 1962 as the executive assistant to [[Alvin Hamilton]], minister of agriculture. Then, a federal election was called. Hamilton took Mulroney with him on the campaign trail, where the young organizer gained valuable experience.<ref>''The Politics of Ambition'', by [[John Sawatsky]], 1991, pp. 129–135</ref>

== Labour lawyer (1964–1976) ==
After graduating from Laval in 1964, Mulroney moved to [[Montreal]] to join the law firm [[Howard, Cate, Ogilvy et al.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://films.nfb.ca/media/pl_pm/bios/18th_pm_Brian_Mulroney.pdf |title=Martin Brian Mulroney |publisher=[[National Film Board]] |location=Canada |access-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-date=July 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709162642/http://films.nfb.ca/media/pl_pm/bios/18th_pm_Brian_Mulroney.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The firm at the time was the largest law firm in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. Despite twice failing his bar exams, the firm kept him due to his charming personality.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mulroney finally passed the exam and was admitted to the Quebec bar in 1965, after which he began practising as a labour lawyer.<ref name=":1" /> He worked on [[Laurent Picard]]'s [[Commission of Inquiry]] on the [[Port of Montreal|St. Lawrence Ports]].<ref name=":1" /> He was noted for ending several strikes along the Montreal waterfront, where he met fellow lawyer [[W. David Angus]] of [[Stikeman Elliott]], who would later become a valuable fundraiser for his campaigns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lives Shattered – Damage from Florida scam is more than just financial|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/432448067|page=D3|date=June 15, 1993|access-date=February 29, 2024|newspaper=The Gazette|location=Montreal|id={{ProQuest|432448067}}}}</ref>  In addition, he met fellow then Stikeman Elliott lawyer [[Stanley Hartt]], who later played a vital role assisting him during his political career as Mulroney's Chief of Staff.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/stanley-hartt-80-was-an-articulate-advocate-for-canada/article37597751/|title=Stanley Hartt, 80, was 'an articulate advocate for Canada'|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-date=April 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415204344/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/stanley-hartt-80-was-an-articulate-advocate-for-canada/article37597751/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1966, [[Dalton Camp]], who by then was president of the Progressive Conservative Party, ran for re-election in what many believed to be a referendum on Diefenbaker's leadership.<ref name=camp/> Diefenbaker had reached his 70th birthday in 1965. Mulroney joined with most of his generation in supporting Camp and opposing Diefenbaker, but due to his past friendship with Diefenbaker, he attempted to stay out of the spotlight. With Camp's narrow victory, Diefenbaker called for a [[Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1967|1967 leadership convention]] in Toronto.<ref name=camp/> Mulroney joined with Joe Clark and others in supporting former Justice minister [[E. Davie Fulton]]. Once Fulton dropped off the ballot, Mulroney helped in swinging most of his organization over to [[Robert Stanfield]], who won. Mulroney, then 28, would soon become a chief adviser to the new leader in Quebec.<ref name=camp>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/03/01/brian-mulroney-canada-prime-minister-conservative/|title=Brian Mulroney, controversial Canadian Tory prime minister who came unstuck on Quebec – obituary|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=March 1, 2024|date=March 1, 2024|archive-date=March 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301205316/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2024/03/01/brian-mulroney-canada-prime-minister-conservative/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mulroney's professional reputation was further enhanced when he ended a strike that was considered impossible to resolve at the Montreal newspaper [[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|''La Presse'']]. In doing so, Mulroney and the paper's owner, Canadian business mogul [[Paul Desmarais]], became friends. After his initial difficulties, Mulroney's reputation in his firm steadily increased, and he was made a partner in 1971.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Mulroney's big break came during the [[Robert Cliche|Cliche Commission]] in 1974,<ref name="Lotz">Jim Lotz, ''Prime Ministers of Canada'', Bison Books, 1987, p. 144.</ref> which was set up by Quebec premier [[Robert Bourassa]] to investigate the situation at the [[James Bay Project]], Canada's largest [[hydroelectric]] project. Violence and dirty tactics had broken out as part of a union accreditation struggle. To ensure the commission was non-partisan, Bourassa, the Liberal premier, placed Robert Cliche, a former leader of the provincial [[New Democratic Party of Quebec (2014)|New Democratic Party]] in charge. Cliche asked Mulroney, a Progressive Conservative and a former student of his, to join the commission. Mulroney asked [[Lucien Bouchard]] to join as counsel. The committee's proceedings, which showed [[Rizzuto crime family|Mafia]] infiltration of the unions, made Mulroney well known in Quebec, as the hearings were extensively covered in the media.<ref name="Lotz" /> The Cliche Commission's report was largely adopted by the Bourassa government. A notable incident included the revelation that the controversy may have involved the office of the Premier of Quebec when it emerged that Paul Desrochers, Bourassa's special executive assistant, had met with the union boss [[André Desjardins]], known as the "King of Construction," to ask for his help with winning a by-election in exchange guaranteeing that only companies employing workers from his union would work on the James Bay project.<ref>Sawatsky, John ''Mulroney: the politics of ambition'', Toronto: Mcfarlane Walter & Ross, 1991 p. 257.</ref> Although Bouchard favoured calling in Robert Bourassa as a witness, Mulroney refused, deeming it a violation of 'executive privilege.'<ref name="ReferenceA" />  Mulroney and Bourassa would later cultivate a friendship that would turn out to be extremely beneficial when Mulroney ran for re-election in 1988.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM great leader: Bourassa – Federal Liberals are left seething by premier's praise of Mulroney|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/431574185|page=A1|first=Jennifer|last=Robinson|date=January 30, 1988|access-date=February 29, 2024|newspaper=The Gazette|location=Montreal|id={{ProQuest|431574185}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brian Mulroney owes much to Robert Bourassa|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/431709560|page=B3|first=John|last=Yorston|date=November 25, 1988|access-date=February 29, 2024|newspaper=The Gazette|location=Montreal|id={{ProQuest|431709560}}}}</ref>

=== 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election ===
The Stanfield-led Progressive Conservatives lost the [[1974 Canadian federal election|1974 election]] to the [[Pierre Trudeau]]-led Liberals, leading to Stanfield's resignation as leader. Mulroney, despite never having run for elected office, entered the contest to replace him. Mulroney and provincial rival [[Claude Wagner]] were both seen as potentially able to improve the party's standing in Quebec, which had supported the federal Liberals for decades. Mulroney had played the lead role in recruiting Wagner to the PC party a few years earlier, and the two wound up as rivals for Quebec delegates, most of whom were snared by Wagner, who even blocked Mulroney from becoming a voting delegate at the convention.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> In the leadership race, Mulroney spent an estimated $500,000, far more than the other candidates, and earned himself the nickname 'Cadillac candidate.' At the [[1976 Progressive Conservative leadership convention|1976 leadership convention]], Mulroney placed second on the first ballot behind Wagner. His expensive campaign, slick image, lack of parliamentary experience, and vague policy positions did not endear him to many delegates, and he was unable to build upon his base support, being overtaken by eventual winner Joe Clark on the second ballot. Mulroney was the only one of the eleven leadership candidates who did not provide full financial disclosure on his campaign expenses, and his campaign finished deeply in debt.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

== Business leadership (1976–1983) ==
Mulroney took the job of executive vice president of the [[Iron Ore Company of Canada]], a joint subsidiary of three major U.S. steel corporations. Mulroney earned a salary well into the six-figure range. In 1977, he was appointed company president. Drawing upon his labour law experience, he instituted improved labour relations, and, with commodity prices on the rise, company profits soared during the next several years. In 1983, Mulroney successfully negotiated the closing of the [[Schefferville]] mine, winning a generous settlement for the affected workers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-1469-9795/politics_economy/brian_mulroney/clip5|publisher=[[CBC News]]|title=Private life after public loss – Television – CBC Archives|access-date=April 26, 2006|archive-date=December 21, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221235721/http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-1469-9795/politics_economy/brian_mulroney/clip5|url-status=live}}</ref> In the wake of his loss in the 1976 leadership race, Mulroney battled alcohol abuse and depression for several years; he credits his loyal wife Mila with helping him recover. In 1979, he permanently became a teetotaller. During his IOC term, he made liberal use of the company's executive jet, frequently flying business associates and friends on fishing trips.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Mulroney also maintained and expanded his extensive political networking among business leaders and conservatives across the country. As his business reputation grew, he was invited onto several corporate boards.<ref name=camp/>

== Opposition leader (1983–1984) ==
Joe Clark led the Progressive Conservative party to a minority government in the [[1979 Canadian federal election|1979 federal election]], ending 16 years of continuous Liberal rule. Clark's government fell after a successful [[no-confidence motion]] over the budget in December 1979. The PCs subsequently lost the federal election held two months later to Trudeau and the Liberals. Many Tories were also annoyed with Clark over his slowness in dispensing patronage appointments after he became prime minister in June 1979. By late 1982, Joe Clark's leadership of the Progressive Conservatives was being questioned in many party circles and among many Tory members of Parliament, despite his solid national lead over prime minister Pierre Trudeau in opinion polls.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lotz |first=Jim |title=Prime Ministers of Canada |publisher=Bison Books |year=1987 |isbn=0-86124-377-3 |location=London |page=139 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mulroney 1983.jpg|left|thumb|275px|Mulroney on the floor of the 1983 leadership convention]]
Mulroney, while publicly endorsing Clark at a press conference in 1982, organized behind the scenes to defeat him at the party's [[leadership review]]. Clark's key Quebec organizer, Rodrigue Pageau, was actually a double agent working for Mulroney, undermining Clark's support.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> When Clark received an endorsement by only 66.9 percent of delegates at the party convention in January 1983 in [[Winnipeg]], he resigned and ran to regain his post at the [[Progressive Conservative leadership convention, 1983|1983 leadership convention]]. Despite still not being a member of Parliament, Mulroney ran against him, campaigning more shrewdly than he had done seven years before. Mulroney had been criticized in 1976 for lacking policy depth and substance, a weakness he addressed by making several major speeches across the country in the early 1980s, which were collected into a book, ''Where I Stand'', published in 1983.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Mulroney also avoided most of the flash of his earlier campaign, for which he had been criticized. Mulroney was elected party leader on June 11, 1983, beating Clark on the fourth ballot, attracting broad support from the many factions of the party and especially from representatives of his native Quebec. Pundits noted that a poll of delegates on the final ballot showed that Mulroney had won a bare majority of Clark's home province of Alberta and that Clark had won a bare majority in Mulroney's home province of Quebec.{{sfn|Martin, Gregg, Perlin|p=237}} Mulroney's strong showing amongst Ontario delegates (65 percent to 35 percent) seemed to account for most of his margin of victory.{{sfn|Martin, Gregg, Perlin|p=237}} A ''New York Times'' article from 1984 argued that Mulroney was elected from "the right-wing elements" within the party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/06/world/man-in-the-news-a-modern-centrist-in-canada-martin-brian-mulroney.html|title=Man in the News; a Modern Centrist in Canada: Martin Brian Mulroney|date=September 6, 1984|work=The New York Times|access-date=November 26, 2019|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=August 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828202859/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/06/world/man-in-the-news-a-modern-centrist-in-canada-martin-brian-mulroney.html|url-status=live}}</ref>   [[Tasha Kheiriddin]], writing in ''La Presse'', argued that "Brian Mulroney's injuries to Joe Clark in 1983 took more than 15 years to heal, as various factions continued to compete for leadership roles in the field and youth wings."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://plus.lapresse.ca/screens/47bc0cb5-ead9-4989-8f3a-ea08a0017b56__7C___0.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143132/https://plus.lapresse.ca/screens/47bc0cb5-ead9-4989-8f3a-ea08a0017b56__7C___0.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2020|title=Le Parti conservateur n'ira nulle part avec Scheer|date=November 7, 2019|website=La Presse+|language=fr|access-date=November 25, 2019}}</ref>

Two months later, Mulroney entered Parliament as the MP for [[Central Nova]] in Nova Scotia, winning a by-election in what was then considered a safe Tory seat after [[Elmer MacKay]] stood aside in his favour. The Progressive Conservatives only had one seat in Mulroney's home province of Quebec.<ref name="plamo">{{cite book |last1=Plamondon |first1=Bob |title=Full Circle: Death and Resurrection In Canadian Conservative Politics |date=2014 |publisher=eBookIt.com |isbn=9781456623166 |author-link1=Bob Plamondon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Patriquin |first=Martin |date=May 29, 2015 |title=The amazingly malleable MacKay |url=https://macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-amazingly-malleable-mackay/ |access-date=February 29, 2024 |work=[[Maclean's]] |archive-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924025027/https://macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-amazingly-malleable-mackay/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Maloney |first=Ryan |date=August 8, 2018 |title=Jagmeet Singh Follows Path Of Other Leaders By Seeking Seat Far From Home |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/jagmeet-singh-burnaby_ca_5cd55f5ce4b07bc7297780a6 |access-date=February 29, 2024 |work=HuffPost Canada |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004201648/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/jagmeet-singh-burnaby_ca_5cd55f5ce4b07bc7297780a6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout his political career, Mulroney's fluency in English and French, with Quebec roots in both cultures, gave him an advantage that eventually proved decisive.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

By the start of 1984, as Mulroney began learning the realities of parliamentary life in the House of Commons, the Tories took a substantial lead in opinion polling. It was almost taken for granted that Trudeau would be heavily defeated by Mulroney in the general election due no later than 1985. Trudeau announced his retirement in February and [[1984 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|was succeeded]] as Liberal leader and prime minister by his former finance minister, [[John Turner]], in June. The Liberals then surged in the polls to take a lead after trailing by more than 20 percentage points. Only four days after being sworn in as prime minister, Turner called [[1984 Canadian federal election|a general election for September]]. But the Liberal election campaign machinery was in disarray, leading to a weak campaign.<ref>''The Insiders: Government, Business, and the Lobbyists,'' by [[John Sawatsky]], 1987</ref>

In the early days of the campaign, Mulroney made several gaffes regarding patronage, insulting ambassador [[Bryce Mackasey]] with the phrase "there's no whore like an old whore".<ref name="mackasey">Hamovitch, Eric, Rae Murphy, Robert Chodos. ''Selling Out: Four Years of the Mulroney Government'', 1988. p. 115.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Douglas |title=Leader of Tories Takes Campaign to Quebec |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/07/world/leader-of-tories-takes-campaign-to-quebec.html |website=New York Times |access-date=July 8, 2022 |date=August 7, 1984 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708194243/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/07/world/leader-of-tories-takes-campaign-to-quebec.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the campaign is best remembered for his attacks on a raft of Liberal patronage appointments. In his final days in office, Trudeau had controversially appointed a flurry of [[Senate of Canada|senators]], judges, and executives on various governmental and [[crown corporation]] boards, widely seen as a way to offer 'plum jobs' to loyal members of the Liberal party. Upon assuming office, Turner had been under pressure to advise governor general [[Jeanne Sauvé]] to cancel the appointments—which convention would then have required Sauvé to do. Turner did not, instead appointing several more Liberals to prominent political offices per a signed legal agreement with Trudeau.<ref>Donaldson, p. 320; Newman, p. 71.</ref>

Turner had planned to attack Mulroney over the patronage machine that the latter had set up in anticipation of victory. In a televised leaders' debate, Turner launched what appeared to be the start of a blistering attack on Mulroney by comparing his patronage machine to that of the old [[Union Nationale (Quebec)|Union Nationale]] in Quebec. Mulroney successfully turned the tables by pointing to the recent raft of Liberal patronage appointments.<ref name="Secret7172">Newman, pp. 71–72.</ref> He demanded that Turner apologize to the country for making "these horrible appointments." Turner replied that, "I had no option" except to let the appointments stand. Mulroney famously responded:

<blockquote>[[You had an option, sir]]. You could have said, 'I am not going to do it. This is wrong for Canada, and I am not going to ask Canadians to pay the price.' You had an option, sir—to say 'no'—and you chose to say 'yes' to the old attitudes and the old stories of the Liberal Party. That, sir, if I may say respectfully, is not good enough for Canadians.<ref name="Secret7172" /></blockquote>

Turner froze and wilted under this withering riposte from Mulroney.<ref name="Secret7172" /> He could repeat only, "I had no option." A visibly angry Mulroney called this "an avowal of failure" and "a confession of non-leadership." The exchange led most papers the next day, with most of them paraphrasing Mulroney's counterattack as "You had an option, sir—you could have said 'no.'" Many observers believe that at this point, Mulroney assured himself of becoming prime minister.<ref name="Secret7172" />

On September 4, Mulroney and the Tories won the second largest majority government in terms of percentage of seats in Canadian history, winning 74.8 percent of seats in the House of Commons; the [[1958 Canadian election|1958 election]] had seen the Tories win 78.5 percent of seats. Mulroney's government took 211 seats, three more than their previous record in 1958 and the highest number ever won by any party in Canadian history. The Liberals won only 40 seats, which, at the time, was their worst performance ever and the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level in Canadian history. The Progressive Conservatives won just over half of the [[Representative democracy|popular vote]] (compared to 53.4 percent in 1958) and led in every province, emerging as a national party for the first time since 1958. Especially important was the Tories' performance in Mulroney's home province, Quebec. The Tories had only won the most seats in that province once since [[1896 Canadian federal election|1896]] – the 1958 Tory landslide. Largely out of anger at Trudeau and Mulroney's promise of a new deal for Quebec, the province swung over dramatically to support him. The Tories had only won one seat out of 75 in 1980 but took 58 seats in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=The Canadian Press |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Former prime minister Brian Mulroney dead at 84 |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2024/02/29/news/former-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-dead |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301030036/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2024/02/29/news/former-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-dead |url-status=live }}</ref> Mulroney yielded Central Nova back to MacKay and instead ran and won in the eastern Quebec riding of [[Manicouagan (electoral district)|Manicouagan]], which included Baie-Comeau.<ref name=":0" />

In 1984, the [[Canadian Press]] named Mulroney "[[Newsmaker of the Year]]" for the second straight year, making him only the second prime minister to have received the honour both before becoming prime minister and when prime minister (the other being [[Lester Pearson]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 19, 2023 |title=The Canadian Press Newsmaker of the Year: from 1946 to 2023 |url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/12/19/the-canadian-press-newsmaker-of-the-year-from-1946-to-2023/ |access-date=February 29, 2024 |work=[[CityNews]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]] |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226124149/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2023/12/19/the-canadian-press-newsmaker-of-the-year-from-1946-to-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Prime Minister (1984–1993) ==

