View source for Bowling for Columbine

{{short description|2002 film by Michael Moore}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image          = Bowling for columbine.jpg
 
| alt            = 
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Michael Moore]]
| based_on       = Causes of the [[Columbine High School massacre]] in 1999
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* Michael Moore
* Kathleen Glynn
* Jim Czarnecki
* Charles Bishop
* [[Michael Donovan (producer)|Michael Donovan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Film: Credits |url=http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/about/credits.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105110900/http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/about/credits.php |archive-date=November 5, 2008 |website=BowlingForColumbine.com}}</ref>
* Kurt Engfehr
}}
| writer         = Michael Moore
| starring       = Michael Moore
| narrator       = Michael Moore
| music          = Jeff Gibbs
| editing        = Kurt Engfehr
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Alliance Atlantis]]
* [[Salter Street Films]]
* [[Dog Eat Dog Films]]
}}
| distributor    = {{Plainlist|
* [[United Artists]] (United States; through [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM Distribution Co.]])
* Prokino Filmverleih (Germany)
* Alliance Atlantis (International)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Allan |date=17 May 2002 |title=Review: Bowling for Columbine |url=https://www.screendaily.com/review-bowling-for-columbine/409284.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809091004/https://www.screendaily.com/review-bowling-for-columbine/409284.article |archive-date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=[[Screen Daily]]}}</ref>
}}
| released       = {{Film date|2002|5|16|[[2002 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|2002|10|11|United States|2002|10|18|Canada}}
| runtime        = 120 minutes
| country        = {{Plainlist|
* United States
* Canada<ref name="BFIBFC">{{Cite web |title=Bowling for Columbine (2002) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87f36796 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110202408/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b87f36796 |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |access-date=November 2, 2016 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref>
* Germany<ref name="BFIBFC" />
}}
| language       = English
| budget         = $4 million
| gross          = $58 million
}}
{{Columbine High School massacre}}

'''''Bowling for Columbine''''' is a 2002 [[documentary film]] written, produced, directed, and narrated by [[Michael Moore]]. The documentary film explores what Moore suggests are the primary causes for the [[Columbine High School massacre]] in 1999 and other acts of [[gun violence]]. He focuses on the background and environment in which the massacre took place and some common public opinions and assumptions about related issues. The film also looks into the nature of violence in the United States, and American violence abroad.<ref>{{Cite AV media |author=The Criterion Collection |author-link=The Criterion Collection |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzzImeQS2x0 |title=Looking Back at Bowling for Columbine |date=27 June 2018 |access-date=2022-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203211505/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzzImeQS2x0 |archive-date=2022-02-03 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

A critical and commercial success, the film brought Moore international attention as a rising filmmaker and won numerous awards, including the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]], the [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature]], a special ''55th Anniversary Prize'' at the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: Bowling for Columbine |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3137379/year/2002.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235222/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3137379/year/2002.html |archive-date=2011-07-10 |access-date=2009-10-24 |website=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> and the [[César Award for Best Foreign Film]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling for Columbine |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0310793/awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308121731/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0310793/awards |archive-date=2021-03-08 |access-date=2018-07-21 |via=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> The film is widely considered one of the [[list of films considered the best#Documentary|greatest documentary films of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Documentary Association Top Twenty Documentaries of All-Time |url=http://www.lib.cwu.edu/media/intnationaldoc20.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213002531/http://www.lib.cwu.edu/media/intnationaldoc20.htm |archive-date=2008-02-13 |access-date=2009-09-18 |publisher=[[Central Washington University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-12 |title="Bowling for Columbine" Named Best Documentary Film |url=http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aabowlingawardnews.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830151715/http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aabowlingawardnews.htm |archive-date=2009-08-30 |access-date=2009-09-18 |website=[[About.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Documentary Movies |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/top_100_documentary_movies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161130/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/top_100_documentary_movies/ |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2012 |title=The 25 "Greatest" Documentaries of All Time: 5. Bowling for Columbine |url=http://www.pbs.org/pov/blog/news/2012/12/the-25-greatest-documentaries-of-all-time/22/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713212530/http://www.pbs.org:80/pov/blog/news/2012/12/the-25-greatest-documentaries-of-all-time/22/ |archive-date=July 13, 2015 |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref>

==Summary==
In Moore's discussions with various people&mdash;including ''[[South Park]]'' co-creator [[Matt Stone]], the [[National Rifle Association]]'s president [[Charlton Heston]], [[Oklahoma City bombing]] suspect James Nichols, and musician [[Marilyn Manson]]&mdash;he seeks to explain why the Columbine massacre occurred and why the United States' violent crime rate (especially concerning crimes committed with firearms) is substantially higher than those of other nations. <!-- That is bordering on POV as well -->