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Milabrianmulroney.jpg|thumb|Mila (left) and Brian (right) Mulroney greet Pierre Trudeau (foreground)]] -->
The first Conservative majority victory in [[1958 Canadian federal election|26 years]]—and only the second in [[1930 Canadian federal election|54 years]]—initially seemed to give Mulroney a very formidable position. The Tories had won just over half the popular vote, and no other party crossed the 50-seat mark. Although it appeared as though he had wide discretion to take Canada in virtually any direction he wanted, his position was far more precarious than his parliamentary majority would suggest. Mulroney's support was based on a grand coalition of [[social conservatism in Canada|socially conservative]] [[populists]] from the West, [[Quebec nationalists]], and fiscal conservatives from Ontario and Atlantic Canada. Such diverse interests became difficult for him to juggle as the years went on, and would eventually lead to the [[1993 Canadian federal election|collapse of the grand coalition entirely]] in 1993.<ref>David Bercuson et al. ''Sacred Trust? Brian Mulroney and the Conservative Party in Power'' (1987)</ref>

Most of Mulroney's ministers had little government experience, resulting in conflicts of interest and embarrassing scandals. Many Tories expected patronage appointments due to the long time out of government.<ref>Newman, p. 91, quoting "Mulroney's friend Arthur Campeau."</ref> Mulroney included a large number of Westerners in his Cabinet (including Clark as [[Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada|minister of external affairs]]). He was not completely successful, even aside from economic and constitutional policy. For example, he moved [[CF-18]] servicing from Manitoba to Quebec in 1986, even though the Manitoba bid was lower and the company was better rated.<ref>Newman, p. 116.</ref> Mulroney also received death threats for exerting pressure on Manitoba over French language rights.<ref name="Newman427">Newman, p. 427.</ref>

[[File:Mulroney DF-SC-85-12406.jpg|thumb|Mila (left) and Brian (right) Mulroney at [[Andrews Air Force Base]] in September 1984]]

=== Economic policy ===

==== Social programs and spending ====

Despite Mulroney referring to social programs as a "sacred trust" when he was Opposition leader in 1983,<ref name="Making medicare – Brian Mulroney">{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Making medicare – Brian Mulroney|url=https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-7k05e.html|website=Canadian Museum of History|access-date=April 23, 2022|archive-date=June 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605082808/https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/medicare/medic-7k05e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> he began to reduce expenditures on the programs when he came into office. In terms of [[old age security]], Mulroney's government gradually reduced its benefits at middle-income levels and above. Mulroney's government cut spending for [[unemployment insurance]] (UI) and reduced the range of workers covered by the benefits from the program. In their [[1985 Canadian federal budget|first budget in 1985]], the Mulroney government announced that [[registered home ownership savings plan]] (RHOSP) contributions would not be deductible if made after May 22, 1985, (funds left in the RHOSP after this date could be withdrawn tax-free, "regardless of the use"{{efn|Withdrawals made prior to May 22, 1985, must meet usage requirements to be received tax-free.}}<ref>[https://www.budget.gc.ca/pdfarch/1985-pap-eng.pdf Budget Papers 1985] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126210836/https://www.budget.gc.ca/pdfarch/1985-pap-eng.pdf |date=January 26, 2022 }}, May 22, 1985. pp. 76–77.</ref>{{sfn|S.C. 1986, ch. 6|loc=s 82}}) and no contribution could be made after December 31, 1985;{{efn|They would otherwise be reincluded in the taxpayer's income if made between May 22, 1985, and December 31, 1985.}}{{sfn|S.C. 1986, ch. 6|loc=s 82(10)}} the government also announced that income earned in an RHOSP after December 31, 1985, was to be included in the owner's taxable income, effectively ending the last desirable feature of RHOSPs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fellows |first1=Patrick |title=Savings bonds are always cashable |work=Toronto Star |date=July 8, 1986 |page=E4 |language=en}}</ref> In 1990, the government limited cost-sharing under the [[Canada Assistance Plan]] in three provinces in response to their concerns that unemployed workers would apply for cost-shared provincial social assistance (as a result of rising unemployment).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moscovitch |first1=Allan |title=Welfare State |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/welfare-state |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=April 22, 2022 |date=February 7, 2006 |archive-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117125820/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/welfare-state |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 1990, Mulroney's government eliminated its financial contribution to UI, making all UI costs covered by worker and employer contributions.<ref name="CanadianLabourUI">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Passage of the unemployment insurance act |url=https://canadianlabour.ca/passage-of-the-unemployment-insurance-act/#:~:text=1971%20%E2%80%93%20Prime%20Minister%20Pierre%20Trudeau,of%2020%20hours%20per%20week. |website=Canadian Labour Congress |date=August 5, 2018 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-date=April 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423181650/https://canadianlabour.ca/passage-of-the-unemployment-insurance-act/#:~:text=1971%20%E2%80%93%20Prime%20Minister%20Pierre%20Trudeau,of%2020%20hours%20per%20week. |url-status=live }}</ref> In Spring 1993, the government lowered benefits for unemployed Canadians and eliminated benefits for the unemployed who failed to prove the reason they left their job.

In 1985, Mulroney's government introduced a four-year plan to restructure family benefits. Starting in 1986, [[family allowance]]s were partially [[Index (economics)|indexed]] to the [[cost of living]]. For three years, from 1986 to 1988, the refundable [[child tax credit]]s were increased to $549 per year. Starting in 1989, the tax credits were partially indexed in the same manner as family allowances. That same year, as part of the government's program to target social benefits to low or middle-income Canadians, universal family allowances ended as high-income parents were required to repay all of their benefits at tax-filing time. This system maintained and increased a tax deduction for childcare expenses, benefiting high-income families the most. In 1992, the government replaced family allowances with a new Child Tax Benefit that included the family allowance, the Refundable Child Tax Credit, and a non-refundable child tax credit. The new benefit paid a maximum of $85 per month per child up to the age of 18 and was tax-free. It was income-tested on the net family income reported in the preceding year's income tax returns.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Guest |first1=Dennis |title=Family Allowance |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/family-allowance |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=April 23, 2022 |date=February 7, 2006 |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185042/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/family-allowance |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mulroney's government reduced the federal workforce by 1 percent each year from 1986 to 1991, resulting in the laying off of 11,000 federal employees. Mulroney's government transferred a significantly increased share of the costs of [[universal health care]] and [[Higher education in Canada|higher education]] to the provinces, departing from the previous standard of [[Established Programs Financing|cost-sharing of the two levels of government]]. As a result, some provinces had to drop insurance coverage for certain medical procedures and drugs. Mulroney's government eliminated subsidies to government-owned passenger rail and postal services, resulting in the closing of post offices in some small towns and the elimination of certain train routes. The government also introduced fees for forwarding misdirected letters. Under Mulroney, military spending growth was reduced to 1.5 percent per year and foreign aid growth was reduced to 3 percent per year.<ref name="LATimes" /> Mulroney also put spending limits on [[Medicare (Canada)|medicare]].<ref name="Making medicare – Brian Mulroney"/>

==== Deficit ====

One of Mulroney's priorities was to lower the [[Government budget deficit|deficit]], which under Pierre Trudeau had increased from $667 million in the [[1968 Canadian federal budget|1968 budget]] to $37.2 billion in the [[1984 Canadian federal budget|1984 budget]]. By [[1988 Canadian federal budget|1988]], Mulroney's government cut the deficit to $28 billion, though it would never decrease beyond that point and the deficit would instead increase. The Progressive Conservatives' [[1993 Canadian federal budget|final budget in 1993]] produced a deficit of $38.5 billion, about the same level that it was when Trudeau left office. As a percent of GDP, the deficit was reduced from 8.3 percent to 5.6 percent during Mulroney's tenure.<ref name=":CBCgraph">{{cite web|title=Canada's deficits and surpluses, 1963–2014|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/canada-deficit/|website=CBC News|publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada|access-date=May 27, 2023|archive-date=January 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122103957/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/canada-deficit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Michael |title=The Politics of Austerity: A Recent History |page=160}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of budgets passed by the Mulroney government
<br />'''''$ represent [[Canadian dollar|Canadian]] billions of [[Real versus nominal value (economics)|unadjusted]] dollars'''''
|-
! Budget !! [[1985 Canadian federal budget|1985]] !! [[1986 Canadian federal budget|1986]] !! [[1987 Canadian federal budget|1987]] !! [[1988 Canadian federal budget|1988]] !! [[1989 Canadian federal budget|1989]] !! [[1990 Canadian federal budget|1990]] !! [[1991 Canadian federal budget|1991]] !!  [[1992 Canadian federal budget|1992]] !! [[1993 Canadian federal budget|1993]]
|-
| '''Deficit''' || $33.389 || $29.842 || $29.017 || $27.947 || $29.143 || $33.899 || $32.319 || $39.019 || $38.5
|}

The [[Early 1990s recession|worldwide recession of the early 1990s]] significantly damaged the government's financial situation. Mulroney's inability to improve the government's finances, as well as his use of tax increases to deal with it, were major factors in alienating the Western conservative portion of his power base – this contrasted with his tax cuts earlier as part of his 'pro-business' plan which had increased the deficit. At the same time, the [[Bank of Canada]] began to raise interest rates in order to meet a [[zero inflation]] target; the experiment was regarded as a failure that exacerbated the effect of the recession in Canada. Annual budget deficits ballooned to record levels, reaching $42 billion in his last year of office. These deficits grew the national debt dangerously close to the psychological benchmark of 100 percent of GDP, further weakening the [[Canadian dollar]] and damaging Canada's international credit rating.<ref name="Blake 2007">Blake, ed., ''Transforming the Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney'' (2007)</ref>

==== Taxation ====

Mulroney's government de-indexed [[Income tax in Canada#Personal income taxes|personal income tax]] [[Tax brackets|brackets]] and eliminated open corporate tax loopholes. The government also increased taxes on alcohol, tobacco and gasoline.<ref name="LATimes">{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Mary |title=America From Abroad : Canadian Budget Plan Cuts to the Quick : Mulroney's nine years of taxes and trims have stemmed the red ink but drawn political blood. Watch out, Bill Clinton! |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-23-wr-519-story.html |access-date=May 1, 2022 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=February 23, 1993 |archive-date=May 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502005747/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-23-wr-519-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1988, Mulroney's government reduced the corporate income tax from 36 percent to 28 percent.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Canada's failed experiment with corporate income tax cuts |url=https://monitormag.ca/articles/canadas-failed-experiment-with-corporate-income-tax-cuts |website=Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives |access-date=May 1, 2022 |date=September 9, 2015 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611112506/https://monitormag.ca/articles/canadas-failed-experiment-with-corporate-income-tax-cuts |url-status=live }}</ref> That year, his government increased the [[capital gains tax]] inclusion rate from 50 percent to 66.67 percent before increasing it to 75 percent in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=A primer on capital gains taxes in Canada |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/a-primer-on-capital-gains-taxes-in-canada-1.231145 |website=CBC News |access-date=May 8, 2023 |date=October 18, 2000 |archive-date=May 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508063633/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/a-primer-on-capital-gains-taxes-in-canada-1.231145 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mulroney's government passed a major tax reform bill, Bill C-139, which was made effective on January 1, 1988. It included reforms for personal and corporate income taxes. The bill expanded the tax base for personal and corporate income; lowered rates applicable to taxable income; supplanted exemptions with credits; and removed certain deductions for personal income tax. The bill replaced the 1987 rate schedule of 10 brackets (with rates ranging from 6 to 34 percent) with a schedule of only three brackets (with rates of 17 percent, 26 percent, and 29 percent). The bill also limited the lifetime capital gains exemption to $100,000; lowered capital cost allowances; established limitations on deductible business expenses; and cut the dividend tax credit.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carter |first1=George |title=Taxation in Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/taxation |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=July 7, 2022 |date=January 28, 2007 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707210253/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/taxation |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 1989, Mulroney's government announced the introduction of a nine percent national sales tax, the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|goods and services tax]] (GST), to replace the hidden 13.5 percent manufacturers' sales tax (MST). The government argued that the MST damaged the Canadian economy's competitiveness as it only applied to domestically manufactured goods, as opposed to the new GST, which applied to domestic and imported goods. The GST did not apply to basic groceries, prescription drugs, health and dental care, educational services, daycare, and legal aid. Following public backlash, Mulroney's government reduced the tax to seven percent. Although the government argued GST was not a tax increase, but a tax shift, its visibility made it extremely unpopular, and many polls showed that as many as 80 percent of Canadians opposed it. Two Progressive Conservative MPs from Alberta, [[David Kilgour]] and [[Alex Kindy]], left the party in protest of the tax.<ref name="LA Times Canada's 9% Sales Tax">{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=September 19, 1989 |title=Canada's 9% Sales Tax Proposal Stirs Discontent |language=en-US |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-19-fi-332-story.html |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015175855/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-09-19-fi-332-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Brian Mulroney looks back at GST with no regrets |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/brian-mulroney-looks-back-at-gst-with-no-regrets-1.590073 |website=CTV News |access-date=July 4, 2022 |date=December 28, 2010 |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706014215/https://www.ctvnews.ca/brian-mulroney-looks-back-at-gst-with-no-regrets-1.590073 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Raymond B. Blake 2007" /> The [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] with a Liberal majority refused to pass the GST. Mulroney used Section 26 (the Deadlock Clause), a little-known Constitutional provision, allowing him in an emergency situation to ask the Queen to appoint eight new senators. On September 27, 1990, with the Queen's approval, Mulroney added the eight new senators, giving the Tories their first majority in the Senate in nearly 50 years. In December 1990, the GST was passed in the Senate and was made effective on January 1, 1991. Mulroney's use of an emergency clause was controversial and contributed to his decline in popularity.<ref name="Raymond B. Blake 2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=When Brian Mulroney upsized the Senate to pass the GST |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/when-brian-mulroney-upsized-the-senate-to-pass-the-gst-1.4839649 |website=CBC |access-date=July 4, 2022 |date=September 27, 2018 |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706014218/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/when-brian-mulroney-upsized-the-senate-to-pass-the-gst-1.4839649 |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of the causes of the early 1990s recession was several tax increases instituted by Mulroney's government between 1989 and 1991. The introduction of the goods and services tax and increases related to excise and payroll taxes were modelled to have reduced real GDP growth by 1.6, 2.4 and 5.1 percentage points in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively. Had these tax increases not been implemented, the national debt would have increased significantly.<ref name="Wilson, Dugan and Murphy">Wilson, Thomas, Dungan, Peter, and Murphy, Steve {{citation|title=The Sources of the Recession in Canada: 1989–1992 |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aec7/921e41844189816ed79117f4d812e6195184.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302032502/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/aec7/921e41844189816ed79117f4d812e6195184.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 2, 2019 |work=University of Toronto |s2cid=17318693 }}</ref>

==== Privatizations ====

Mulroney's government privatized many of Canada's [[Crown corporations of Canada|Crown corporations]]. In 1984, the [[Government of Canada]] held 61 Crown corporations. Under Mulroney, it sold off 23 of them,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG169.pdf|title=Lessons from the North: Canada's Privatization of Military Ammunition Production|access-date=June 7, 2010|archive-date=June 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624111426/http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2004/RAND_MG169.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Air Canada]], which was completely privatized by 1989,<ref>{{cite news | title=Indepth: Air Canada Timeline | date=June 20, 2005 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aircanada/timeline.html | publisher=[[CBC News]] | access-date=July 29, 2022 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421035635/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/aircanada/timeline.html |archive-date=April 21, 2006}}</ref> although the ''Air Canada Public Participation Act'' continued to make certain requirements of the airline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/A-10.1/FullText.html |title=Air Canada Public Participation Act |publisher=Laws.justice.gc.ca |date=May 31, 2010 |access-date=April 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507092239/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/A-10.1/FullText.html |archive-date=May 7, 2013 }}</ref> Mulroney's government also privatized [[Connaught Laboratories]] in 1984 through two public issues (one in 1984 and one in 1987)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=William |title=Connaught Labs — the greatest mistake ever made by a Canadian government |url=https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/local-niagara-falls/opinion/columnists/2021/02/22/connaught-labs-the-greatest-mistake-ever-made-by-a-canadian-government.html |website=St. Catherine's Standard |access-date=July 29, 2022 |date=February 22, 2021 |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729221320/https://www.stcatharinesstandard.ca/local-niagara-falls/opinion/columnists/2021/02/22/connaught-labs-the-greatest-mistake-ever-made-by-a-canadian-government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=History fuels nationalism-global trade debate|last=Enchin|first=Harvey|date=September 30, 1989|work=The Globe and Mail|page=B1|issn=0319-0714}}</ref> and [[Petro-Canada]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yusufali |first1=Sasha |last2=Pratt |first2=Larry |title=Petro-Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/petro-canada |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=July 29, 2022 |date=November 16, 2009 |archive-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729221537/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/petro-canada |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Energy policy ====

On June 1, 1985, Mulroney's government negotiated the [[Western Canada|Western]] Accord on Energy with the governments of the [[Petroleum industry in Canada|oil-producing]] provinces. It permitted the full deregulation of oil prices and allowed the market forces of international and local supply and demand to determine prices. This accord abolished the [[National Energy Program]], which was a policy of Trudeau's Liberal government that was highly unpopular in the Western provinces.<ref name=OilFreedomDay>{{cite news |url=https://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2009/06/oil-freedom-day/ |title=June 1, 1985, marks the day the Western Accord on Energy – and an open market – took over |author=Staff writers |work=Alberta Oil Magazine |date=June 1, 2009 |access-date=March 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623121257/https://www.albertaoilmagazine.com/2009/06/oil-freedom-day/ |archive-date=June 23, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Budget_1985">{{citation |url=https://www.budget.gc.ca/pdfarch/1985-pap-eng.pdf |title=Budget 1985 |date=May 23, 1985 |access-date=October 22, 2019 |first=Michael H. |last=Wilson |publisher=Department of Finance Canada |location=Ottawa, ON |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126210836/https://www.budget.gc.ca/pdfarch/1985-pap-eng.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|12–15}}

=== Environmental policy ===

The environment was a key focus of Mulroney's government. His government added eight new national parks (including [[Bruce Peninsula National Park|Bruce Peninsula]] and [[South Moresby]]), and passed the ''[[Canadian Environmental Assessment Act]]'' and ''[[Canadian Environmental Protection Act]]''.<ref name="Raymond B. Blake 2007">[[Raymond B. Blake]], ed., ''Transforming the Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney'' (2007)</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hillmer |first1=Norman |title=Brian Mulroney |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brian-mulroney |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=May 27, 2022 |date=April 22, 2013 |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527050606/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brian-mulroney |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1987, Mulroney hosted an international climate conference in [[Montreal]], Quebec. There, 46 nations signed the [[Montreal Protocol]] to limit the use and production of [[chlorofluorocarbons]] (CFCs); this agreement came after the discovery that CFCs were burning a hole through the [[ozone layer]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Montpetit |first1=Jonathan |title=That time conservatives saved the planet from climate change |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/conservatives-ozone-montreal-protocol-1.4409482 |website=CBC News |access-date=May 25, 2022 |date=November 19, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525234734/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/conservatives-ozone-montreal-protocol-1.4409482 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mulroney secured the [[U.S.–Canada Air Quality Agreement]], an [[environmental treaty]] on [[acid rain]], with United States president [[George H. W. Bush]] in 1991. Both nations committed to reducing the emissions of the air pollutants (sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide) that caused acid rain through a [[cap-and-trade]] system.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parry |first1=Tom |title=Years ago, Canada and the U.S. came together to end the acid rain threat. What changed? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/acid-rain-bush-climate-change-mulroney-1.4934402 |website=CBC News |access-date=May 25, 2022 |date=December 6, 2018 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525042755/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/acid-rain-bush-climate-change-mulroney-1.4934402 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Josh |title=How George H.W. Bush and Brian Mulroney teamed up to curb acid rain |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4731021/george-bush-brian-mulroney-acid-rain/ |website=Global News |access-date=May 25, 2022 |date=December 5, 2018 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525042754/https://globalnews.ca/news/4731021/george-bush-brian-mulroney-acid-rain/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Negotiations began in 1986 when Mulroney first discussed the issue with then-president [[Ronald Reagan]]. Mulroney repeatedly pressed the issue in public meetings with Reagan in 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1315355.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106001539/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1315355.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 6, 2012|title=Mulroney Presses Reagan;Canadian Wants Acid Rain Treaty|date=April 6, 1987|access-date=May 25, 2022}}</ref> and 1988.<ref>{{cite news |author=Philip Shabecoff, Special to the New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/29/world/canada-sees-acid-rain-talks.html |title=Canada Sees Acid-Rain Talks |location=Canada; United States |newspaper=NYTimes.com |date=April 29, 1988 |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525042756/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/29/world/canada-sees-acid-rain-talks.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under Mulroney, Canada became the first industrialized country to ratify the 1992 [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] at the [[Earth Summit]] in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Conference experts claimed that Canada's signing of the treaty motivated the United Kingdom and Germany to pledge their support and thus avoid the convention's defeat. The conference also introduced the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]], which sought to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to an environmentally friendly level; Canada was the first [[Group of Seven]] (G7) nation to sign the treaty. At the convention, Mulroney pledged $260 million from Canada toward advancing sustainable development for developing nations; this included an offer to forgive $145 million in debts owed to Canada by Latin American nations on the condition that the sum of money be used for sustainable development and social programs. At the end of the conference, Mulroney stated, "I leave this conference believing we have a better chance of saving the world than we had when we came here."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Mark |title=Progress in Rio |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1992/6/22/progress-in-rio |website=Maclean's |access-date=May 27, 2022 |date=June 22, 1992 |archive-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612150931/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1992/6/22/progress-in-rio |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hrvatin |first1=Vanessa |title=A brief history of Canada's climate change agreements |url=https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/a-brief-history-of-canadas-climate-change-agreements/ |website=Canadian Geographic |access-date=May 27, 2022 |date=May 30, 2016 |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516183849/https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/a-brief-history-of-canadas-climate-change-agreements/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 1992, Newfoundland and Labrador cod of breeding age dropped to one percent of its estimated peak. Concerned about the [[overfishing]] of cod stocks off the coast of the province, Mulroney's government, in the summer of that year imposed a [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] on cod fishing; they initially set the ban for a minimum of two years, but later extended it indefinitely.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Crosbie calls cod moratorium his hardest political moment |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/crosbie-calls-cod-moratorium-his-hardest-political-moment-1.1214175 |website=CBC News |access-date=February 5, 2022 |date=June 27, 2012 |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205083742/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/crosbie-calls-cod-moratorium-his-hardest-political-moment-1.1214175 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title="I didn't take the fish from the God damn water" |url=https://parli.ca/i-didnt-take-the-fish-out-of-the-god-damn-water/ |website=Parli.ca |date=March 4, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-date=February 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205083747/https://parli.ca/i-didnt-take-the-fish-out-of-the-god-damn-water/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CodEncyclopedia">{{cite web |last1=Berry |first1=David |title=Cod Moratorium of 1992 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cod-moratorium-of-1992 |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=May 27, 2022 |date=August 6, 2020 |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527053912/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cod-moratorium-of-1992 |url-status=live }}</ref> This resulted in the layoff of 30,000–40,000 workers. Mulroney's government introduced the Northern Cod Adjustment and Recovery Program (NCARP) that provided [[unemployment insurance]] payments and retraining to workers; most of the workers viewed this as insufficient. In the first decade of the ban, Newfoundland and Labrador's population fell by 10 percent as people left to search for work.<ref name="CodEncyclopedia" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dixit |first1=Prajwala |title=What does 2020's pandemic have in common with the 1992 cod moratorium? More than you think |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/pandemic-cod-moratorium-1992-1.5710693 |website=CBC News |access-date=May 27, 2022 |date=September 6, 2020 |quote=She added that the moratorium also resulted in the largest mass industrial layoff in Canadian history. As a proportion of the provincial population, she said, 30,000 to 40,000 Newfoundlanders and Labradorians... |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527053913/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/pandemic-cod-moratorium-1992-1.5710693 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
Mulroney's government significantly boosted Canada's [[Immigration to Canada|annual immigration targets]], moving them up from around 84,000 to over 250,000 by the early 1990s,<ref>{{cite news |title=An Immigration System for Canada’s Future |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/campaigns/canada-future-immigration-system/context.html |work=[[Canada.ca]] |date=2024}}</ref> a major policy shift focusing on economic class via the [[Points-based immigration system|points system]], reflecting a broader strategy to grow the population and labor force.<ref>{{cite news |title=Peak Canada? Raising the Ceiling on Canadian Immigration |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/maxbellschool/article/canadian-immigration |work=McGill University |date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>

=== Social policy ===

On September 22, 1988, Mulroney issued an official apology on behalf of the Canadian government for [[Japanese Canadian internment]] during World War II. Mulroney's government provided a 300 million dollar compensation package, which included $21,000 to each of the remaining 13,000 survivors, $12 million for a Japanese community fund, and $24 million to create a Canadian race relations foundation.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Government apologizes to Japanese Canadians in 1988 |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/government-apologizes-to-japanese-canadians-in-1988-1.4680546 |website=CBC |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=September 22, 1988 |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527213926/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/government-apologizes-to-japanese-canadians-in-1988-1.4680546 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mulroney argues he set up the [[Deschênes Commission]] of inquiry on [[War criminals in Canada|Nazi war criminals]] soon after he was first elected in 1984, even though it was controversial among "communities where Nazi criminals posed as respectable citizens."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjnews.com/news/criticism-israel-not-necessarily-antisemitic-mulroney|title=Criticism of Israel is not necessarily antisemitic: Mulroney|last1=Arnold|first1=Janice|last2=Reporter|first2=Staff|date=May 13, 2013|website=The Canadian Jewish News|access-date=November 12, 2019|archive-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112200408/https://www.cjnews.com/news/criticism-israel-not-necessarily-antisemitic-mulroney|url-status=live}}</ref>

On issues of [[Abortion in Canada|abortion]], Mulroney declared he was opposed to "abortion on demand" but gave no details on what that meant legally.<ref>"Silence broken: PM is opposed to abortion on demand." Heather Bird. ''Toronto Star.'' August 3, 1988. p. A.1</ref> In the Spring of 1988, the Mulroney government offered a compromise solution that would give easy access to abortion in the early stages of pregnancy and criminalize late-term ones. The law in the House of Commons was defeated 147 to 76 in a [[free vote]], voted against by both MPs who opposed easy access to abortions and those who opposed adding any abortion rules to the criminal code. Some pro-life social conservatives who played a role in Mulroney's 1984 landslide were disappointed by this move, as they were in favour of outlawing abortion completely, regardless of the circumstance. In 1989, the government introduced a much stricter bill. If enacted, it would ban all abortions unless a doctor ruled the woman's life or health would be threatened. Anyone found in violation of the law could be imprisoned for up to two years.<ref>"Turner admits abortion bill may be 'best we can get'" Iain Hunter. ''The Ottawa Citizen.'' November 9, 1989. p. A.1.FRO</ref> In another free vote, the House of Commons passed the new bill by nine votes.<ref>"Abortion law passes by nine votes amid protests." Peggy Curran. ''The Gazette.'' May 30, 1990. p. A.1.FRO</ref> A few months later, the bill failed in the Senate on a tie vote. Under the rules of the Senate, a tie meant the measure was defeated.<ref>"Bill's loss may be blessing for Tories." Joan Ramsay. ''The Ottawa Citizen.'' February 2, 1991. p. A.7</ref> This was the last time the federal government attempted to enact abortion laws. Today, abortion in Canada remains completely legal at all stages of pregnancy, regardless of the reason.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Abortion in Canada |url=https://nafcanada.org/history-abortion-canada/ |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=National Abortion Federation Canada |language=en-US |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119120701/https://nafcanada.org/history-abortion-canada/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991, ''[[Frank (magazine)|Frank]]'' magazine ran a satirical advertisement for a contest inviting young Tories to "Deflower [[Caroline Mulroney]]." Her father was incensed and threatened physical harm toward those responsible before joining several women's groups in denouncing the ad as an incitement to rape on national television. Frank's editor [[Michael Bate]], called the spoof, intended to mock her unpopular father for bringing her to public adult-oriented events, "clumsy" but had no regrets. Bate also shared sympathy toward her father's reaction over the spoof.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/07/05/to-be-perfectly-frank/7621f45a-de22-4384-abad-d072b4b511b5/|title=To Be Perfectly Frank  ...|last=Trueheart|first=Charles|date=July 5, 1993|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=May 2, 2018|issn=0190-8286|archive-date=February 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052814/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1993/07/05/to-be-perfectly-frank/7621f45a-de22-4384-abad-d072b4b511b5/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Attempted constitutional reform ===

==== Meech Lake Accord ====
{{Main|Meech Lake Accord}}
A major undertaking by Mulroney's government was an attempt to resolve the divisive issue of national unity. In 1981, Quebec premier [[René Lévesque]], leader of the Quebec nationalist [[Parti Québécois]] government, had been the only provincial premier not to agree to the package of constitutional amendments which [[patriated]] the [[Constitution of Canada]].<ref>Peter Hogg and Wade K. Wright, ''Constitutional Law of Canada'' (5th ed., supplemented;  loose-leaf current to 2022), §4:1 : Imperial Amendments.</ref> In the [[1985 Quebec general election|1985 Quebec provincial election]], the Parti Québécois government suffered a landslide defeat to the [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberals]] led by [[Robert Bourassa]]. Some believed that the new Quebec government's moderate stance on nationalism would allow the province to formally endorse the constitution. Mulroney wanted Quebec to endorse the constitution and wanted to include Quebec in a new agreement with the rest of Canada.<ref name="MeechLakeEncyclopedia">{{cite web |last1=Gall |first1=Gerald |title=Meech Lake Accord |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/meech-lake-accord |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 22, 2022 |date=February 7, 2006 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624201231/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/meech-lake-accord |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 1986, Mulroney met with [[Premier (Canada)|provincial premiers]] in Edmonton, Alberta, where the ministers agreed to the "Edmonton Declaration". It stated that a "Quebec Round" of constitutional talks based on Bourassa's five conditions that would have to be met for Quebec's endorsement of the constitution (recognition of Quebec's distinct character (Quebec being historically Catholic and majority French-speaking); a veto for Quebec in constitutional matters; input from Quebec into the appointment of Supreme Court justices; entrenchment of Quebec's role in immigration; and a limit on the federal spending power{{sfn|MacDonald|p=249}}) would occur before further reforms would be undertaken.{{sfn|MacDonald|pp=251–252}}

Mulroney called a [[First Ministers' conference]] with the ten provincial premiers for April 30, 1987, at Willson House, located on the shores of [[Meech Lake]], Quebec, in the [[Gatineau Hills]].{{sfn|MacDonald|p=253}} During the conference, Mulroney negotiated the [[Meech Lake Accord]], a package of constitutional amendments designed to satisfy Quebec's demand for recognition as a "[[distinct society]]" within Canada. The accord also devolved some powers to the provinces such as giving provinces a role in nominating people to serve in some federal institutions (e.g. the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] and [[Supreme Court of Canada]]); allowing provinces to withdraw from federally-financed social programs on the conditions that the province establish its own program that meets national standards; giving constitutional status to federal–provincial immigration agreements; and mandating annual First Ministers' conferences (the accord also required that [[Senate of Canada#Senate reform|Senate reform]] and [[Fishing industry in Canada|fisheries]] be discussed at the conferences), which made the federal-provincial consultative process constitutional.<ref name="MeechLakeEncyclopedia" /> At a final roll call at 4:45&nbsp;a.m. on June 3, 1987, hours before the signing ceremony, Mulroney knowingly breached convention by taking the vote in reverse order around the table instead of the traditional order of a province's entry into confederation.{{sfn|MacDonald|p=280}} At the symbolic signing ceremony, the premiers signed the Accord.{{sfn|MacDonald|p=281}} The agreement would have changed the [[Amendments to the Constitution of Canada|constitution's amending formula]]. It therefore needed to be ratified by the [[Parliament of Canada|federal parliament]] and the legislatures of all ten provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-41.html#h-57 |title=''Constitution Act, 1982'', s. 41. |date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210221832/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-41.html#h-57 |url-status=live }}</ref> As well, other parts of the accord were made under the general amendment provision.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-38.html#h-57 |title=''Constitution Act, 1982'', s 38. |date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210222214/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-38.html#h-57 |url-status=live }}</ref>  That meant that there was a three-year deadline for those amendments to pass.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-39.html#h-57 |title=''Constitution Act, 1982'', s. 39. |date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210222512/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/section-39.html#h-57 |url-status=live }}</ref>  On June 23, 1987, Quebec became the first province to approve of the Accord, triggering the three-year time limit provided for by the Section 39(2) of the ''Constitution Act, 1982''; this meant that June 22, 1990, would be the last possible day the accord could pass.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cohen |first1=Andrew |title=A Deal Undone: The Making and Breaking of the Meech Lake Accord |date=1990 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |location=Vancouver/Toronto |isbn=0-88894-704-6 |page=287}}</ref>

Opinion polls showed that a majority of Canadians supported the accord. Some believed the accord would weaken [[Quebec separatism]]. Critics believed the accord would weaken the federal government's authority, and some from [[English Canada]] worried the "distinct society" clause would give Quebec special status to the detriment of the other nine provinces. Mulroney told the ''[[Toronto Star]]'', "You can have the old style of warring federalism, or you can have genuine co-operative federalism, on which we're trying to build a new country."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/back-to-tackle-meech-lake|title=Pierre Trudeau comes back to tackle Meech Lake – CBC Archives|website=cbc.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124072237/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/back-to-tackle-meech-lake|archive-date=November 24, 2017}}</ref> As criticism grew, support for the Accord declined outside of Quebec; some there feared its failure would spark a backlash in the province and damage national unity.<ref name="MeechLakeEncyclopedia" />

A commission headed by Mulroney's former cabinet minister, [[Jean Charest]], recommended a companion accord that would address the concerns of other provinces, assert that the distinct society clause would be subject to the charter, and would feature greater protections for minority language rights in the provinces.{{sfn|MacDonald|p=303}} Mulroney's [[Minister of Environment and Climate Change|environment minister]] and [[Quebec lieutenant]], [[Lucien Bouchard]], viewed the companion accord as a betrayal of Meech and subsequently praised the Parti Québécois in a telegram. Mulroney reportedly demanded Bouchard clarify the remark or resign, and Bouchard supplied a lengthy letter of resignation on May 22, 1990.{{sfn|MacDonald|pp=304–305}} Mulroney claimed he fired Bouchard. Bouchard left the Progressive Conservatives soon afterward. After the failure of the Accord, Bouchard convinced several other Tories and Liberals to join him to form the [[Bloc Québécois]], a pro-sovereigntist party.<ref name="CBCAug2014">{{cite news|title=Lucien Bouchard says 'wounds' remain with Brian Mulroney|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/lucien-bouchard-says-wounds-remain-with-brian-mulroney-1.2742836|access-date=March 15, 2018|agency=The Canadian Press|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=August 21, 2014|archive-date=August 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820044421/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/lucien-bouchard-says-wounds-remain-with-brian-mulroney-1.2742836|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="G&MNov2015">{{Cite news |last=Galloway |first=Gloria |date=November 15, 2005 |title=Bouchard was fired in 1990, Mulroney insists on tapes |work=The Globe and mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bouchard-was-fired-in-1990-mulroney-insists-on-tapes/article20429938/ |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175950/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/bouchard-was-fired-in-1990-mulroney-insists-on-tapes/article20429938/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=CTV>{{cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/mulroney-i-ll-never-forgive-bouchard-s-betrayal-1.255259|title=Mulroney: I'll never forgive Bouchard's betrayal|publisher=[[CTV News]]|date=September 6, 2007|access-date=May 1, 2020|archive-date=July 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727043245/https://www.ctvnews.ca/mulroney-i-ll-never-forgive-bouchard-s-betrayal-1.255259|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In early June 1990, all premiers finally agreed to ratify the accord{{efn|In June 1987, all ten premiers agreed to ratify the Accord. Between then and June 1990, three anti-Meech premiers took office; [[Frank McKenna]] became [[premier of New Brunswick]] in October 1987, [[Gary Filmon]] became [[premier of Manitoba]] in 1988, and [[Clyde Kirby Wells|Clyde Wells]] became [[premier of Newfoundland and Labrador]] in 1989. The three premiers refused to support the Accord until their concerns were met in June 1990.}} provided there be further constitutional discussions revolving around an elected Senate, the amending formula, equality, and Indigenous issues. Around that time, New Brunswick agreed to ratify the agreement. Manitoba and, Newfoundland, and Labrador remained the only provinces to have not ratified it; they only had a few weeks left. Unanimous support from every member of the [[Manitoba Legislative Assembly]] was required to bypass the necessary public consultations in the assembly and proceed with ratification. On June 12, 1990, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba [[Elijah Harper]] announced his opposition to the Accord on the grounds that [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous groups]] had not been consulted. Harper's opposition prevented the amendment from proceeding; thus, the accord failed to pass in the legislature.<ref name="MeechLakeEncyclopedia" /><ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=25 years since Elijah Harper said 'no' to the Meech Lake Accord |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/25-years-since-elijah-harper-said-no-to-the-meech-lake-accord-1.3110439 |website=CBC News |access-date=June 24, 2022 |date=June 11, 2015 |archive-date=June 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624201231/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/25-years-since-elijah-harper-said-no-to-the-meech-lake-accord-1.3110439 |url-status=live }}</ref> This allowed the [[premier of Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Clyde Kirby Wells|Clyde Wells]] (who revoked the province's previous assent though reluctantly agreed to ratify the accord in June 1990<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Clyde Kirby Wells |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/clyde-kirby-wells |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 26, 2022 |date=February 14, 2008 |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626015259/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/clyde-kirby-wells |url-status=live }}</ref>), to excuse himself from bringing the accord to a vote in the [[Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly]]. The accord failed to be ratified as Manitoba and Newfoundland and Labrador did not approve of it by the June 23, 1990, deadline.<ref name="MeechLakeEncyclopedia" />