==Film content==
===Bowling===
The film's title refers to the story that [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold]]—the two students responsible for the [[Columbine High School massacre]]—attended a school [[bowling]] class at 6:00 AM on the day they committed the attacks at school, that commenced at 11:17 AM. Later investigations showed that this was based on mistaken recollections, and Glenn Moore of the Golden Police Department concluded that they were absent from school on the day the attack took place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cullen |first=Dave |date=April 16, 2005 |title=A Little Unfinished Business on Bowling and Columbine |url=http://blogs.salon.com/0001137/2005/04/16.html#a1561 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715233749/http://blogs.salon.com/0001137/2005/04/16.html |archive-date=2011-07-15 |website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |via=Boulder Daily Camera}}</ref>

Moore also incorporates the concept of recreational bowling into the film in other ways. For example, the [[Michigan Militia]] use bowling pins for their target practice. When interviewing former classmates of the two boys, Moore notes that the students took a bowling class instead of [[Physical education class|physical education]]. He suggests that this might have very little educational value and the people he interviews generally agree, noting how Harris and Klebold led introverted lifestyles and had careless attitudes towards the game, and that nobody thought twice about it. Moore questions whether the school system is responding to the real needs of students or if they are reinforcing fear. Moore also interviews two young residents of [[Oscoda, Michigan]]. Moore suggests a [[culture of fear]] created by the government and the media leads Americans to arm themselves, to the advantage of gun-making companies. Moore suggests that bowling could have been just as responsible for the attacks on the school as Marilyn Manson, or even President [[Bill Clinton]], who launched [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|bombing attacks]] on [[Serbia and Montenegro|Serbia]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hastings |first=Michael |date=January 21, 2004 |title=Wesley & Me |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/hey_wait_a_minute/2004/01/wesley_me.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113074533/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/hey_wait_a_minute/2004/01/wesley_me.html |archive-date=2012-01-13 |access-date=2011-10-14 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref>

===Free gun for opening a bank account===
[[Image:Bowling4columbine.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Michael Moore upon receiving his free rifle at the bank.<ref name="cst">{{Cite web |last=Nol |first=Michael |date=January 28, 2001 |title=Banks Use Gifts to Target Depositors |url=http://www.overcast.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/print/press/cst1.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240524052946/https://www.webcitation.org/5YAIv8uxD?url=http://www.overcast.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/print/press/cst1.htm |archive-date=2024-05-24 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref>]]
An early scene depicts a bank in northern Michigan that gives customers a free hunting rifle when they make a deposit of a certain size into a [[time deposit]] account.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-26 |title=Bank's Deposit Gifts Gunning for Business |url=https://extras.denverpost.com/business/biz0126a.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814120622/https://extras.denverpost.com/business/biz0126a.htm |archive-date=2022-08-14 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=[[The Denver Post]]}}</ref> The film follows Moore as he goes to the bank, makes his deposit, fills out the forms, and awaits the result of a background check before walking out of the bank carrying a brand new [[Weatherby]] hunting rifle. Just before leaving the bank, Moore asks: "Do you think it's a little dangerous handing out guns at a bank?"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling for Columbine : Media Clips - Michael at the Bank |url=http://bowlingforcolumbine.michaelmoore.com/media/clips/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110235715/http://bowlingforcolumbine.michaelmoore.com/media/clips/index.php |archive-date=January 10, 2010 |website=BowlingForColumbine.MichaelMoore.com}}</ref>

The ''[[Boston Review]]'' called this scene a fabrication,

{{blockquote|text=[T]he bank doesn't ordinarily hand over guns to customers. Moore's people arranged this exchange well in advance. The required paperwork and waiting time for gun ownership was done long before the scene was shot and as a favor to Moore the rifle had been delivered to the bank so Moore could pick it up there rather than going to the gun dealer as is ordinarily required. One Michigan bank does indeed reward a savings account with a gift certificate for a rifle...But nothing else in this scene, according to the bank official, has anything to do with reality.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Stone |first=Alan A. |date=2003-06-01 |title=Cheap Shots |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/alan-stone-cheap-shots/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |magazine=[[Boston Review]]}}</ref>}}

Similarly, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' called the scene "staged".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fund |first=John |date=2003-03-21 |title=Unmoored from Reality |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122459994451554213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008210039/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122459994451554213 |archive-date=2015-10-08 |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>