==== Charlottetown Accord ====
{{Main|Charlottetown Accord}}
Following the Meech Lake failure, Mulroney sought a second attempt to get Quebec's endorsement of the constitution. He appointed his foreign minister, [[Joe Clark]], as the first [[Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs|minister responsible for constitutional affairs]] on April 21, 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentarian File – Clark, The Rt. Jon Charles Joseph|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a247d1d3-3b05-46ac-b9f3-6622ab25d695&Language=E&Section=ALL|website=PARLINFO|publisher=Parliament of Canada|accessdate=June 27, 2022|archive-date=April 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405074622/http://lop.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=a247d1d3-3b05-46ac-b9f3-6622ab25d695&Language=E&Section=ALL|url-status=live}}</ref> Clark was responsible for establishing a new accord to end the constitutional deadlock with Quebec. Mulroney's government appointed two Quebec bodies (the [[Allaire Report|Allaire Committee]] and the [[Commission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Quebec|Belanger-Campeau Committee]]) and two national bodies (the Beaudoin-Edwards Committee and the [[Spicer Commission]]) to engage in discussions regarding constitutional reform. These bodies generated various reports, including the federal document titled ''Shaping Canada's Future Together''. The Mulroney government then held five national conferences to discuss the proposals in the document. The conferences led to another federal report titled ''A Renewed Canada.''. Afterward, negotiations between the federal, provincial, and territorial governments occurred. Unlike the Meech Lake Accord, Indigenous peoples were included in the discussions. Quebec was included in the final stages. The negotiations culminated in the [[Charlottetown Accord]], which was unveiled in [[Charlottetown]], Prince Edward Island, on August 28, 1992.<ref name="CharlottetownEncyclopedia">{{cite web |last1=Gall |first1=Gerald |title=Charlottetown Accord |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-charlottetown-accord |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 27, 2022 |date=February 7, 2006 |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714034454/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-charlottetown-accord |url-status=live }}</ref>

The accord gave provinces jurisdiction over [[Forestry in Canada|forestry]], [[Mining in Canada|mining]], [[Culture of Canada|cultural affairs]],{{efn|The federal government would still have power over national groups such as the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) and the [[National Film Board]].}} and other areas; required the federal government to negotiate policy with the provinces in certain areas such as telecommunications, labour and training, regional development, and immigration; abolished [[Disallowance and reservation in Canada|disallowance]] (which gives the federal [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]] power to overrule provincial legislation within one year of it being passed); and required provincial consent for the federal government gaining power over provincial infrastructure projects. The accord allowed provinces to create their own social programs and mandated the federal government to compensate provinces as long as the provincial social programs met national standards. It also mandated the federal government to compensate provinces that withdrew from any constitutional amendment that transferred provincial powers to the federal government; the compensation would allow provinces to fund their own programs. In addition, the accord addressed [[Indigenous self-government in Canada|Indigenous self-government]] and contained the "Canada Clause" that determines Canadian values including egalitarianism, [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multiculturalism]], and recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. Finally, the accord entrenched the structure and appointment process for the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] in the constitution; changed the Senate into a [[Triple-E Senate]] with reduced powers (such as requiring a majority of all senators and a majority of [[Francophone Canadians|Francophone]] senators in certain votes); increased the number of seats in the [[House of Commons]]; guaranteed Quebec at least a quarter of the Commons's seats; and increased the number of matters that require unanimous approval for a constitutional amendment.<ref name="CharlottetownEncyclopedia" />

The accord was supported by the federal government and all ten provincial governments. Although it could have been ratified as a constitutional amendment, Mulroney's government insisted on holding a national [[referendum]] to avoid a repetition of the criticism that the Meech Lake Accord was agreed upon without public approval. On October 26, 1992, two referendums, one national (without Quebec) and one in Quebec, were held, asking if Canadians agreed with the Charlottetown Accord. Nationally, 54.3 percent opposed the accord. In Quebec, 56.7 percent opposed it. Many saw the accord's defeat as a protest against Mulroney's government, which was heavily unpopular due to the failure of the previous Meech Lake Accord, the introduction of the GST, and the early 1990s recession.<ref name="CharlottetownEncyclopedia" />

=== Foreign policy ===

As prime minister, Mulroney strengthened Canada's relations with the United States, moving away from Pierre Trudeau's [[Third Option|third option]] policy of reducing American influence on Canada. Mulroney established a close relationship with U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hillmer |first1=Norman |title=Third Option |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/third-option |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=July 8, 2022 |date=February 7, 2006 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708191714/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/third-option |url-status=live }}</ref> On March 17 and 18, 1985, the "[[Shamrock Summit]]" between Mulroney and Reagan was held in [[Quebec City]]. The summit gained its name from the two leaders' Irish background, and because the meeting started on [[St. Patrick's Day]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=History Through Our Eyes: March 17, 1985, the Shamrock Summit |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/history-through-our-eyes/history-through-our-eyes-march-17-1985-the-shamrock-summit |website=Montreal Gazette |access-date=July 8, 2022 |date=March 14, 2022 |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314141034/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/history-through-our-eyes/history-through-our-eyes-march-17-1985-the-shamrock-summit |url-status=live }}</ref> In the summit, Mulroney and Reagan sang ''[[When Irish Eyes are Smiling]]''; this signified the camaraderie between the two leaders and a turning point in [[Canada–United States relations]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Ferguson| first=Will| authorlink=Will Ferguson| title=Why I Hate Canadians| year=1997| publisher=Douglas & McIntyre| location=Vancouver, BC, Canada| isbn=1-55054-600-7| pages=[https://archive.org/details/whyihatecanadian00ferg/page/112 112–113]| chapter=11| chapter-url-access=registration| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/whyihatecanadian00ferg/page/112}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Steele | first=Andrew | title=Mr. Angry and Mr. Happy | publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]] | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/andrew-steele/mr-angry-and-mr-happy/article1312681/ | accessdate=July 8, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Larkin |first1=Janet |title=Reagan, Mulroney Enjoyed a Rare Personal Bond  |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/reagan-mulroney-enjoyed-a-rare-personal-bond/article_3957749b-0616-5390-bdc8-95ce392024cd.html |website=Buffalo News |access-date=July 8, 2022 |date=June 20, 2004 |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708191635/https://buffalonews.com/news/reagan-mulroney-enjoyed-a-rare-personal-bond/article_3957749b-0616-5390-bdc8-95ce392024cd.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Air India Flight 182]] bombing, which originated in [[Montreal]], occurred on June 23, 1985. This was the largest terrorist act before the [[September 11 attacks]], with the majority of the 329 victims being Canadian citizens. Mulroney sent a letter of condolence to Indian prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]], sparking an uproar in Canada since he did not call the families of the actual victims to offer condolences. Furthermore, there were several warnings from the [[Indian government]] to the Mulroney government about terrorist threats toward Air India flights. Questions remain as to why these warnings were not taken more seriously and whether the events leading to the bombing could have been prevented.<ref name="story">{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=90d8bfad-8bd6-43d6-9899-ad8f0649db87&k=79609 |title=story |publisher=Canada.com |date=June 19, 2006 |access-date=June 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109115600/https://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=90d8bfad-8bd6-43d6-9899-ad8f0649db87&k=79609 |archive-date=November 9, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="ctv story">{{cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060925/airindia_inquiry_060925/20060925?hub=TopStories |title=ctv story |publisher=Ctv.ca |access-date=June 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206080041/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060925/airindia_inquiry_060925/20060925?hub=TopStories |archive-date=December 6, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=The Canadian Press|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/mulroney-worried-about-country-s-image-after-air-india-documents-1.570101|title=CBC website November 7, 2007|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=November 7, 2006|access-date=June 7, 2010|archive-date=October 21, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021053236/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/11/07/air-india.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 1984, Mulroney sent his newly appointed [[Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations|Canadian ambassador to the United Nations]], [[Stephen Lewis]], to the [[Headquarters of the United Nations]] in New York City to persuade the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] to take action against [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia|the ongoing Ethiopian famine]]. Days later, the UN and [[Red Cross]] launched an effort to save seven million starving Ethiopians and 22 million others in Africa. The Mulroney government's efforts to aid Ethiopia differed Canada from the United States and the United Kingdom, two Western nations which avoided taking action against the famine due to Ethiopia's [[Marxist]] regime. Mulroney's foreign affairs minister, [[Joe Clark]], became the first senior Western official to visit Ethiopia during the famine, ahead of UN officials. Mulroney's government spent tens of millions of dollars to match private donations to combat the famine. Canada contributed to over 10 percent of international aid to Ethiopia. After the famine, Mulroney's government increased aid and development funding to Africa.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stewart |first1=Brian |title=When Brian Mulroney was great |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/when-brian-mulroney-was-great-1.859343 |website=CBC News |access-date=June 29, 2022 |date=May 14, 2009 |archive-date=June 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629220037/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/when-brian-mulroney-was-great-1.859343 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Photograph of The Reagans and Mulroneys in Quebec, Canada - NARA - 198561.jpg|thumb|left|The Mulroneys with the Reagans in [[Quebec City]], Canada, on March 18, 1985, the second day of the "[[Shamrock Summit]]."]]

On December 2, 1991, Canada became the first Western nation to recognize Ukraine as an independent country, next day after the [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum|landslide referendum in favour of independence in Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goncharova|first=Olena|date=August 24, 2021|title=How Canada became first in West to recognize Ukraine's independence|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/how-canada-became-first-in-west-to-recognize-ukraines-independence.html|access-date=July 7, 2022|website=Kyiv Post|archive-date=August 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824130306/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/how-canada-became-first-in-west-to-recognize-ukraines-independence.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Apartheid ====

Mulroney's government opposed the [[apartheid]] regime in South Africa. Beginning in 1985, Mulroney led an effort within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] to [[Economic sanctions|sanction]] the South African government with the goal of pressuring them to end apartheid and release [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] activist [[Nelson Mandela]] from prison. This put Mulroney at odds with British prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]], who opposed apartheid but believed the sanctions could harm Britain's economic ties to the country and cause unemployment in South Africa. United States President Ronald Reagan also opposed sanctions, believing that Mandela and other leaders of the [[African National Congress]] were communists.<ref name="NaPoapartheid">{{cite news |title=How Brian Mulroney spearheaded Canadian push to end apartheid in South Africa and free Nelson Mandela |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/how-brian-mulroney-spearheaded-canadian-push-to-end-apartheid-in-south-africa-and-free-nelson-mandela |website=National Post |access-date=May 28, 2022 |date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003184459/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/how-brian-mulroney-spearheaded-canadian-push-to-end-apartheid-in-south-africa-and-free-nelson-mandela |url-status=live }}</ref> At an October 23, 1985, [[United Nations General Assembly]] meeting, Mulroney stated, "if there is no progress in the dismantling of apartheid, [[Canada–South Africa relations|[Canada]'s relations with South Africa]] may have to be severed completely"; he restored this line in his speech after he originally removed it at the advice of External Affairs.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Valpy |first1=Michael |title=Brian Mulroney and Stephen Lewis on principled leadership in foreign affairs |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/news/brian-mulroney-and-stephen-lewis-principled-leadership-foreign-affairs |website=University of Toronto |access-date=May 28, 2022 |date=April 15, 2014 |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422193710/https://www.utoronto.ca/news/brian-mulroney-and-stephen-lewis-principled-leadership-foreign-affairs |url-status=live }}</ref> After an August 1986 meeting in London, Canada, along with other Commonwealth nations, implemented 11 new sanctions on South Africa including bans on new air links, new investment, promotion of [[Tourism in South Africa|tourism]],<ref name="NaPoapartheid" /> and imports of South African coal, metals and agricultural goods.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Apartheid and diplomacy |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1987/8/24/apartheid-and-diplomacy |website=Maclean's |access-date=May 28, 2022 |date=August 24, 1987 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528224208/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1987/8/24/apartheid-and-diplomacy |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The day after Mandela was released on February 11, 1990, he spoke with Mulroney through the telephone, thanking him for his efforts to end apartheid. Mandela made the [[Parliament of Canada]] his first legislature in the world to make a speech. On June 18 that year, Mandela spoke in the [[House of Commons of Canada]], where he thanked Mulroney and Canadians. The two remained in contact after they left politics; during his annual business trips to South Africa, Mulroney visited Mandela.<ref name="NaPoapartheid" />

==== Free trade and 1988 re-election ====
Critics noted that Mulroney had originally professed opposition to [[free trade]] during the 1983 leadership campaign<ref name="autogenerated1">Donaldson, p. 334.</ref> though the 1985 report of the [[MacDonald Commission]] suggested free trade as an idea to him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-commission-on-economic-union-and-development-prospects-for-canada/|title=Royal Commission on Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada|last=Banting|first=Keith G.|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=May 5, 2018|archive-date=January 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114030330/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-commission-on-economic-union-and-development-prospects-for-canada/|url-status=live}}</ref> Negotiations between Canada and the United States for a [[free trade treaty]] started in May 1986. In October 1987, a deal was reached;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Bruce |title=Free Trade |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/free-trade |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 5, 2022 |date=February 7, 2006 |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605235306/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/free-trade |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement]] (CUSFTA) stated that all [[tariff]]s between the two countries would be eliminated by 1998. This deal was achieved not least because of Mulroney's close relationship with U.S. president Ronald Reagan.<ref>Stephen Clarkson. ''Canada and the Reagan Challenge: Crisis and Adjustment, 1981–85'' (2nd ed. 1985) ch 5, 8</ref> This agreement was controversial; while Mulroney used his massive majority in the House of Commons to pass the bill, the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]-dominated [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] demanded an election before proceeding to a ratification vote.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Farnsworth |first1=Clyde |title=Canadian Pact Voted By Senate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/20/business/canadian-pact-voted-by-senate.html |website=New York Times |access-date=May 29, 2022 |date=September 20, 1988 |archive-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311155826/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/20/business/canadian-pact-voted-by-senate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This induced Mulroney to ask [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] [[Jeanne Sauvé]] on October 1 to dissolve [[33rd Canadian Parliament|Parliament]] and call [[1988 Canadian federal election|an election for November 21]].<ref name="1988CanadianElection">{{cite web |last1=Azzi |first1=Stephen |title=Election of 1988 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/election-1988-feature |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=May 29, 2022 |date=September 28, 2008 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524075945/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/election-1988-feature |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:President Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Mexican President Carlos Salinas participate in the... - NARA - 186460.jpg|thumb|NAFTA Initialling Ceremony, October 1992; From left to right: Mexican president [[Carlos Salinas|Salinas]] (standing), US president [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]], prime minister Mulroney (seated), [[Jaime Serra Puche]], [[Carla Hills]], [[Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)|Michael Wilson]].]]
The trade deal was the main issue of the election, with the Liberals and [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP) opposing it; Liberal leader [[John Turner]] (who was preparing for his second campaign after Mulroney defeated him in [[1984 Canadian federal election|1984]]) believed that the agreement would "Americanize" Canada and cost many Canadian jobs. A week after the October 25 debate, the Liberals were six points ahead of the PCs. To combat this Liberal surge, the PCs began running a more negative campaign, capitalizing on the perceived lack of public confidence in Turner, his perceived inability to lead the Liberal party, and arguing that he only opposed free trade because of political opportunism. The Progressive Conservatives' poll numbers began to rebound, and they were re-elected with a greatly reduced majority, winning 169 out of 295 seats and 43 percent of the popular vote.<ref name="1988CanadianElection" /> Mulroney became the first and only federal Canadian Conservative party leader since [[John A. Macdonald]] to lead his party to a second majority government.{{efn|[[Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)|Conservative]] Prime Minister [[Robert Borden]] won two majority governments; the second majority he won in [[1917 Canadian federal election|1917]] was when he was the leader of the [[Unionist Party (Canada)|Unionist Party]], a party composed of pro-conscription Conservatives and Liberals.}} The trade deal gained the support of Quebec premier [[Robert Bourassa]], which helped the PCs maintain their standing in Quebec.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parisella |first1=John |title=Robert Bourassa: vision and resilience |url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/the-best-premier-of-the-last-40-years/robert-bourassa-vision-and-resilience/ |website=Policy options |access-date=July 1, 2022 |date=June 1, 2012 |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004134151/https://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/the-best-premier-of-the-last-40-years/robert-bourassa-vision-and-resilience/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In this election, Mulroney transferred to another eastern Quebec seat, [[Charlevoix (federal electoral district)|Charlevoix]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=13477 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=lop.parl.ca |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608102457/https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=13477 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also on November 21, Mulroney made a controversial [[Order in Council]] which allowed the establishment of the AMEX Bank of Canada (owned by [[American Express]]), despite finance minister [[Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)|Michael Wilson]] rejecting AMEX's application to open a Canadian bank in 1986. The Amex Bank of Canada started operating on July 1, 1990. [[Toronto-Dominion Bank]] chairman Richard Thomson accused Mulroney's government of favouritism toward Amex as its chief executive officer, James Robinson, supported free trade.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newman |first1=Peter |title=The brash new kid on the block |url=http://archive.macleans.ca/article/1990/7/30/the-brash-new-kid-on-the-block |website=Maclean's |access-date=June 9, 2022 |date=July 30, 1990 |archive-date=January 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104233155/http://archive.macleans.ca/article/1990/7/30/the-brash-new-kid-on-the-block |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The government implemented the deal; it was made effective on January 1, 1989. In 1994, CUSFTA was replaced by the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA), which now included Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fina-nafi.org/eng/integ/chronologie.asp?langue=eng&menu=integ |title= NAFTA Timeline |publisher= Fina-nafi |access-date= July 4, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110114130328/http://www.fina-nafi.org/eng/integ/chronologie.asp?langue=eng&menu=integ |archive-date= January 14, 2011 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref>

====Gulf War====
In the early 1990s, Mulroney played a vital part in upholding international law to stop [[Saddam Hussein]]'s aggression in [[Kuwait]].<ref name="dewing00">{{cite news |last1=Dewing |first1=Michael |last2=McDonald |first2=Corinne |title=International Deployment of Canadian Forces: Parliament's Role |url=https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0006-e.pdf |agency=Library of Parliament |issue=PRB 00-06E |publisher=Parliamentary Information and Research Service |date=September 14, 2004 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919035137/https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/LoPBdP/PRB-e/PRB0006-e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hampson">{{cite news |last1=Hampson |first1=Fen Osler |title=Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/book-excerpt-the-unknown-mulroney-how-the-former-pm-helped-shape-the-mideast |publisher=National Post |date=June 5, 2018 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=October 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003184414/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/book-excerpt-the-unknown-mulroney-how-the-former-pm-helped-shape-the-mideast |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Hampson|2018}} Along with ambassador [[Yves Fortier (lawyer)|Yves Fortier]],<ref name=hampson/> Mulroney was instrumental in drafting [[UNSCR 678]] which later led to the war when Iraq failed to heed the resolution,{{sfn|Newman|2005|p=10}} and Canada supported the [[Desert Storm|armed UN coalition]] during the 1991 [[Gulf War]] through Operation SCIMITAR and Operation Friction .<ref name="oscim">{{cite news |title=Gulf War – SCIMITAR |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/scimitar.html |agency=Government of Canada |publisher=Department of National Defence |date=December 11, 2018 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816143018/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/scimitar.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=Government of Canada |publisher=Department of National Defence |title=Gulf War – Friction  |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/friction.html |date=December 11, 2018 |access-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-date=August 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816143017/https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/friction.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When the UN authorized full use of force in the operation, Canada sent a [[CF-18]] squadron with support personnel and a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war as well as a company of [[The Royal Canadian Regiment]] to safeguard these ground elements. The [[Canadian Forces]] code-named Canada's participation [[Operation Friction]]. In August, Mulroney sent the destroyers [[HMCS Terra Nova|HMCS ''Terra Nova'']] and [[HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282)|HMCS ''Athabaskan'']] to enforce the trade blockade against Iraq. The supply ship [[HMCS Protecteur|HMCS ''Protecteur'']] was also sent to aid the gathering coalition forces. When the air war began, Canada's planes were integrated into the coalition force and, provided air cover and attacked ground targets. This was the first time since the fighting on Cyprus in 1974 that Canadian forces participated directly in combat operations.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gimblett |first1=Robert |title=Persian Gulf War, 1990–91 |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/persian-gulf-war-1990-91 |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=July 7, 2022 |date=January 11, 2016 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707233628/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/persian-gulf-war-1990-91 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Unpopularity and retirement ===

==== Fracturing of electoral coalition ====

In late 1987, the Western Canada-based [[right-wing populist]] [[Reform Party of Canada]] was founded. The creation of the party was motivated by Western Canadian discontent with Mulroney's government and the Progressive Conservatives in general. The Reform Party opposed the Mulroney government's promotion of the Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords as well as their introduction of the goods and services tax. Although the party won only 2 percent of the popular vote and no seats in the 1988 election, it won its first seat in the Commons on [[1989 Beaver River federal by-election|the May 6, 1989, by-election]] in the Alberta riding of [[Beaver River (federal electoral district)|Beaver River]], where Reform candidate [[Deborah Grey]] defeated Progressive Conservative candidate [[Dave Broda]] by a nearly 20 percent margin. This was the first sign that Mulroney's coalition was fracturing; the PCs had dominated Alberta's federal politics since the [[1958 Canadian federal election|1958 election]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Trevor |title=Preston Manning |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/preston-manning |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=February 13, 2008 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630214410/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/preston-manning |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Harrison |first1=Trevor |title=Reform Party of Canada |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reform-party-of-canada |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=February 7, 2006 |archive-date=June 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609001251/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/reform-party-of-canada |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 1991, the pro-Quebec sovereigntist [[Bloc Québécois]] was founded by Mulroney's former [[Minister of Environment and Climate Change|environment minister]] and [[Quebec lieutenant]], [[Lucien Bouchard]]. The party's foundation was motivated by the collapse of the [[Meech Lake Accord]], which would have benefited Quebec if it had been ratified. The party attracted a few other PC and Liberal members of parliament.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marsh |first1=James |title=Lucien Bouchard |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lucien-bouchard |website=Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=February 13, 2008 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630214409/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lucien-bouchard |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Resignation ====

Widespread public resentment of the goods and services tax, the early 1990s recession, the fracturing of his political coalition, and his lack of results regarding the Quebec situation caused Mulroney's popularity to decline severely during his second term. Mulroney entered 1993 facing [[1993 Canadian federal election|a statutory general election]]. By this time, his approval ratings had dipped into the tens, and were at 12 percent in a 1992 [[Gallup poll]], making him the most unpopular prime minister since opinion polling began in Canada in the 1940s.<ref>Russell Ash, ''The Top 10 of Everything 2000'', Montreal: The Reader's Digest Association (Canada) Ltd., 1999, p. 80.</ref>
[[File:Visit of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney to Washington, February 5 1993 (42-WHPO-P00639-01) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mulroney with president [[Bill Clinton]] during a visit to Washington, D.C., shortly before his resignation announcement, February 1993]]
On February 24, 1993, Mulroney announced his intention to resign as prime minister and retire from politics. In his announcement, Mulroney stated, "Whether you agree with our solutions or not, none will accuse us, I think, of having chosen to evade our responsibilities by sidestepping the most controversial issues of our time." Mulroney claimed his resignation was not related to the consensus that he would be heavily defeated by [[Jean Chrétien]]'s Liberals if he led the Tories into the next election and rather argued he could defeat the Liberals if he sought another term.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trueheart |first1=Charles |title=MULRONEY DECLARES INTENTION TO RESIGN |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/02/25/mulroney-declares-intention-to-resign/94ede77d-83d7-4f69-bc54-fea49b346d28/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=February 25, 1993}}</ref><ref name="MulroneyLATimes">{{cite web |last1=Walsh |first1=Mary Williams |title=Canadian Leader Mulroney Quits After 8 Years |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-25-mn-747-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=February 25, 1993 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701001946/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-25-mn-747-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last Gallup Poll taken before Mulroney's announcement of resignation showed the PCs' polling numbers had rebounded to 21 percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca/news.php?id=61 |title=Home &#124; Waterloo News |website=Newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca |date=June 26, 2012 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527134748/http://newsrelease.uwaterloo.ca/news.php?id=61 |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his final days in office, Mulroney conducted a European "farewell" tour using Canadian federal funds.<ref>Donaldson, p. 349.</ref><ref name="APNov1993">{{Cite news |date=November 6, 1993 |title=Controversial Mulroney Tour Costs Canadian Taxpayers |work=The Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/b0ac1cff1f85a23a36112393c5632972 |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028125707/https://apnews.com/article/b0ac1cff1f85a23a36112393c5632972 |url-status=live }}</ref> On [[1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election|June 13, 1993]], Mulroney was replaced as leader of the Progressive Conservatives by defence minister [[Kim Campbell]]. On June 25, 1993, Mulroney resigned as prime minister and chose not to run for reelection at the Commons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brian Mulroney |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brian-mulroney |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527050606/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brian-mulroney |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Aftermath ====
[[File:Canada 1993 Federal Election seats.svg|300px|thumb|The House of Commons after the [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 election]] {{ubl| Red: Liberals (177)| Blue: Bloc Québécois (54) | Green: Reform (52) | Orange: New Democratic Party (9) | Mauve: Progressive Conservatives (2) | Grey: Independent (1)}}]]

In the October 25, 1993 election, the Progressive Conservative party was reduced from 156 seats to two seats in the worst defeat ever suffered for a governing party at the federal level in Canada. The Tories were no longer recognized as an official caucus in the House of Commons since the required minimum number of seats for [[official party status]] is 12. As an example of the antipathy toward Mulroney, his former riding fell to the Bloc by a lopsided margin; the Tory candidate finished a distant third, with only 6,800 votes out of nearly 40,000 cast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html|title=1993 Canadian Federal Election Results (Detail)|publisher=Esm.ubc.ca|access-date=June 7, 2010|archive-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830154131/http://esm.ubc.ca/CA93/results.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The more right-wing Reform party won over [[Western alienation|alienated Western Canadians]] and replaced the PCs as the major conservative party in Canada; they won 52 seats and 18.7 percent of the popular vote, which was greater than the PCs (which won 16 percent of the popular vote). The Bloc replaced Mulroney's voting base in Quebec, becoming the [[Official Opposition (Canada)|Official Opposition]] (at 54 seats). In the election, Chrétien's Liberals won a strong majority government.  Mulroney claimed he was not responsible for the obliteration of the PCs, and instead blamed Campbell and her relationship with her boyfriend. In ''[[The Secret Mulroney Tapes]]'', it was revealed Mulroney said of Campbell, "Throughout the whole goddam thing she's been screwing around with this Russian guy. The guy was sneaking into hotel rooms and the campaign bus"; he also said it was "the most incompetent campaign I've seen in my life."<ref>{{cite web |last1=McIlroy |first1=Anne |title=Life of Brian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/26/worlddispatch.annemcilroy |website=The Guardian |access-date=June 30, 2022 |date=September 26, 2005 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701001946/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/26/worlddispatch.annemcilroy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="MulroneyG&M">{{cite web |last1=Macgregor |first1=Roy |title=Years later, 'he bugs us still' |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/years-later-he-bugs-us-still/article738737/ |website=Globe and Mail |access-date=July 1, 2022 |date=September 12, 2005 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701035551/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/years-later-he-bugs-us-still/article738737/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the following [[1997 Canadian federal election|1997]] and [[2000 Canadian federal election|2000]] elections, the Progressive Conservatives would continue being the smallest party in the House of Commons, holding on to fifth-place status though regaining official party status. In 2003, the party merged with Reform's successor, the [[Canadian Alliance]], to create today's [[Conservative Party of Canada]].<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2024 |title=Conservative Party of Canada {{!}} History, Beliefs, & Values {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Conservative-Party-of-Canada |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202235549/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Conservative-Party-of-Canada |url-status=live }}</ref>

== After politics (1993–2024) ==
After leaving office, Mulroney served as an international business consultant and was a partner with the law firm [[Norton Rose]]. He, up until his death in 2024, sat on the board of directors of multiple corporations, including the [[The Blackstone Group|Blackstone Group]], [[Barrick Gold]], [[Quebecor Inc.]], [[Archer Daniels Midland]], Cendant Corp. (New York), AOL Latin America, Inc. (New York), Cognicase Inc. ([[Montreal]]) and Acreage Holdings, one of the largest vertically integrated cannabis companies in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/article/brian-mulroney-joins-board-of-directors-of-new-york-based-pot-company/|title=Brian Mulroney joins board of directors of New York-based pot company {{!}} CTV News|website=www.ctvnews.ca|date=October 17, 2018|access-date=December 28, 2018|archive-date=December 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228130753/https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/brian-mulroney-joins-board-of-directors-of-new-york-based-pot-company-1.4137726|url-status=live}}</ref> He was a senior counsellor to Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst, a global private equity fund in [[Dallas]], chairman of Forbes Global (New York), and was a paid consultant and lobbyist for [[Karl-Heinz Schreiber]] beginning in 1993. He was also chairman of various international advisory boards and councils for many international companies, including Power Corp. (Montreal), Bombardier (Montreal), the China International Trust and Investment Corp. (Beijing), [[J.P. Morgan Chase and Co.]] (New York), Violy, Byorum and Partners (New York), VS&A Communications Partners (New York), Independent Newspapers ([[Dublin]]) and General Enterprise Management Services Limited ([[British Virgin Islands]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nupge.ca/news_2004/n23jn04a.htm|title=Mulroney-Harper alliance bad news for Canada's workers|publisher=Nupge.ca|date=June 23, 2004|access-date=June 7, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928000917/http://www.nupge.ca/news_2004/n23jn04a.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref>

In 1998, Mulroney was accorded Canada's highest civilian honour when he was made a [[List of Companions of the Order of Canada|Companion]] of the [[Order of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teneo.com/person/the-right-honourable-brian-mulroney-p-c/|title=The Right Honourable Brian Mulroney, P.C.|publisher=Teneo|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-date=December 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206015438/https://www.teneo.com/person/the-right-honourable-brian-mulroney-p-c/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Mulroney Thatcher and Gorbachev at Reagan's funeral.jpg|thumb|At the [[funeral of Ronald Reagan]] with former Soviet president [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], former Japanese prime minister [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]] and former British prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]]]]

In 2003, Mulroney received the [[Woodrow Wilson Awards|Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service]] from the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]] of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] at a ceremony in Montreal.<ref name=woodrow/> The award was in recognition of his career in politics.<ref name=woodrow>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/canada-institute-mourns-passing-brian-mulroney|title=The Canada Institute Mourns the Passing of Brian Mulroney|publisher=Wilson Center|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-date=March 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302060838/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/canada-institute-mourns-passing-brian-mulroney|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2004, Mulroney delivered a keynote speech in Washington, D.C., celebrating the tenth anniversary of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/nafta-10-wilson-center-sponsors-conference-celebrating-tenth-anniversary-the-historic-trade|title=NAFTA at 10: Wilson Center Sponsors Conference Celebrating Tenth Anniversary of the Historic Trade Agreement|publisher=Wilson Center|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-date=August 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818113443/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/nafta-10-wilson-center-sponsors-conference-celebrating-tenth-anniversary-the-historic-trade|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2004, Mulroney presented a eulogy for former U.S. president Ronald Reagan during the [[Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan|latter's state funeral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mulroneyinstitute.ca/node/341|title=Eulogy for President Ronald Reagan|publisher=Mulroney Institute|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-date=February 17, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217135259/https://www.mulroneyinstitute.ca/node/341|url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, at the request of prime minister [[Stephen Harper]], Mulroney travelled to Washington, D.C., along with Michael Wilson, Canada's ambassador to the United States, as Canada's representatives at the [[Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford|state funeral]] of former president [[Gerald Ford]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/mulroney-to-represent-canada-at-fords-funeral/article973730/|title=Mulroney to represent Canada at Ford's funeral|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=December 30, 2006|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-date=March 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302070840/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/mulroney-to-represent-canada-at-fords-funeral/article973730/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2005, as part of a physical examination, a CT scan revealed two small lumps in one of Mulroney's lungs. In his youth, Mulroney had been a heavy smoker. His doctors performed a biopsy, which ruled out cancer; incidentally, his surgery is sometimes cited as an example of the dangers of unnecessary testing.<ref>[http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/a-check-on-physicals/ A Check on Physicals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121065210/http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/a-check-on-physicals/ |date=January 21, 2013 }}, By Jane E. Brody, ''The New York Times'', January 21, 2013</ref> He recovered well enough to tape a speech for the [[Conservative Party of Canada]]'s 2005 Policy Convention in Montreal in March, though he could not attend in person. He later developed [[pancreatitis]], and he remained in hospital for several weeks. It was not until April 19 that his son, Ben Mulroney, announced he was recovering and would soon be released.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pancreatitis-keeps-mulroney-in-hospital-1.524167 |accessdate=November 14, 2021 |title=Pancreatitis keeps Mulroney in hospital |website=CBC |date=March 25, 2005 |archive-date=October 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030083817/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/pancreatitis-keeps-mulroney-in-hospital-1.524167 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 12, 2005, veteran writer and former Mulroney confidant [[Peter C. Newman]] released ''[[The Secret Mulroney Tapes: Unguarded Confessions of a Prime Minister]]''. Based largely on remarks from the former prime minister, which Newman had taped with Mulroney's knowledge, the book set off national controversy. Newman had been given unfettered access to Mulroney for a thorough biography and claims Mulroney did not honour an agreement to allow him access to confidential papers.<ref>Newman, p. 50.</ref> This led Mulroney to respond at the annual Press Gallery Dinner, which is noted for comedic moments, in Ottawa on October 22, 2005. The former prime minister appeared on tape and very formally acknowledged the various dignitaries and audience groups before delivering the shortest speech of the night: "Peter Newman: Go fuck yourself. Thank you, ladies and gentlemen, and good night."<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/LfGx39FnlJU Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20090719235046/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfGx39FnlJU&feature=related Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfGx39FnlJU&NR=1|title=Video of Brian Mulroney's speech to the Press Gallery Dinner|via=YouTube|date=December 12, 2006|access-date=June 7, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2014, Mulroney became the chairman of [[Quebecor]] and defused tensions resulting from the continuing influence of former president and CEO [[Pierre Karl Péladeau]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/peladeaus-political-exit-raises-questions-for-quebecor/article29829458/|title=Péladeau's political exit raises questions for Quebecor|website=The Globe and Mail|access-date=May 4, 2016|archive-date=May 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504120311/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/peladeaus-political-exit-raises-questions-for-quebecor/article29829458/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 5, 2018, Mulroney delivered a eulogy for former U.S. president George H. W. Bush during his [[Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush|state funeral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-brian-mulroney-eulogy-for-former-president-george-hw-bush-funeral/|title=Transcript: Brian Mulroney's eulogy for former President George H.W. Bush|date=December 6, 2018|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-date=March 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301132641/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-brian-mulroney-eulogy-for-former-president-george-hw-bush-funeral/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Airbus/Schreiber affair ===
{{Main|Airbus affair}}