==="Happiness Is a Warm Gun" montage===
About 20 minutes into the film, the [[The Beatles|Beatles]] song "[[Happiness Is a Warm Gun]]" plays during a [[Montage sequence|montage]] in which footage of the following is shown:

* People buying guns
* Residents of [[Virgin, Utah]], a town that passed a law requiring all residents to own guns
* People firing rifles at [[carnival]]s and [[shooting range]]s
* Denise Ames operating a [[rifle]]
* [[Carey McWilliams (marksman)|Carey McWilliams]], a blind gun enthusiast from [[Fargo, North Dakota|Fargo]], [[North Dakota]]
* [[Gary Plauché]] killing Jeff Doucet, who had kidnapped and [[sexual abuse|sexually abused]] Plauché's son
* The suicide of [[R. Budd Dwyer]]
* A 1993 murder where Emilio Nuñez shot and killed his ex-wife [[Maritza Martin]] during an interview on the [[Telemundo]] program ''[[Ocurrió Así]]''
* The suicide of [[Daniel V. Jones]], an AIDS and cancer patient who was protesting [[health maintenance organization]]s
* A man who takes his shirt off and is shot during a [[riot]]

===Weapons of mass destruction===
Early in the film, Moore links the violent behavior of the Columbine shooters to the presence of a large defense establishment manufacturing rocket technology in [[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]]. It is implied that the presence of this facility within the community, and the acceptance of [[structural violence|institutionalized violence]] as a solution to conflict, contributed to the mindset that led to the massacre.

Moore conducts an interview with Evan McCollum, Director of Communications at a [[Lockheed Martin]] plant near Columbine, and asks him:

{{blockquote|So you don't think our kids say to themselves, 'Dad goes off to the factory every day, he builds missiles of [[weapon of mass destruction|mass destruction]].' What's the difference between that mass destruction and the mass destruction over at Columbine High School?}}

McCollum responds:

{{blockquote|I guess I don't see that specific connection because the missiles that you're talking about were built and designed to defend us from somebody else who would be aggressors against us.}}

Additionally, Moore shows footage of rockets/missiles being transported under the cover of darkness so locals won't realize what is being made in their community. Actually, they were transported in the late night or early morning so as to cause the least disruption to traffic.

After the release of the film, McCollum clarified that the plant no longer produces missiles (the plant manufactured parts for [[intercontinental ballistic missile]]s with a [[Nuclear weapons of the United States|nuclear warhead]] in the mid-1980s), but rockets used for launching [[satellite]]s:

{{blockquote|I provided specific information to Moore about the space launch vehicles we build to launch spacecraft for [[NASA]], [[NOAA]], the [[United States Department of Defense|Dept. of Defense]] and commercial customers, including [[DirecTV]] and [[EchoStar]].<ref name="möller">Möller, Erik. [http://www.kuro5hin.org/print/2003/8/12/171427/607 A defense of Michael Moore and "Bowling for Columbine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904124927/http://www.kuro5hin.org/print/2003/8/12/171427/607 |date=2015-09-04 }} kuro5hin.org August 13, 2003.</ref>}}

==="What a Wonderful World" montage===
The film cuts to a montage of American [[foreign policy]] decisions, with the intent to counter McCollum's statement by citing examples of how the United States has frequently been the aggressor nation. This montage is set to the song "[[What a Wonderful World]]", performed by [[Louis Armstrong]].

The following is a transcript of the onscreen text in the ''Wonderful World'' segment:

# 1953: U.S. [[Mohammed Mosaddeq#Plot to depose Mosaddegh|overthrows]] Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] of [[Iran]]. U.S. installs [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah Pahlavi]] as absolute monarch.
# 1954: U.S. [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état|overthrows]] democratically elected President [[Jacobo Árbenz]] of [[Guatemala]] [[Guatemalan Civil War|as part of a conflict]] that resulted in up to 200,000 civilians killed.
# 1963: U.S. backs [[Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem|assassination]] of [[South Vietnam]]ese President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]].
# 1963–75: The [[United States Armed Forces|American military]] kills 4 million people [[Vietnam War casualties|during the Vietnam War]].
# September 11, 1973: U.S. stages [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]] in Chile. Democratically elected President [[Salvador Allende]] [[Death of Salvador Allende|assassinated]]. Dictator [[Augusto Pinochet]] installed. [[Chile under Pinochet|3,000 Chileans murdered]].
# 1977: U.S. backs [[Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador|military Junta]] of [[El Salvador]]. [[Salvadoran Civil War|70,000 Salvadorans and four American nuns killed]].
# 1980s: U.S. trains [[Osama bin Laden]]<ref name="CIAtraining">See ''[[Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden]]''.</ref> and fellow [[mujahideen]] to kill [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]s. CIA gives them $3 billion.
# 1981: [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration [[Iran–Contra affair|trains and funds]] the [[Contras]]. 30,000 [[Nicaragua]]ns die.
# 1982: U.S. provides billions of dollars in aid to [[Saddam Hussein]] for weapons to [[Iran–Iraq War|kill Iranians]].
# 1983: The [[White House]] [[Iran–Contra affair|secretly gives Iran weapons]] to kill [[Iraq]]is.
# 1989: CIA agent [[Manuel Noriega]] (also serving as [[List of Heads of State of Panama|President of Panama]]) disobeys orders from Washington, D.C. [[United States invasion of Panama|U.S. invades Panama]] and removes Noriega. 3,000 Panamanian civilian casualties.
# 1990: Iraq [[Invasion of Kuwait|invades]] [[Kuwait]] with weapons from U.S.
# 1991: [[Gulf War|U.S. enters Iraq]]. [[George H. W. Bush]] reinstates absolute monarch of Kuwait.
# 1998: [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] bombs possible [[Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory|weapons factory]] in [[Sudan]]. Factory turns out to be making aspirin.
# 1991 to 2003: American planes [[Iraqi no-fly zones|bomb Iraq]] on a weekly basis. [[United Nations|U.N.]] estimates 500,000 Iraqi children die from bombing and sanctions.
# 2000–01: U.S. gives [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Taliban-ruled Afghanistan]] $245 million in aid.
# [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]]: [[Osama bin Laden]] uses his expert [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] training to murder 3,000 people.

The montage ends with handheld-camera footage of [[United Airlines Flight 175]] crashing into the South Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] on September 11, 2001, the audio consisting solely of the emotional reactions of the witnesses, recorded by the camera's microphone. On the website accompanying the film, Moore provides additional background information for this section.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling for Columbine : Library : What a Wonderful World |url=http://www.michaelmoore.com/books-films/bowlingforcolumbine/library/wonderful/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628131147/http://www.michaelmoore.com/books-films/bowlingforcolumbine/library/wonderful/index.php |archive-date=2009-06-28 |website=MichaelMoore.com}}</ref>

===Climate of fear===
Moore contrasts his portrayal of the U.S. attitude toward guns and violence with the attitude prevailing in areas of Canada where gun ownership is at similar levels to the U.S. He illustrates his thesis by visiting neighborhoods in Canada near the [[Canada–United States border|Canada–U.S. border]], where he finds front doors unlocked and much less concern over crime and [[security]]. In regards to the film, Farber states "Moore's thesis, which he later elaborated in ''Fahrenheit 9/11'', is that the fear-mongering that permeates American society contributes to our epidemic of gun violence". Moore shows news stories in Canada which do not follow the "if it bleeds it leads" mentality. This adds to Moore's argument that the media is driving America's fear and their need for protection. The cartoon "A Brief History of the United States of America" encompasses Moore's view of where the fear in America started and how it has progressed and changed over the years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farber |first=Stephen |date=30 November 2007 |title=Michael Moore's 'Bowling for Columbine' (2002) |url=http://www.documentary.org/magazine/michael-moores-bowling-columbine-2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504085435/http://www.documentary.org/magazine/michael-moores-bowling-columbine-2002 |archive-date=2016-05-04 |access-date=2016-05-01 |website=IDA}}</ref>

In this section, there is a montage of several social pundits stating possible causes for gun violence. Many claim links with violence in television, cinema, and video games; towards the end of the montage, however, the same people all change their claims to [[Marilyn Manson]]'s responsibility. Following this is an interview between Moore and Marilyn Manson. Manson shares his views about the United States' climate with Moore, stating that he believes U.S. society is based on "fear and consumption", citing [[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]] commercials that promise "if you have bad breath, [people] are not going to talk to you" and other commercials containing fear-based messages. Manson also mentions that the media, under heavy government influence, had asserted that his influence on the acts of Klebold and Harris was far greater than that of President Clinton, who ordered more bombings on [[Kosovo]] on April 20, 1999, than any other day during the [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO campaign against Yugoslavia]]. When Moore asks Manson what he would say to the students at [[Columbine High School|Columbine]], Manson replies, "I wouldn't say a single word to them; I would listen to what they have to say, and that's what no one did."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-10-11 |title=Marilyn Manson Interview on Bowling for Columbine |url=http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/media/clips/windowsmedia.php?Clip=manson1021LG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615135947/http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/media/clips/windowsmedia.php?Clip=manson1021LG |archive-date=2011-06-15 |access-date=2010-11-15 |publisher=Bowling for Columbine Official Website}}</ref>