On September 29, 1995, the Canadian Department of Justice, acting on behalf of the RCMP, sent a Letter of Request (LOR) to the Swiss government asking for information related to allegations that Mulroney was involved in a criminal conspiracy to defraud the Government of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mulroney Launches Suit|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mulroney-launches-suit/|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-date=December 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219033533/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mulroney-launches-suit/|url-status=live}}</ref> The investigation pertained to "improper commissions" allegedly paid to German-Canadian businessman [[Karlheinz Schreiber]] (or to companies controlled by him), Brian Mulroney and former Newfoundland premier [[Frank Moores]] in exchange for three government contracts.<ref name="oliph">{{Cite web |url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2010%2Fbcp-pco%2FCP32-92-2-2010-1-eng.pdf |title=Government of Canada website – Oliphant Commission p. 54 |access-date=December 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194727/http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2010%2Fbcp-pco%2FCP32-92-2-2010-1-eng.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These contracts involved the purchase of Airbus Industrie aircraft by Air Canada; the purchase of helicopters by the Canadian Coast Guard from Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm GmbH (MBB) in 1986; and the establishment of a manufacturing plant for Thyssen Light Armoured Vehicles (Bear Head Project) in Nova Scotia, a project which Mulroney as prime minister had cancelled.<ref name="oliph" />

This LOR "and its contents were to be kept confidential" but leaked to the media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/site/archivee-archived.html?url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bcp-pco/CP32-92-3-2010-eng.pdf|date=May 31, 2010|title=Report of the Oliphant Commission|author=((Commission of Inquiry into Certain Allegations Respecting Business and Financial Dealings Between Karlheinz Schreiber and the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney))|website=publications.gc.ca|access-date=January 18, 2021|archive-date=April 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413235902/https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bcp-pco/CP32-92-3-2010-eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, Mulroney launched a $50 million libel lawsuit against the Government of Canada and the RCMP on November 20, 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=Superior Court exhibit|url=http://www.williamkaplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/exhibit-26.pdf|website=William Kaplan|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-date=December 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205194648/http://www.williamkaplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/exhibit-26.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 5, 1997, Mulroney agreed to an out-of-court settlement of $2.1 million with the Government of Canada and the RCMP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mulroney Wins Apology|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mulroney-wins-an-apology/|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=December 5, 2017|archive-date=December 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221031601/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mulroney-wins-an-apology/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Oliphant Commission Report in 2010 stated that Mulroney accepted $225 000 from Schreiber, and former justice minister [[Allan Rock]] said he would have used a different litigation strategy in the libel case had he known about these payments.<ref name="CBC Jun 2010">{{Cite news |last=CBC News |date=June 2, 2010 |title=Mulroney deserved libel settlement: spokesman |language=en-US |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mulroney-deserved-libel-settlement-spokesman-1.960549 |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025741/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mulroney-deserved-libel-settlement-spokesman-1.960549 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mulroney did not disclose that he had received money from Schreiber (which Schreiber alleges was a total of $300,000 in instalments of $100,000 in three separate occurrences between 1993 and 1994 given to Mulroney under the code name "Britan" in brown paper envelopes/bags in denominations of $1,000 during secret hotel exchanges). Later, on February 2, 1998, Schreiber met with Mulroney at Mulroney's invitation to the hotel Savoy in Zurich, where, before a spread of smoked salmon and appetizers, Mulroney tried to get Schreiber to verify that nothing could connect Mulroney to the money.<ref>"The Payments and the Taxman." The Globe and Mail, Greg McArthur, October 31, 2007,</ref> Later on, when further information was leaked to the public, Mulroney stated that there was nothing wrong with accepting envelopes of $1,000 bills (which he put into safes and safe deposit boxes without reporting tax on it as income for years after).<ref>"Mulroney: nothing wrong accepting envelopes of $1,000 bills", The Hamilton Spectator, Friday, May 15, 2009</ref> The Oliphant Commission, presided over by Justice Jeffrey Oliphant, reported on May 31, 2010, that Mulroney "failed to live up to the standard of conduct that he himself adopted in the 1995 ethics code.  Oliphant J. said he could not accept Mulroney's testimony that his acceptance of $225,000 cash was an error in judgment.  Rather, it was an attempt to hide the transactions.<ref>"Brian Mulroney acted inappropriately in accepting cash, inquiry finds" The Toronto Star, May 31, 2010, Les Whittington, Richard J. Brennan, Ottawa Bureau</ref>

=== Conservative Party of Canada ===
Mulroney played an influential role by supporting the merger of the [[Canadian Alliance]] (successor of the Reform party) with the Progressive Conservatives to form the [[Conservative Party of Canada]]; Mulroney joined the new party upon its formation in 2003.<ref name=merger>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2023/12/18/opinion/right-wing-merger-was-tragedy-stephen-harper?page=1|title=This right-wing merger was a tragedy|date=December 18, 2023 |publisher=National Observer|accessdate=March 1, 2024}}</ref> This distinguished him from other prominent PC politicians, such as former prime ministers Joe Clark and Kim Campbell, who became [[independent politician|independents]] as they believed that the Conservative party was too right-wing and drifting toward social conservatism.<ref name=merger/>

According to press reports, Mulroney's membership lapsed in 2006. In early 2009, Mulroney "called a high-ranking person in the party and asked that his name be removed from all party lists" due to his anger at the continued inquiry into his financial affairs,<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090331.wparty01sb/BNStory/politics/home Mulroney not a Tory any more?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404042431/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090331.wparty01sb/BNStory/politics/home |date=April 4, 2009 }}, Campbell Clark, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', April 1, 2009,</ref> although he denies this claim.<ref>[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090408.wPOLharper0408/BNStory/politics/home Ignatieff has 'no moral compass,' PM says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411033829/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090408.wPOLharper0408/BNStory/politics/home |date=April 11, 2009 }}, Brian Laghi, ''The Globe and Mail'', April 8, 2009,</ref> A Mulroney confidant, speaking on condition of anonymity, called the party's claims preposterous. "He's part of the history of this party; you can't rewrite history. If they're worried about branding, then shut the inquiry down. They're the ones who called the inquiry."<ref>[https://archive.today/20120730203253/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090331/mulroney_tories_090331/20090331?hub=QPeriod Tories, Mulroney in tiff over party membership]. March 31, 2009, CTV.ca</ref>

Months before the [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015 federal election]], Mulroney endorsed prime minister Stephen Harper while campaigning for [[Eric Girard (Groulx MNA)|Eric Girard]], a family friend and the Conservative candidate for [[Lac-Saint-Louis|Lac St. Louis]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Brian Mulroney shelves criticism of PM Harper in rare stump speech |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/brian-mulroney-shelves-criticism-of-pm-harper-in-rare-stump-speech/ |website=CTV News |access-date=December 2, 2021 |date=June 11, 2015 |archive-date=December 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202041600/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/brian-mulroney-shelves-criticism-of-pm-harper-in-rare-stump-speech-1.2417516 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mulroney campaigned for Conservative leader [[Erin O'Toole]] in the run-up of the [[2021 Canadian election]].<ref>[https://www.cp24.com/news/mulroney-campaigns-for-o-toole-in-quebec-comparing-now-to-time-before-1984-win-1.5586556 Mulroney campaigns for O'Toole in Quebec, comparing now to time before 1984 win] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213012/https://www.cp24.com/news/mulroney-campaigns-for-o-toole-in-quebec-comparing-now-to-time-before-1984-win-1.5586556 |date=September 20, 2021 }} September 15, 2021, cp24.com</ref> Just over a month later, Mulroney criticized his handling of [[COVID-19 vaccination in Canada|COVID-19 vaccinations]], stating that he should show "leadership" and expel unvaccinated MPs from the Conservative caucus.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aiello |first1=Rachel |title=O'Toole should show 'leadership' and show unvaccinated Conservative MPs the door: Former PM Mulroney |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/o-toole-should-show-leadership-and-show-unvaccinated-conservative-mps-the-door-former-pm-mulroney-1.5644326 |website=CTV News |access-date=November 7, 2021 |date=October 31, 2021 |archive-date=November 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107055342/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/o-toole-should-show-leadership-and-show-unvaccinated-conservative-mps-the-door-former-pm-mulroney-1.5644326 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 

In June 2022, Mulroney said to an audience at Laval University that he could not see himself within the modern Conservative party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Racine |first=Jean-François |date=June 14, 2022 |title=Mulroney ne se reconnaît plus dans le PCC actuel |url=https://www.journaldequebec.com/2022/06/14/universite-laval-un-hommage-a-brian-mulroney |access-date=April 5, 2025 |website=Le Journal de Québec}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Opinion: Pierre Poilievre spurned Brian Mulroney's advice, and is paying the price |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-pierre-poilievre-spurned-brian-mulroneys-advice-and-is-paying-the/ |access-date=April 5, 2025 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref> In October 2022, Mulroney said he supported the Conservatives' new leader, [[Pierre Poilievre]], who reached to Mulroney after his leadership victory.<ref name=":3" /> Mulroney said that he urged Poilievre to move closer to the [[political centre]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Van Dyk |first1=Spencer |title=Mulroney backing Conservatives' Poilievre, but cautions he won't win going 'extreme right' |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/mulroney-backing-conservatives-poilievre-but-cautions-he-wont-win-going-extreme-right/ |website=CTV News |access-date=October 9, 2022 |date=October 9, 2022 |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009163138/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/mulroney-backing-conservatives-poilievre-but-cautions-he-won-t-win-going-extreme-right-1.6102069 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other political interventions ===

In 2003, Mulroney criticized the Chrétien government's foreign policy. He expressed his disappointment with the Liberals strengthening relations with China, Russia, and Germany. Instead, he voiced his support for the United States, stating, "I want to stick with my old friends and allies." He also voiced his support for the [[Iraq War]] and said Canada would have supported the United States in Iraq if he were still prime minister.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Mulroney would've helped "old friends" in Iraq war |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/mulroney-would-ve-helped-old-friends-in-iraq-war-1.406315 |website=CBC News |access-date=December 27, 2021 |date=May 9, 2003 |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227015442/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/mulroney-would-ve-helped-old-friends-in-iraq-war-1.406315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mulroney supported the [[Century Initiative]], a group advocating Canada [[Population growth|grow its population]] to 100 million by 2100, seeing it as vital for economic growth, an aging workforce, and global influence, though this goal sparks debate about infrastructure strain and immigration levels, with critics questioning its impact on housing and services.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-its-time-for-canada-to-focus-on-expanding-our-population/|title=It's time for Canada to focus on expanding our population|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=March 31, 2021 |last1=Ibbitson |first1=John }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Canada Welcomes Record Number of Immigrants, Seeks More |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/canada-welcomes-record-number-of-immigrants-seeks-more/6945434.html |work=VOA News |date=February 2, 2023}}</ref>

In June 2023, Mulroney praised Liberal prime minister [[Justin Trudeau]]'s handling of negotiations of the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement]] (USMCA) and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada|COVID-19 pandemic]]. Mulroney also criticized former US president [[Donald Trump]], saying that he "was out to sabotage Canada."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tutton |first1=Michael |title=Brian Mulroney praises Trudeau's leadership, omits any mention of Poilievre |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/brian-mulroney-praises-trudeaus-leadership-omits-any-mention-of-poilievre/ |website=CTV News |access-date=June 20, 2023 |date=June 20, 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620224714/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/brian-mulroney-praises-trudeau-s-leadership-omits-any-mention-of-poilievre-1.6448422 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2023 |title=Opinion: Brian Mulroney and Justin Trudeau: A Conservative-Liberal love-in like no other |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-brian-mulroney-and-justin-trudeau-a-conservative-liberal-love-in-like/ |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709034119/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-brian-mulroney-and-justin-trudeau-a-conservative-liberal-love-in-like/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Memoir ===
[[File:Mulroney-Reismann Shill.JPG|thumb|Mulroney appears during an interview with [[Heather Reisman]], speaking about his memoirs.]]

Mulroney's ''[[Memoirs: 1939–1993]]'' was released on September 10, 2007. Mulroney criticizes Trudeau Sr. for avoiding military service in [[World War II]], and favourably references sources that describe the young Trudeau as holding [[anti-Semitic]] nationalist views and having an admiration for fascist dictators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/mulroney-slams-trudeau-as-lacking-moral-fibre-to-lead-1.653081|publisher=[[CBC News]]|title=Mulroney slams Trudeau as lacking moral fibre to lead|date=September 5, 2007|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-date=April 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417030039/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2007/09/05/mulroney-trudeau.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=ea44c2a3-bbd4-49bd-bac7-3cbf450d6037 |title=National Post: Repairing Trudeau's mistakes |publisher=Canada.com |date=September 5, 2007 |access-date=June 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604105917/https://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=ea44c2a3-bbd4-49bd-bac7-3cbf450d6037 |archive-date=June 4, 2011 }}</ref> [[Tom Axworthy]], a prominent Liberal strategist, responded that Trudeau should be judged on his mature views. Historian, former MP and Trudeau biographer [[John English (Canadian politician)|John English]] said, "I don't think it does any good to do this kind of historical ransacking to try to destroy reputations."<ref>[http://ca.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=domesticNews&storyID=2007-09-06T220440Z_01_N06378261_RTRIDST_0_CANADA-CANADA-MULRONEY-COL.XML Reuters: Mulroney lashes Trudeau, calls him a coward]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>[http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5iA2NeBoAs3lBoCyZ4Zbdnimvyu2A]{{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref>

=== Death and state funeral ===
[[File:Altar (39854705380).jpg|thumb|Notre-Dame Basilica interior]]
Mulroney had suffered several years of declining health leading up to his death. He underwent emergency surgery for an unspecified reason in December 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 20, 2020 |title=Former prime minister Brian Mulroney recovering after emergency surgery |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/brian-mulroney-surgery-1.5839271 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |work=CBC News}}</ref> Reports spread in April 2023 that he was recovering from [[prostate cancer]] treatment.<ref>{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Former PM Brian Mulroney recovering following cancer treatment |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/brian-mulroney-treatment-prostate-cancer-1.6803016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417220942/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/brian-mulroney-treatment-prostate-cancer-1.6803016 |archive-date=April 17, 2023 |access-date=April 17, 2023 |website=CBC News}}</ref> His daughter [[Caroline Mulroney|Caroline]] stated in August 2023 that her father's health was improving following this and a heart procedure in August.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawson |first1=Tyler |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Former prime minister Brian Mulroney dead at 84 |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/former-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-dead-at-84 |access-date=March 1, 2024 |work=National Post}}</ref> He had been hospitalized as the result of a fall at his home in [[Palm Beach, Florida]], and died on February 29, 2024, at the age of 84.<ref name="CP-March-15">{{cite news|title=Here's what you need to know about the state funeral for former PM Brian Mulroney|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=March 15, 2023|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-state-funeral-for-former-pm-brian-mulroney/article_1f219c48-9f3b-5a5e-af3d-f2969d5e3bcb.html|access-date=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/29/world/canada/brian-mulroney-former-canadian-prime-minister-is-dead-at-84.html|title = Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister Who Led Canada Into NAFTA, Dies at 84|last = Cowell|first = Alan|date = February 29, 2024|accessdate = February 29, 2024|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240229233923/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/29/world/canada/brian-mulroney-former-canadian-prime-minister-is-dead-at-84.html|archive-date = February 29, 2024|url-status = live}}</ref>