''[[South Park]]'' co-creator [[Matt Stone]]—who grew up in Littleton—agreed to talk with Moore about his hometown and the shooting in the film. Although he did not feel that Moore mischaracterized him or his statements in the film, he harbored ill feelings about the cartoon "A Brief History of the United States of America". Both Stone and his fellow ''South Park'' creator [[Trey Parker]] felt that the cartoon was done in a style very similar to theirs, and its proximity to Stone's interview may have led viewers to believe that they created the cartoon. "It was a good lesson in what Michael Moore does in films. He doesn't necessarily say explicitly this is what it is, but he creates meaning where there is none by cutting things together," Stone remarked in a later interview.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anwar Brett |date=2005-01-13 |title=BBC - Movies - Interview - Matt Stone |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/01/13/matt_stone_team_america_interview.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302120005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/01/13/matt_stone_team_america_interview.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-02 |access-date=2016-03-11 |work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> As a humorous retort to this, Stone and Parker portrayed Moore as "a gibbering, overweight, hot-dog-eating buffoon" who ultimately commits a suicide bombing against the protagonists in their 2004 film ''[[Team America: World Police]]''.<ref name="msnbc 6228221">{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2004 |title='Team America' Takes on Moviegoers |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/team-america-takes-moviegoers-wbna6228221 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170848/https://www.today.com/popculture/team-america-takes-moviegoers-wbna6228221 |archive-date=2020-09-21 |website=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref>

===Statistics===
Moore follows up by exploring popular explanations as to why gun violence is so high in the United States. He examines Marilyn Manson as a cause, but states that more German citizens listen to Marilyn Manson (per capita) and that the country has a larger Goth population than the United States, with less gun violence (Germany: 381 incidents per year). He examines violent movies, but notes that other countries have the same violent movies, showing ''[[The Matrix]]'' with French subtitles (France: 255 incidents per year). He also examines video games, but observes that many violent video games come from Japan (Japan: 39 incidents per year). He concludes his comparisons by considering the suggestion that the United States' violent history is the cause, but notes the similarly violent histories of Germany, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom (68 incidents per year). Moore ends this segment with gun-related-deaths-per-year statistics of the following countries:

* Japan: 39 (0.030/100,000)
* Australia: 65 (0.292/100,000)
* United Kingdom: 68 (0.109/100,000)
* Canada: 165 (0.484/100,000)
* France: 255 (0.389/100,000)
* Germany: 381 (0.466/100,000)
* United States: 11,127 (3.601/100,000)

''[[The American Prospect]]'' published a piece by [[Garance Franke-Ruta]] criticizing the film for ignoring the role that [[Local government|municipal governance]] plays in crime in the United States, and ignoring African-American urban victims of violence while focusing on the unusual events of Columbine. "A decline in murders in New York City alone—from 1,927 in 1993 to 643 in 2001—had, for example, a considerable impact on the declining national rate. Not a lot of those killers or victims were the sort of sports-hunters or militiamen Moore goes out of his way to interview and make fun of."<ref>Garance Franke-Ruta, [http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=moores_the_pity Moore's the Pity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810212644/http://prospect.org/cs/articles?article=moores_the_pity |date=2011-08-10 }}, ''[[The American Prospect]]'', November 22, 2002</ref>

===Kmart refund===
Moore takes two Columbine survivors, Mark Taylor and Richard Castaldo (along with Brooks Brown, who remains unidentified during the segment), to the [[Troy, Michigan]] [[3100 W. Big Beaver Road|headquarters]] of American superstore [[Kmart (United States)|Kmart]] to claim a refund on the bullets still lodged in their bodies, which were purchased by the perpetrators at a Kmart store. Moore and the victims wait for hours in the building's lobby, speaking to several Kmart employees, who evade the issue. Moore then decides to visit a Kmart in nearby [[Sterling Heights, Michigan|Sterling Heights]], where they purchase the store's entire supply of ammunition, and the three return to the company's headquarters the following day with several members of the local media. The company's vice president of communications is quickly sent down to address Moore and the press, and announces that the company will phase out handgun ammunition sales within 90 days. "We've won," says Moore, in disbelief. "That was more than we asked for."<ref>[http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/reviews/2002-10-25-sacra.php "I'm trying to connect the dots between the local violence and the global violence," says director Michael Moore of his new film, "Bowling for Columbine"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703233332/http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/reviews/2002-10-25-sacra.php |date=July 3, 2009 }}, ''[[The Sacramento Bee]]'', October 25, 2002</ref>

===Charlton Heston interview===
For the final scene of the film, Moore visits [[Charlton Heston]]'s home and asks to speak to him via the speakerbox in front of his gated home. Heston declines to speak to him at the time, but agrees to look at his schedule for the next day. Moore returns and first shows his NRA card, which Heston expresses pleasure at. They go inside the large property and sit down to discuss American firearm violence. Heston's response includes the suggestions that the United States has a "history of violence" and more "mixed ethnicity" than other countries. He also states that he does not believe that the United States is any more violent than other countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jonathan Curiel |date=2002-10-18 |title=Moore captures U.S. zeitgeist |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Moore-captures-U-S-zeitgeist-Bowling-for-2761485.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430185024/http://articles.sfgate.com/2002-10-18/entertainment/17566584_1_columbine-killings-columbine-high-school-nra-president-charlton-heston |archive-date=2011-04-30 |access-date=2011-02-24 |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chris Coates |date=2002-10-21 |title=Moore puts gun culture in cross hairs |url=http://www.columbiachronicle.com/back/2002_fall/2002-10-21/arts1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175635/http://www.columbiachronicle.com/back/2002_fall/2002-10-21/arts1.html |archive-date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2011-02-24 |publisher=The Columbia Chronicle}}</ref> Moore then asks Heston if he would like to apologize for leading NRA rallies in [[Flint, Michigan|Flint]], [[Michigan]] (Moore's hometown) after the [[Shooting of Kayla Rolland|shooting death of a six-year-old girl at Buell Elementary School]] and in Littleton after the Columbine shooting. Heston claims he did not know about the girl's death or how soon the rally was after it. When Moore presses to know if he would have cancelled the rally, he declines to answer and walks out of the interview. Moore implores him not to leave and asks him to look at a picture of the girl. Heston turns around, but then turns back to continue his exit. Upon his exit, Moore leaves the picture outside the home.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Alan A. Stone |date=Summer 2003 |title=Cheap Shots |url=http://bostonreview.net/BR28.3/stone.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402173852/http://bostonreview.net/BR28.3/stone.html |archive-date=2012-04-02 |access-date=2011-02-24 |magazine=[[Boston Review]]}}</ref> Moore was later criticized by some for his perceived "ambush" of the actor.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ebert, Roger |title='9/11': Just the facts? |date=2004-06-18 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |page=55}}.</ref> Heston later announced he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.

"I'm uncomfortable watching the scene now, and I'm uncomfortable sitting there with him," Moore told ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''{{'}}s Katey Rich in 2019. "But I wasn't going to not put it in the film either. He revealed his core beliefs. But I remember feeling kind of sad about it later. Here's a man who 40 years prior to that marched with [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]], and now in his elderly years had just turned into this angry white guy who believed that we should have these laws where it's O.K. to shoot first and ask questions later."<ref name="Nast 2019">{{Cite magazine |date=2019-01-25 |title=The 25 Most Influential Movie Scenes of the Past 25 Years |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/01/25-best-movie-scenes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107233809/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/01/25-best-movie-scenes |archive-date=2020-11-07 |access-date=2019-01-31 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>

===Dedication===
The film is dedicated to the memory of three people who all died in gun related circumstances:

* John Alberts, a sound designer and mixer for much of Moore's work. He had initially been hired to do the sound work on the film, but killed himself with a gun in January 2001.
* Herbert "Sluggo" Cleaves Jr., the oldest child of two of Moore's closest friends. He was shot in the stomach in a [[drive-by shooting]] and died at an area hospital in February 2001.
* Laura Wilcox, a victim of handgun violence who was killed in the [[2001 Nevada County shootings]]. Her death led to the implementation of [[Laura's Law]], which allows compulsory treatment of patients with violent psychiatric disorders.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Allen |date=2002 |title=This film was dedicated to the following individuals |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~polfilm/student5/allen/dedications.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221053820/http://www.indiana.edu/~polfilm/student5/allen/dedications.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |access-date=2017-01-22 |publisher=Indiana University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 14, 2002 |title=Film honors gun victim |url=https://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/film-honors-gun-victim/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817012725/https://www.theunion.com/news/local-news/film-honors-gun-victim/ |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=November 30, 2020 |work=The Union}}</ref>