His remains were repatriated on March 8, 2024, at [[Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport]]. A tribute in the House of Commons was held on March 18, after MPs agreed to suspend sitting.<ref>{{cite news|title=Body of former prime minister Brian Mulroney arrives back in Canada|last=Goldrick|first=Hayley|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=March 9, 2024|work=[[CityNews]]|location=Toronto, Ontario|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2024/03/09/body-of-former-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-arrives-back-in-canada/|access-date=March 10, 2024}}</ref> Mulroney [[lying in state|lay in state]] at the [[Sir John A. Macdonald Building]] in Ottawa on March 19–20, before [[lying in repose]] at [[St. Patrick's Basilica, Montreal]] on March 21–22.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cimetierenotredamedesneiges.ca/fr/recherche-personne-defunte|title=Recherche d'une personne défunte: Brian Mulroney (T01213)|year=2024|website=[[Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]]|location=Montreal, Quebec|language=fr|access-date=March 27, 2024|archive-date=March 27, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327102044/https://www.cimetierenotredamedesneiges.ca/fr/recherche-personne-defunte|url-status=dead}}</ref> His state funeral was held at the [[Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)|Notre-Dame Basilica]] on March 23, 2024.<ref name="DCH-March-15">{{cite web |date=March 15, 2023 |title=State funeral for the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q. |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/commemoration/brian-mulroney/state-funeral.html |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=[[Department of Canadian Heritage]]}}</ref> Honarary pallbearers included [[Derek Burney]], [[Michel Cogger]], [[Paul Desmarais, Jr.]], [[Yves Fortier (ambassador)|Yves Fortier]], [[David Foster]], former Mulroney press secretary Bill Fox,  [[L. Ian MacDonald]], [[Pierre Karl Péladeau]], [[Gérald Tremblay]]. The basilica's bell tolled 84 times to denote his age as his casket entered the basilica. Roman Catholic [[Archbishop of Montreal]] [[Christian Lépine]] conducted the funeral [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]].  Mulroney's daughter [[Caroline Mulroney]] offered a eulogy along with [[Justin Trudeau]], [[James Baker]]  [[Jean Charest]], [[Wayne Gretzky]], and [[Pierre Karl Peladeau]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Aiello |first=Rachel |date=March 23, 2024 |title=State funeral underway for former prime minister Brian Mulroney |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/state-funeral-underway-for-former-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-1.6818533 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323150628/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/state-funeral-underway-for-former-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-1.6818533 |archive-date=March 23, 2024 |access-date=March 23, 2024 |work=CTV News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tunney |first1=Catharine |date=March 23, 2024 |title='He loved this country with all his heart': Former prime minister Brian Mulroney honoured at state funeral |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/brian-mulroney-state-funeral-1.7143866 |access-date=March 23, 2024 |work=CBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1= |date=March 23, 2024 |title=Program — In memory of the Right Honourable Martin Brian Mulroney, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q. |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/commemoration/brian-mulroney/state-funeral/program.html |access-date=March 25, 2024 |website=In memory of the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney, P.C., C.C., G.O.Q. |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Mulroney's recorded voice was also heard singing "[[We'll Meet Again]]" at the end of the service as mourners filed out of the basilica.<ref name="meet">{{cite news |last=Paas-Lang |first=Christian |date=March 23, 2024 |title='We'll meet again': Scenes from Brian Mulroney's state funeral |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mulroney-state-funeral-moments-1.7153501 |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=CBC News}}</ref> A [[19-gun salute]] in the [[Old Port of Montreal]] concluded the ceremony while the bell at Notre-Dame tolled 18 times in honour of the country’s 18th prime minister.<ref name="conclude">{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Marieke |last2=Plante |first2=Frédérik-Xavier D. |last3=Fife |first3=Robert |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Brian Mulroney's state funeral concludes with 19-gun salute after eulogies from family, Trudeau, Gretzky |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-brian-mulroney-funeral-live-updates/ |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=Globe and Mail}}</ref> Among the guests were [[Mary Simon]], [[Adrienne Clarkson]] [[Michaëlle Jean]], Justin Trudeau, [[Kim Campbell]], [[Jean Chrétien]], [[Joe Clark]], [[Stephen Harper]], [[Beverley McLachlin]], [[Pierre Poilievre]], [[Jagmeet Singh]], [[Elizabeth May]],  [[Doug Ford]], [[François Legault]], [[Danielle Smith]], [[Bob Rae]], [[Pierre Marc Johnson]], [[Lucien Bouchard]], [[Jean Charest]], [[Pauline Marois]], [[Philippe Couillard]].<ref name="meet" /><ref name="conclude" /><ref>{{cite web |date=March 23, 2024 |title=Statement on the State Funeral of the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney |url=https://elizabethmaymp.ca/statement-on-the-state-funeral-of-the-right-honourable-brian-mulroney/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Abelson |first1=Donald |date=March 24, 2024 |title=Brian Mulroney's funeral: Loved ones, celebrities and dignitaries honour a global statesman |url=https://theconversation.com/brian-mulroneys-funeral-loved-ones-celebrities-and-dignitaries-honour-a-global-statesman-225537 |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=The Conversation}}</ref><ref name="Global">{{cite news |last1=Barghiel |first1=Naomi |last2=Boutilier |first2=Alex |date=March 23, 2024 |title=Brian Mulroney's political 'destiny' remembered at state funeral |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/10378277/brian-mulroney-state-funeral-live-what-to-know/ |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=Global News}}</ref><ref name="CTV2">{{cite news |last=Aiello |first=Rachel |date=March 23, 2024 |title='One of the greatest': Former prime minister Brian Mulroney commemorated at state funeral |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/one-of-the-greatest-former-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-commemorated-at-state-funeral/ |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=CTV News}}</ref><ref name="high">{{cite news |date=March 23, 2023 |title=The high-powered guests who attended the state funeral for former prime minister Brian Mulroney |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/brian-mulroney-funeral-2 |access-date=March 24, 2024 |work=National Post |agency=Canadian Press}}</ref> International guests included [[Sarah, Duchess of York]]<ref name="conclude" /> [[John Major]].<ref name="high" /> Other prominent guests included [[Ryan Reynolds]], [[Conrad Black]], [[Galen Weston Jr.]], [[Heather Reisman]], [[Edward S. Rogers III]], [[Harley Finkelstein]] members of the [[Irving Family (New Brunswick)|Irving]], [[Molson family|Molson]] and [[Bronfman family|Bronfman]] families, [[Rick Mercer]], [[Serge Savard]], [[Vincent Damphousse]], [[Peter Mansbridge]], [[Jean-François Lépine]], [[Paul Arcand]], [[Robert Fife]], and [[Chantal Hébert]].<ref name="conclude" /><ref name="high" /> Mulroney was buried the same day at a private ceremony, at [[Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]] in Montreal.<ref name="CP-March-153">{{cite news |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Here's what you need to know about the state funeral for former PM Brian Mulroney |url=https://www.thestar.com/politics/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-state-funeral-for-former-pm-brian-mulroney/article_1f219c48-9f3b-5a5e-af3d-f2969d5e3bcb.html |access-date=March 15, 2023 |newspaper=[[Toronto Star]] |agency=[[The Canadian Press]]}}</ref><ref name="conclude" /><ref>{{cite web |year=2024 |title=Recherche d'une personne défunte: Brian Mulroney (T01213) |url=https://www.cimetierenotredamedesneiges.ca/fr/recherche-personne-defunte |access-date=March 27, 2024 |website=[[Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]] |language=fr |location=Montreal, Quebec}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Mulroney's legacy as prime minister is considered to be mixed. Mulroney made the case that his once-radical policies on the economy and free trade were not reversed by subsequent governments and regarded this as vindication.<ref name="Newman, p. 361">Newman, p. 361.</ref> His deputy prime minister, [[Don Mazankowski]], said that his greatest accomplishment would be seen as "dragging Canada kicking and screaming into the 21st century". His legacy in Canada is associated mostly with the 1989 Free Trade Agreement<ref name="autogenerated1" /> and the [[Goods and Services Tax (Canada)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST). Mulroney argued his government's economic policies helped the subsequent government eliminate the deficit.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blackwell |first1=Richard |title=Mulroney calls for 'dramatic' tax cuts |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/mulroney-calls-for-dramatic-tax-cuts/article4149503/ |website=Globe and Mail |access-date=July 1, 2022 |date=June 19, 2001 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073427/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/mulroney-calls-for-dramatic-tax-cuts/article4149503/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During his announcement of his intention to resign as prime minister, Mulroney responded to criticism of his policies: "I tried to do what I thought would be right for Canada in the long term, not what I thought would be politically popular in the short term."<ref name="MulroneyLATimes" /> In ''[[The Secret Mulroney Tapes]]'', it was revealed he said of his accomplishments: "You cannot name a Canadian prime minister who has done as many significant things as I did, because there are none."<ref name="MulroneyG&M" />

Mulroney's intense unpopularity at the time of his resignation led many Conservative politicians to distance themselves from him for some years. His government had flirted with 10 percent approval ratings in the early 1990s when Mulroney's honesty and intentions were frequently questioned in the media, by Canadians in general and by his political colleagues.<ref>Donaldson, p. 327.</ref> In the 1993 election, the Progressive Conservative party was reduced to two seats, which was seen as partially due to a backlash against Mulroney, as well as due to the fracturing of his "Grand Coalition." In the 1993 election, nearly all of the Tories' Western support shifted to Reform, which replaced the PCs as the major right-wing force in Canada. The Tories only won two seats west of Quebec in the next decade and kept remaining in fifth (last) place. The Canadian right was not reunited until the PCs merged with Reform's successor, the Canadian Alliance, in December 2003 to form the new Conservative Party of Canada.<ref name="britannica.com"/>

In her memoirs, ''[[Time and Chance (Kim Campbell)|Time and Chance]]'', and in her response in the ''[[National Post]]'' to ''The Secret Mulroney Tapes'', Kim Campbell said that Mulroney left her with almost no time to salvage the Tories' reputation once the bounce from the leadership convention wore off. Campbell claimed Mulroney knew the Tories would be defeated regardless of who led them into the election and wanted a "scapegoat who would bear the burden of his unpopularity" rather than a true successor. In a 2019 interview with ''[[Maclean's]]'', Campbell described Mulroney as "a pragmatist, not an ideologue."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/brian-mulroney-from-scandal-adjacent-elitist-to-magnanimous-statesman/|title=Brian Mulroney: From scandal-adjacent elitist to magnanimous statesman – Macleans.ca|website=Maclean's|access-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112214043/https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/brian-mulroney-from-scandal-adjacent-elitist-to-magnanimous-statesman/|archive-date=November 12, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Former [[Ontario Premier|Ontario premier]] [[David Peterson]], who supported both of Mulroney's attempts at constitutional reform while premier, told journalist [[Peter C. Newman]] of Mulroney, "I would never trust or respect him. He is a pathological liar. In fairness, I don't believe he knows he's lying&nbsp;... Oh God, you couldn't take anything he said at face value. His essential Achilles heel is his baloney."<ref name="MulroneyG&M" />

In 2006, Mulroney was named the "greenest" prime minister in Canadian history by a 12-member panel at an event organized by ''[[Corporate Knights]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060420/mulroney_green_cp_060419/20060420?hub=TopStories |title=Mulroney praised for his green record as PM |publisher=CTV.ca |date=April 20, 2006 |access-date=June 7, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023075138/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060420/mulroney_green_cp_060419/20060420?hub=TopStories |archive-date=October 23, 2007 }}</ref> Military historians Norman Hillmer and [[J. L. Granatstein]] ranked Mulroney eighth out of 20 among Canada's prime ministers in their 1999 book ''Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders''. In 2018, [[Coalition Avenir Québec|CAQ]] [[National Assembly of Quebec|MNA]] and then [[Journal de Montreal]] journalist, [[Sylvain Lévesque]], referred to Mulroney as a political influence when criticizing the relatability of progressive decisions made by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journaldequebec.com/2018/03/22/trudeau-a-fait-de-moi-un-conservateur|title=Trudeau a fait de moi un conservateur|last=Lévesque|first=Sylvain|website=Le Journal de Québec|date=March 22, 2018|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=November 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110055033/https://www.journaldequebec.com/2018/03/22/trudeau-a-fait-de-moi-un-conservateur|url-status=live}}</ref> In that same year, former Bloc Québécois leader [[Michel Gauthier]] said he considered Mulroney to be the greatest prime minister of the last 50 years.<ref name="lapresse.ca">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-canadienne/201805/11/01-5181588-michel-gauthier-se-joint-aux-conservateurs.php|title=Michel Gauthier se joint aux conservateurs|date=May 12, 2018|website=La Presse|language=fr|access-date=November 13, 2019|last1=Bellavance|first1=Joël-Denis|archive-date=October 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015051718/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/politique/politique-canadienne/201805/11/01-5181588-michel-gauthier-se-joint-aux-conservateurs.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia inaugurated the Brian Mulroney Institute of Government, a $100-million initiative designed to provide undergraduates with degrees in public policy and governance.<ref name="G&M Sept 2019">{{Cite news |last=Stone |first=Laura |date=September 18, 2019 |title=$100-million Brian Mulroney Institute of Government opens at former prime minister's alma mater St. Francis Xavier |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-100-million-brian-mulroney-institute-of-government-opens-at-former/ |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923174229/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-100-million-brian-mulroney-institute-of-government-opens-at-former/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Supreme Court appointments ==
Mulroney chose the following jurists to be appointed by the [[Constitutional advice|Governor-in-Council]] to be [[Puisne judge|puisne justices]] of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]], one of whom, Beverley McLachlin, was subsequently elevated to [[Chief Justice of Canada]]:
* [[Gérard La Forest]] (January 16, 1985 – September 30, 1997)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stewartmckelvey.com/people/la-forest-gerard/|title=La Forest, Gérard|website=Stewart McKelvey|language=en-CA|access-date=October 19, 2019|archive-date=October 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003032958/https://www.stewartmckelvey.com/people/la-forest-gerard/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Claire L'Heureux-Dubé]] (April 15, 1987 – July 1, 2002)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/supreme-court-pays-tribute-to-colourful-contentious-judge/article4136393/|title=Supreme Court pays tribute to colourful, contentious judge|last=Bailey|first=Sue|date=June 11, 2002|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|access-date=December 17, 2017|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928133553/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/supreme-court-pays-tribute-to-colourful-contentious-judge/article4136393/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[John Sopinka]] (May 24, 1988 – November 24, 1997)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/justices-of-the-supreme-court-of-canada-1.788206 |title=Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada |date=January 5, 2009 |work=CBC News |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=January 18, 2010 |archive-date=July 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721120210/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/01/05/f-supreme-court-who.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Charles Gonthier]] (February 1, 1989 – August 1, 2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/ju/gonthier/index-eng.asp|title=The Honourable Mr. Justice Charles Doherty Gonthier|publisher=Supreme Court of Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523001922/http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/court-cour/ju/gonthier/index-eng.asp |accessdate=March 1, 2024|archive-date=May 23, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Peter Cory]] (February 1, 1989 – June 1, 1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-1236|title=  The Honourable Peter de C. Cory
 |publisher= The Governor General of Canada |archive-url=   https://web.archive.org/web/20200502185342/https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-1236 |archive-date=  May 2, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Beverley McLachlin]] (March 30, 1989 – December 15, 2017; subsequently appointed Chief Justice of Canada on the advice of rime minister Jean Chrétien, from January 7, 2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=beverley-mclachlin|title=Beverley McLachlin|date=July 6, 2018|access-date=January 14, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722214153/https://scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=beverley-mclachlin|url-status=live|publisher=[[Supreme Court of Canada]]}}</ref>
* [[William Stevenson (judge)|William Stevenson]] (September 17, 1990 – June 5, 1992)<ref>{{cite web |title=William Alexander Stevenson – Obituary |url=https://edmontonjournal.remembering.ca/obituary/william-stevenson-1082770401 |access-date=July 23, 2021 |publisher=Edmonton Journal |date=July 10, 2021}}</ref>
* [[Frank Iacobucci]] (January 7, 1991 – June 30, 2004)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Honourable Frank Iacobucci, CC, QC, LLD, LSM {{!}} historyproject.law.ubc.ca|url=https://historyproject.allard.ubc.ca/law-history-project/profile/honourable-frank-iacobucci-cc-qc-lld-lsm|access-date=July 26, 2020|website=historyproject.allard.ubc.ca}}</ref>
* [[John C. Major]] (November 13, 1992 – December 25, 2005)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Current and Former Judges |url=https://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/cfpju-jupp-eng.aspx |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=[[Supreme Court of Canada]] |date=January 2001 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604230631/https://scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/cfpju-jupp-eng.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mulroney also advised the appointment of [[Antonio Lamer]] (as Chief Justice, July 1, 1990 – January 6, 2000.  Lamer had been appointed a [[Puisne Justice]] on the advice of prime minister Pierre Trudeau, March 28, 1980).<ref name=":2" />

== Honours ==
According to Canadian protocol, upon becoming prime minister, he was styled "[[The Right Honourable]]" for life.
<br />
{{center|
[[File:Order of Canada (CC) ribbon bar.svg|125px]] [[File:Grand Officer National Order of Québec Undress ribbon.png|100px]] [[File:Canada125 ribbon.png|118px]]
<br />
[[File:UK Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|120px]] [[File:QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|120px]] [[File:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine.png|128px]]
<br />
[[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|120px]] [[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|120px]] [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|120px]]

}}
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:silver; text-align:center;"
|Ribbon || Description || Notes || Ref
|-
|[[File:Orden Nacional de Honor y Mérito, Gran Cruz.svg|91x91px]]
|Grand Cross of the [[National Order of Honour and Merit]] (Haiti)
|
* Awarded 1994
* For "highest recognition for his leadership in vital matters affecting the nation" of Haiti.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, LLD (The Right Honourable) {{!}} Senior Partner {{!}} Global law firm {{!}} Norton Rose Fulbright |url=https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/people/121012 |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=www.nortonrosefulbright.com |archive-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930094207/https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/people/121012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Order of Canada (CC) ribbon bar.svg|80px]] || Companion of the [[Order of Canada]] (C.C.) ||
* Awarded on May 6, 1998
* Invested on October 22, 1998
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=3844&t=12&ln=Mulroney |title=The Governor General of Canada > Find a Recipient |website=Gg.ca |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190548/http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=3844&t=12&ln=Mulroney |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Grand Officer National Order of Québec Undress ribbon.png|80px]] || Grand Officer of the [[Ordre national du Québec]] ||
* 2002
* Honouring "Quebec residents for conspicuous achievement in any field".
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=1735|title=Brian Mulroney – Ordre national du Québec|date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011002/https://www.ordre-national.gouv.qc.ca/membres/membre.asp?id=1735|archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Canada125 ribbon.png|80px]] || [[125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal]] ||
* 1993
* As the [[Prime Minister of Canada]] and an elected Member of the [[House of Commons of Canada]], the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney would be awarded the medal as a member of the [[Canadian order of precedence]].
|<ref name="dominionofcanada1">{{cite web |url=http://dominionofcanada.com/commemorative_medals/index.html |title=Commemorative Medals of The Queen's Reign in Canada |website=Dominionofcanada.com |date=December 10, 2011 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207135820/http://dominionofcanada.com/commemorative_medals/index.html |archive-date=February 7, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:UK Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal]] for Canada||
* 2002
* As a former [[Prime Minister of Canada]] and having been awarded the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney was awarded the medal as a member of the [[Canadian order of precedence]].<ref name="dominionofcanada1" />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=7&t=6&ln=Mulroney|title = Recipients|date = June 11, 2018|access-date = December 7, 2015|archive-date = March 4, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190537/http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=7&t=6&ln=Mulroney|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|80px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]] for Canada||
* 2012
* As a former [[Prime Minister of Canada]] and having been awarded the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney was awarded the medal as a member of the [[Canadian order of precedence]].<ref name="dominionofcanada1" />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=670&t=13&ln=Mulroney|title = Recipients|date = June 11, 2018|access-date = December 7, 2015|archive-date = March 4, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190208/http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=670&t=13&ln=Mulroney|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise 1st 2nd and 3rd Class of Ukraine.png|80px]] || Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise|Order of Kniaz Yaroslav the Wise]] (Ukraine)||
* 2007
* Awarded to Mulroney for cementing Canada as the first Western Nation to legitimize [[Russia–Ukraine relations|Ukrainian independence]], only a day after [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|declaration]], in 1991.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/canada/en/publication/content/10964.htm|title=Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Publications|publisher=Mfa.gov.ua|access-date=June 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521224925/http://www.mfa.gov.ua/canada/en/publication/content/10964.htm|archive-date=May 21, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|80px]] || Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (Japan)||
* 2011
* Awarded for Mulroney's signing of The Japanese Canadian Redress Agreement, acknowledging the Canadian government's wrongful actions against the Japanese [[Internment of Japanese Canadians|during World War Two]]. Mulroney's actions to strengthen [[Canada–Japan relations|Japanese-Canadian relations]] business-wise in the 2000s further complimented the previous reason.
|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_e/JapanCanada/mulroney_order_rising_sun_2011.html| title=Investiture Ceremony for the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ| year=2011| publisher=Embassy of Japan in Canada| access-date=June 1, 2013| archive-date=January 5, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105152143/http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_e/JapanCanada/mulroney_order_rising_sun_2011.html| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Royal British Columbia |date=June 21, 2023 |title=From Racism to Redress: The Japanese Canadian Experience |url=https://learning.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ePubFaShRacRedJap.pdf |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=learning.royalbcmuseum.ba.ca |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111072440/https://learning.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ePubFaShRacRedJap.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|80px]] || [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo|Supreme Companion of O. R. Tambo (Gold)]] (South Africa)||
* 2015
* Awarded for exceptional contribution to the liberation movement of South Africa (aiding to eliminate [[apartheid]] and free [[Nelson Mandela]]) as well as contributing to a [[Constitution of South Africa|non-racist, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous South Africa]].
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/news/127961/brian-mulroney-honoured-with-the-order-of-the-companions-of-or-tambo-in-south-africa|title=Brian Mulroney honoured with the order of the companions of or tambo in south africa|publisher=Norton Rose Fulbright|date=April 20, 2015|access-date=May 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123134008/http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/news/127961/brian-mulroney-honoured-with-the-order-of-the-companions-of-or-tambo-in-south-africa|archive-date=January 23, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|80px]] || Commander of the National Order of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France)||
* 2016
* Awarded for having served France of the [[Age of Enlightenment|ideals]] it upholds. The reward was made specifically for French nationals, but is occasionally given to "[[foreign national]]s".
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-11-26/html/gh-rg-eng.php|title=AWARDS TO CANADIANS|date=November 26, 2016|access-date=December 20, 2016|archive-date=March 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331052902/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2016/2016-11-26/html/gh-rg-eng.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Honorary degrees ===