==Release==

===Critical reception===
The film earned positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it holds a 95% approval rating based on 173 reviews, with an average rating of 8.20/10. The consensus states, "Though it may not always convince, ''Bowling for Columbine'' asks important questions and provokes thought."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling for Columbine (2002) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bowling_for_columbine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820000433/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bowling_for_columbine |archive-date=August 20, 2021 |access-date=September 13, 2021 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]]}}</ref> Another score aggregator, [[Metacritic]], which assigns a weighted average rating in the 0–100 range based on reviews from top mainstream critics, calculated a score of 72 based on 32 reviews, signifying 'generally favorable reviews'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling for Columbine Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/bowling-for-columbine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903093050/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/bowling-for-columbine |archive-date=September 3, 2018 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref>

Michael Wilmington of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' wrote, "It's unnerving, stimulating, likely to provoke anger and sorrow on both political sides&mdash;and, above all, it's extremely funny."<ref>[http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/reviews/2002-10-18-metromix.php Bowling for Columbine : Reviews & Acclaim : Articles & Press<!-- Bot generated title -->]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206171943/http://www.bowlingforcolumbine.com/reviews/2002-10-18-metromix.php |date=December 6, 2002  }}</ref> A.O. Scott of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "The slippery logic, tendentious grandstanding, and outright [[Demagogy|demagoguery]] on display in ''Bowling for Columbine'' should be enough to give pause to its most ardent partisans, while its disquieting insights into the culture of violence in America should occasion sober reflection from those who would prefer to stop their ears."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=A.O. |date=2002-10-11 |title=Film Review: Bowling for Columbine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/movies/film-review-seeking-a-smoking-gun-in-us-violence.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612201820/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/movies/film-review-seeking-a-smoking-gun-in-us-violence.html |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2018-06-08 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

In a negative review, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' said the film was "filled with so many inaccuracies and distortions that it ought to be classed as a work of fiction."<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last=Fund |first=John |title=Unmoored from Reality |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122459994451554213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008210039/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122459994451554213 |date=March 21, 2003 |archive-date=October 8, 2015 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=September 19, 2024}}</ref> The ''[[Boston Review]]'' said the film contained "deliberate falsehoods", highlighting the interview with Heston which Moore selectively edited and rearranged to "create the stupid, callous white guy he attacks."<ref name="auto1"/> [[Desson Thomson]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' thought that the film lacked a coherent message, asking "A lot of this is amusing and somehow telling. There was a parody of this movie called 'Bowling for Midway', a conservative Utah family movie to counter Moore's movie, and this paralleled the Docudrama, '[[This Divided State]]'. But what does it all add up to?"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Howe |first=Desson |date=2002-10-18 |title=Moore Shoots Himself In the Foot |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/10/18/moore-shoots-himself-in-the-foot/d4ffedd4-378d-4544-a62a-29fac26e4658/ |access-date=2010-04-26 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===MPAA rating===
The film was rated R by the [[Motion Picture Association of America]], which means that children under the age of 17 were not admitted to see the film theatrically unless under supervision. Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] chastized the MPAA for this move as "banning teenagers from those films they most need to see".<ref>Ebert, Roger (October 18, 2002). [https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bowling-for-columbine-2002 Bowling For Columbine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116154227/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bowling-for-columbine-2002 |date=2022-11-16 }}. rogerebert.com</ref> Ebert had criticized the MPAA rating system on previous occasions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=2010-12-11 |title=Getting Real About Movie Ratings |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703766704576009343432436296 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706203750/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703766704576009343432436296 |archive-date=2015-07-06 |access-date=2013-04-05 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> The film was noted for "some violent images and language".<ref>Turan, Kenneth (October 11, 2002). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-11-et-kenny11-story.html "'Columbine's' Aim Slightly Off"] . ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref>

===Gross revenue===
With a budget of $4 million, ''Bowling for Columbine'' grossed $58,008,423 worldwide, including $21,576,018 in the United States.<ref>In nominal dollars, from 1982 to the present.</ref> The documentary also broke box office records internationally, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing documentary films|highest-grossing documentary]] in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Austria. These records were later eclipsed by Moore's next documentary, ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Documentary Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=documentary.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920112425/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=documentary.htm |archive-date=2012-09-20 |access-date=2007-12-27 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
* 2002 Winner, 55th Anniversary Prize, [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref name="festival-cannes.com" />
* 2002 Winner, VPRO IDFA Audience Award, [[International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam]]
* 2003 Winner, [[César Awards]], [[César Award for Best Foreign Film|Best Foreign Film]]
* 2003 Winner, International Documentary Association (IDA) - Best Documentary of All Time
* 2003 Winner, [[Academy Award]], [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2014 |title=2003{{!}}Oscars.org |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417092738/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2003 |archive-date=2018-04-17 |access-date=2022-02-03}}</ref>

During the screening at the [[2002 Cannes Film Festival]] the film received a 13-minute standing ovation. It also won "Most Popular International Film" at the 2002 [[Vancouver International Film Festival]].