Brian Mulroney received several honorary degrees, including:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! style="width:20%;"| Location
! style="width:20%;"| Date
! style="width:40%;"| School
! style="width:20%;"| Degree
|-
| {{Flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}} || '''October 1980''' || [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary graduates of memorial University of Newfoundland 1960–Present |url=https://www.mun.ca/senate/honorary_degrees_by_convo.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215162823/http://www.mun.ca/senate/honorary_degrees_by_convo.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Maryland}} || '''May 21, 1992''' || [[Johns Hopkins University]] || [[Doctor of Humane Letters]] (DHL)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.jhu.edu/commencement/honorees/alpha.html |title=Honorary Degrees Awarded (Alphabetical Order) &#124; Johns Hopkins University Commencement |website=Web.jhu.edu |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231081949/http://web.jhu.edu/commencement/honorees/alpha.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Connecticut}} || '''April 26, 1994''' || [[Central Connecticut State University]] || [[Doctor of Social Science]] (D.S.Sc)
|-
| {{Flag|Israel}} || '''1994''' || [[Tel Aviv University]] || Honorary Doctor of Philosophy<ref name="TAU">{{Cite news |title=Honorary Degrees – Honorary Degrees |work=Tel Aviv University |url=http://www3.tau.ac.il/honorary/ |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629212356/http://www3.tau.ac.il/honorary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Missouri}} || '''May 1998''' || [[University of Missouri–St. Louis]] || [[Doctor of Laws]](LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umsl.edu/commencement/commencementtraditions/honorary_degrees.html |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |website=Umsl.edu |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053905/http://www.umsl.edu/commencement/commencementtraditions/honorary_degrees.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Quebec}} || '''December 2005''' || [[Concordia University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.concordia.ca/mulroney |title=Honorary Degree Citation – Brian Mulroney &#124; Concordia University Archives |website=Archives.concordia.ca |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-date=October 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002114930/http://archives.concordia.ca/mulroney |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Massachusetts}} || '''May 21, 2007''' || [[Boston College]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://at.bc.edu/2007honors/ |title=@BC » Feature Archive » 2007 honors |website=At.bc.edu |date=May 16, 2007 |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110618/http://at.bc.edu/2007honors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Ontario}} || '''June 15, 2007''' || [[University of Western Ontario]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf |title=The University of Western Ontario : Honorary Degrees Awarded, 1881 – present |website=Uwo.ca |access-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308072745/https://uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{Flag|Quebec}} || '''June 16, 2007''' || [[Université Laval]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=M. Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, LLD (The Right Honourable) {{!}} Senior Partner {{!}} Global law firm {{!}} Norton Rose Fulbright|url=https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/people/121012|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=nortonrosefulbright.com/en/people/imported/2018/07/18/05|language=en|archive-date=September 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930094207/https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/people/121012|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''June 3, 2016'''
|{{Lang|fr|[[Université de Montréal]]|italic=no}}
|Unspecified Doctorate (PhD)<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 18, 2020|title=article|url=https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2016/06/01/udem-to-present-honorary-doctorates-to-brian-mulroney-elizabeth-cannon-and-calvin/|access-date=December 1, 2020|website=nouvelles.umontreal.ca|language=en|archive-date=January 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116121946/https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2016/06/01/udem-to-present-honorary-doctorates-to-brian-mulroney-elizabeth-cannon-and-calvin/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|'''June 6, 2017'''
|[[McGill University]]
|Doctor of Laws<ref name="McGill Doc of Laws">{{Cite news |date=April 25, 2017 |title=McGill Honorary Doctorates 2017 |language=en |work=McGill University Newsroom |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/mcgill-honorary-doctorates-2017-267838 |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330170419/https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/mcgill-honorary-doctorates-2017-267838 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|New Brunswick}} || '''May 15, 2018''' || [[St. Thomas University (Canada)|St. Thomas University]] || Unspecified Doctorate<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://w3.stu.ca/stu/News/161090 |title=St. Thomas University to award honorary degrees to the Rt. Hon. Brian Mulroney and Mila Mulroney at Spring Convocation on May 15 – St. Thomas University – Fredericton, NB Canada |access-date=June 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142017/http://w3.stu.ca/stu/News/161090 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Ontario}} ||'''June 25, 2021''' ||[[Ontario Tech University]] ||Doctor of Laws<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Right Honourable Brian Mulroney and Mrs. Mila Mulroney |url=https://ontariotechu.ca/convocation/about/honorary-degrees/2021/the-right-honourable-brian-mulroney-and-mrs.-mila-mulroney.php |access-date=March 1, 2024 |website=ontariotechu.ca |language=en |archive-date=February 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208040548/https://ontariotechu.ca/convocation/about/honorary-degrees/2021/the-right-honourable-brian-mulroney-and-mrs.-mila-mulroney.php |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}
{{Incomplete list|date=October 2015}}

=== Order of Canada Citation ===
Mulroney was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on May 6, 1998. His citation reads:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3844 |title=Order of Canada |publisher=Archive.gg.ca |date=April 30, 2009 |access-date=August 28, 2012 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714034400/http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3844 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<blockquote>As the eighteenth Prime Minister of Canada, he led the country for nine consecutive years. His accomplishments include, among others, the signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the United States, the North American Free Trade Agreement with Mexico and the United States, and the Acid Rain Treaty. In other international activities, he assumed the leadership of the Commonwealth countries against apartheid in South Africa and was appointed Co-chair of the United Nations' World Summit for Children. Fiscal reform, important environmental initiatives and employment equity were also highlights of his political career.</blockquote>
{{Clear}}

=== Other awards ===
In 2018, Mulroney was inducted into the [[Canadian Disability Hall of Fame]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Disability Hall of Fame |url=https://www.cfpdp.com/canadian-disability-hall-of-fame/ |website=Canadian Foundation for Physically Disabled Persons |access-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415021024/https://www.cfpdp.com/canadian-disability-hall-of-fame/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and was awarded the [[George Bush Award for Excellence in Public Service]].<ref name="GB Award">{{Cite news |last=George Bush Presidential Library Foundation |date=October 1, 2018 |title=2018 George Bush Award For Excellence In Public Service Presented To Former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney |language=en |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2018-george-bush-award-for-excellence-in-public-service-presented-to-former-canadian-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-300722136.html |access-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815144316/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/2018-george-bush-award-for-excellence-in-public-service-presented-to-former-canadian-prime-minister-brian-mulroney-300722136.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Coat of arms ==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image=Brian Mulroney Arms.svg
|bannerimage=
|badgeimage=
|notes=
|adopted=
|crest=On a helmet mantled Azure doubled Or within a wreath of these colours issuant from a coronet érablé and flory Or a stone palace gate embattled comprising two Roman arches Azure and charged on the lintel with scales of justice Or.
|torse=
|helm=
|escutcheon=Azure on a pale Argent between four coronets érablé Or two and two a dexter hand appaumé and a maple leaf conjoined Gules the hand pointing towards chief the leaf towards base on a canton the Mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada (Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules).
|supporters=Two stallions Or crined and unguled Azure gorged with collars treflé on both edges Vert.
|compartment=On a grassy mound set with pine cones Or forming a bay rising above barry wavy Argent and Azure.
|motto=Multum In Amore Patriae Fides Multum Constantia<ref>{{citation|title=Canadian Heraldic Authority (Volume II)
|year=1994|publisher=Ottawa|page=370}}</ref>
|orders=
|other_elements=
|banner=
|badge=
|symbolism=
|previous_versions=
}}

== Electoral record ==
{{Main|Electoral history of Brian Mulroney}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Canada|Politics|Biography}}
* [[List of prime ministers of Canada]]
* ''[[Mulroney: The Opera]]''
* [[Shamrock Summit]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=L. Ian   |title=From Bourassa to Bourassa: Wilderness to Restoration |location=Montreal |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press   |isbn=0-7735-2392-8 |ref={{sfnRef|MacDonald}} |year=2002 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Patrick |last2=Gregg |first2=Alan |last3=Perlin |first3=George |title=Contenders: The Tory Quest for Power |url=https://archive.org/details/contenderstoryqu00mart |url-access=registration |location=Toronto |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-171349-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Martin, Gregg, Perlin}} |year=1983}}
* {{wikicite |ref={{harvid|S.C. 1986, ch. 6}} |reference={{Cite canlaw |short title=An Act to amend the Income Tax Act and related statutes, and to amend the Canada Pension Plan, the Unemployment Insurance Act, 1971, the Financial Administration Act and the Petroleum and Gas Revenue Tax Act1 |abbr=S.C. |year=1986 |chapter=6 |link=https://archive.org/details/actsofparl1986v01cana/page/358/mode/2up}} }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Main article|Bibliography of Brian Mulroney}}
{{refbegin}}

=== Archives ===
* {{cite archive |collection=Brian Mulroney fonds |date=1942–1998 |institution=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |location=Ottawa, Ontario |collection-url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=106868&lang=eng}}

=== Scholarly studies ===

* Abelson, Donald E. "Friends in High Places: Brian Mulroney, George H.W. Bush, and the Creation of a New World Order"  ''Mulroney Papers in Public Policy and Governance No. 10'' (2024) [https://www.mulroneyinstitute.ca/sites/mulroney/files/2024-02/NEW_MPPG%20No%2010%20Abelson_web_FINAL.pdf online]

* Abelson, Donald E. "Brian Mulroney, Ronald Reagan, and the Politics of Friendship." ''Mulroney Papers in Public Policy'' (2022).  [https://www.mulroneyinstitute.ca/sites/mulroney/files/2022-05/MPPG%20No%208%20Abelson_web.pdf  online] 

* Bashevkin, Sylvia. "Losing common ground: Feminists, conservatives and public policy in Canada during the Mulroney years." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique'' 29.2 (1996): 211-242.

* Bercuson, David J., J. L. Granatstein and W. R. Young. ''Sacred Trust?: Brian Mulroney and the Conservative Party in Power'' (1987)
* [[Raymond B. Blake|Blake, Raymond B.]] ed. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=f6KiHZe3KVgC Transforming the Nation: Canada and Brian Mulroney] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003184410/https://books.google.com/books?id=f6KiHZe3KVgC |date=October 3, 2023 }}'' (McGill-Queen's University Press), 2007. 456pp; {{ISBN|978-0-7735-3214-4}}
* Boutilier, Misha. "The Mulroney government and humanitarian intervention in the former Yugoslavia." ''International Journal'' 73.1 (2018): 49-67. [https://www.academia.edu/download/72588666/0020702018754593.pdf  online]

* Brunet, Luc-André. "Canada's ‘Polite No’ to SDI: A Question of Sovereignty?" ''NATO and the Strategic Defence Initiative'' (Routledge, 2022) pp. 129–145. [https://oro.open.ac.uk/83060/3/83060.pdf  online]

* Clarkson, Stephen. ''Canada and the Reagan Challenge: Crisis and Adjustment, 1981–85'' (2nd ed. 1985) [https://www.amazon.com/Canada-Reagan-Challenge-Adjustment-1981-85/dp/0888627904/ excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323233635/https://www.amazon.com/Canada-Reagan-Challenge-Adjustment-1981-85/dp/0888627904 |date=March 23, 2017 }}

* Donaldson, Gordon. ''The Prime Ministers of Canada'' (Toronto: Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997)

* Hall, Tony. "Self-government or self-delusion?: Brian Mulroney and Aboriginal rights," ''Canadian Journal of Native Studies'' (1986) 6#1 pp.&nbsp;77–89. [https://cjns.brandonu.ca/wp-content/uploads/6-1-hall.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129071136/https://cjns.brandonu.ca/wp-content/uploads/6-1-hall.pdf |date=January 29, 2024 }}

* [[Fen Osler Hampson|Hampson, Fen Osler.]] ''Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy'' (Signal, 2018) [https://books.google.com/books?id=HIFXDwAAQBAJ&dq=Brian+Mulroney+&pg=PR9 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302061409/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HIFXDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=Brian+Mulroney+&ots=yeydbNtLwR&sig=aGk2ImdNIQzGEZd6iGr727UNh6c#v=onepage&q=Brian%20Mulroney&f=false |date=March 2, 2024 }}.

* [[Hillmer, Norman]] and [[J.L. Granatstein]]. ''Prime Ministers: Rating Canada's Leaders'', (1999). {{ISBN|0-00-200027-X}}.

* Issraelyan, Evgenia V. "The Political Legacy of Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney (1939–2024)." ''USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture'' 9 (2024): 93–104. 

* Kozicz, Gregory J. "An analysis of the process of Pacific policy development and implementation in the Trudeau and Mulroney administrations" (Thesis, . Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy (Tufts University), 1997).

* Kshyk, Chris. "The Foreign Policy of Brian Mulroney, 1984-1993." ''Oral History Forum d'histoire orale''. Vol. 35. 2015. [https://www.oralhistoryforum.ca/index.php/ohf/article/download/594/670/594-Article%20Text-2417-2-10-20150420.pdf  online]

* Lonie, Kelsey, Jonathon Zimmer, and Corey Safinuk. "Mobilizing the World: Brian Mulroney and Canada’s Humanitarian Response to Famine in Sub-Saharan Africa." ''Canada and the Challenges of Leadership'' (2023). [https://www.saskoer.ca/primeministersandcrisis/chapter/mobilizing-the-world/  online]

* Malloy, Jonathan. "Mulroney’s shadows: The many images of Canada’s eighteenth prime minister." ''Canadian Political Science Review'' 4.1 (2010): 12-23. [https://ojs.unbc.ca/index.php/cpsr/article/download/104/276  online]

* Michaud, Nelson,  and Kim Richard Nossal, eds., ''Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Erain Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-93''  (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001)

* Morrison, David R. "The Mulroney Government and the Third World." ''Journal of Canadian Studies'' 19.4 (1985): 3-15.

* Nossal, Kim R., and Nelson Michaud, eds. ''Diplomatic departures: The conservative era in Canadian foreign policy, 1984-93'' (UBC Press, 2007).  [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wtNTCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Brian+Mulroney+%22foreign+policy%22&ots=7hBy378zIw&sig=X9GHYe8JAO7JSyGBPESULEcAS6k  online]

* Norton, Roy. "Posture and policymaking in Canada‐US relations: The first two Mulroney and Chrétien years." ''Canadian Foreign Policy Journal'' 5.2 (1998): 15-36.

* Premat, Christophe. "The francophone strategy of Brian Mulroney." ''Études canadiennes/Canadian Studies. Revue interdisciplinaire des études canadiennes en France'' 95 (2023): 73-94.

* Pringsheim, Klaus H. "Canada, NATO, the United States, and the Mulroney Mandate." ''American Foreign Policy Newsletter'' 7.6 (1984): 2-9.

* Taras, David. (1985) "Brian Mulroney's foreign policy," ''The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs'', 74:293, 35-46, DOI:10.1080/00358538508453680

* Veugelers, John W. P. "State-Society Relations in the Making of Canadian Immigration Policy during the Mulroney Era." ''Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie'' 37.1 (2000): 95–110.

* Wolbaum, Deklen. "Reinventing Canada: National Unity and Canadian Identity in the Mulroney Years." ''Canada and Speeches from the Throne'' (2020).  [https://www.saskoer.ca/primeministers2020/chapter/brianmulroney/ online]

{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Canadian Parliament links|ID=13477}}
* [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/brian-mulroney Article at ''The Canadian Encyclopedia'']
* {{IMDb name|0612486}}
* {{C-SPAN|1750}}

{{Brian Mulroney}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Elmer M. MacKay]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Central Nova]]|years=1983–1984}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[André Maltais]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Manicouagan (electoral district)|Manicouagan]]|years=1984–1988}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Charles Hamelin]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Charlevoix (federal electoral district)|Charlevoix]]|years=1988–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gérard Asselin]]}}

{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Erik Nielsen]]<br />Interim}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|Leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]]}}|years=1983–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kim Campbell]]}}

{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Erik Nielsen]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]]|years=1983–1984}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Turner]]}}

{{ministry box cabinet posts
|post1=[[Prime Minister of Canada]]
|post1years=1984–1993
|post1preceded=[[John Turner]]
|post1followed=[[Kim Campbell]]}}

{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Amintore Fanfani]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[G8|Group of Seven]]|years=1988}}
{{s-aft|after=[[François Mitterrand]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{canPM}}
{{Canadian federal opposition leaders}}
{{Canadian Conservative Leaders}}
{{Canadian federal election, 1988A}}
{{Canadian federal election, 1984A}}
{{Mulroney Ministry}}
{{Canadian Newsmaker of the Year}}
{{Barrick Gold}}
{{Quebecor Inc.}}
{{Cold War}}}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulroney, Brian}}
[[Category:Brian Mulroney| ]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian memoirists]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Florida]]
[[Category:Anglophone Quebec people]]
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[[Category:Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery]]
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[[Category:Canadian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Dalhousie University alumni]]
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[[Category:Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec]]
[[Category:Lawyers in Quebec]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (Canada)]]
[[Category:Members of the 24th Canadian Ministry]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec]]
[[Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada]]
[[Category:Mulroney family|Brian]]
[[Category:People from Baie-Comeau]]
[[Category:People from Westmount, Quebec]]
[[Category:People named in the Paradise Papers]]
[[Category:People of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Canada]]
[[Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Quebec people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Quebecor people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]]
[[Category:St. Francis Xavier University alumni]]
[[Category:St. Thomas University (New Brunswick) alumni]]
[[Category:Université Laval Faculté de droit alumni]]