Moore was both applauded and booed at the [[Academy Award]]s on March 23, 2003, when he used his acceptance speech as an opportunity to proclaim his opposition to the [[presidency of George W. Bush]] and the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|United States-led invasion of Iraq]], which had begun just a few days earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-03-24 |title=Chicago scoops six Oscars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/24/oscars2003.film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916163040/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/24/oscars2003.film |archive-date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2016-12-17 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2012 |title=Michael Moore winning an Oscar® for "Bowling for Columbine" - Oscars on YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7Is43K6lrg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203205848/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7Is43K6lrg |archive-date=2022-02-03 |access-date=2022-02-03 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

In 2005, it was voted the third most popular film in the British [[Channel 4]] program ''The 50 Greatest Documentaries'' of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Channel 4's "50 Greatest Documentaries" |url=https://www.imdb.com/list/ls000124764/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307051702/http://www.imdb.com/list/ls000124764/ |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=25 June 2021 |website=IMDB}}</ref>

==Home media==
''Bowling for Columbine'' was released on [[VHS]] and [[DVD]] by [[MGM Home Entertainment]] on August 19, 2003. The film was released on DVD and [[Blu-ray]] in a digital restoration with supplementary features by [[the Criterion Collection]] in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling for Columbine (2002) |url=https://www.criterion.com/films/28785-bowling-for-columbine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321131038/https://www.criterion.com/films/28785-bowling-for-columbine |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |publisher=The Criterion Collection}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Michael Nordine |date=March 15, 2018 |title='Bowling for Columbine,' 'Female Trouble,' and More Coming to the Criterion Collection |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2018/03/criterion-collection-june-2018-bowling-for-columbine-1201939814/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321131215/http://www.indiewire.com/2018/03/criterion-collection-june-2018-bowling-for-columbine-1201939814/ |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |access-date=March 20, 2018 |work=IndieWire}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
* {{IMDb title|0310793}}
* {{mojo title|bowlingforcolumbine}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|bowling_for_columbine}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* [https://www.mgm.com/#/our-titles/252/Bowling-for-Columbine ''Bowling for Columbine''] at [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
* [https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/5751-bowling-for-columbine-by-any-means-necessary ''Bowling for Columbine: By Any Means Necessary''] an essay by Eric Hynes at the [[Criterion Collection]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wScIMiWT_dw&feature=emb_imp_woyt  ''Full documentary movie, free for viewing''] at Michael Moore's [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU_nlLzlVPFLJxB_iEwtwBw Youtube Channel]

{{Michael Moore}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for ''Bowling for Columbine''
|list =
{{AcademyAwardBestDocumentaryFeature2001-2020}}
{{César Award for Best Foreign Film}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary}}
{{Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Documentary Film}}
{{TFCA Award for Best Documentary Film}}
}}
{{School shootings in the United States}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bowling For Columbine}}
[[Category:Films about the Columbine High School massacre]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 documentary films]]
[[Category:American documentary films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:Canadian documentary films]]
[[Category:Canadian independent films]]
[[Category:German documentary films]]
[[Category:German independent films]]
[[Category:Ten-pin bowling films]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian films]]
[[Category:English-language German films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Michael Moore]]
[[Category:Documentary films about American politics]]
[[Category:Films about school violence]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Foreign Film César Award winners]]
[[Category:American films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Lessin and Deal productions]]
[[Category:WildBrain films]]
[[Category:Alliance Atlantis films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of George W. Bush]]
[[Category:Documentary films about violence]]
[[Category:Documentary films about the military–industrial complex]]
[[Category:Films about coups d'état]]
[[Category:Documentary films about crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Works about gun politics in the United States]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Bill Clinton]]
[[Category:2000s English-language films]]
[[Category:2002 American films]]
[[Category:2002 Canadian films]]
[[Category:2002 German films]]
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]
[[Category:American collage films]]
[[Category:Canadian collage films]]
[[Category:German collage films]]