View source for Born to Run

{{short description|1975 studio album by Bruce Springsteen}}
{{About||the song|Born to Run (song)|other uses|Born to Run (disambiguation)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name        = Born to Run
| type        = studio
| artist      = [[Bruce Springsteen]]
| cover       = Born to Run (Front Cover).jpg
| border      = yes
| alt         = A bearded man holding an electric guitar leaning on an out-of-frame man's shoulder.
| released    = {{start date|1975|8|25}}{{efn|name=release date}}
| recorded    = January 1974 – July 1975
| studio      =
*[[914 Sound Studios|914]] ([[Blauvelt, New York]])
*[[Record Plant]] ([[New York City]])
| genre       =
*[[Rock and roll]]
*[[pop rock]]
*[[Rhythm and blues|R&B]]
*[[folk rock]]
| length      = {{duration|m=39|s=23}}
| label       = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| producer    = 
*Bruce Springsteen
*[[Mike Appel]]
*[[Jon Landau]]
| chronology  = [[Bruce Springsteen]]
| prev_title  = [[The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle]]
| prev_year   = 1973
| next_title  = [[Darkness on the Edge of Town]]
| next_year   = 1978
| misc        = {{Extra chronology
 | artist    = [[Bruce Springsteen]] and the [[E Street Band]]
 | type      = studio
 | prev_title = [[The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle]]
 | prev_year = 1973
 | title     = Born to Run
 | year      = 1975
 | next_title = [[Darkness on the Edge of Town]]
 | next_year = 1978
}}
{{Singles
 | name       = Born to Run
 | type       = studio
 | single1    = [[Born to Run (song)|Born to Run]]
 | single1date = August 25, 1975
 | single2    = [[Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out]]
 | single2date = January 1976
}}
}}

'''''Born to Run''''' is the third studio album by the American singer-songwriter [[Bruce Springsteen]], released on August 25, 1975, through [[Columbia Records]]. Co-[[record producer|produced]] by Springsteen with his manager [[Mike Appel]] and the producer [[Jon Landau]], its recording took place in New York. Following the commercial failures of his first two albums, the album marked Springsteen's effort to break into the mainstream and create a commercially successful album. Springsteen sought to emulate [[Phil Spector]]'s [[Wall of Sound]] production, leading to prolonged sessions with the [[E Street Band]] lasting from January 1974 to July 1975; six months alone were spent working on the [[Born to Run (song)|title track]]. 

The album incorporates musical styles including [[rock and roll]], [[pop rock]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], and [[folk rock]]. Its character-driven lyrics describe individuals who feel trapped and fantasize about escaping to a better life, conjured via romantic lyrical imagery of highways and travel. Springsteen envisioned the songs taking place over one long summer day and night. They are also less tied to the [[New Jersey]] area than his previous work. The album cover, featuring Springsteen leaning on E Street Band saxophonist [[Clarence Clemons]]'s shoulder, is considered iconic and has been imitated by various musicians and in other media.

Supported by an expensive promotional campaign, ''Born to Run'' became a commercial success, reaching number three on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' Top LPs & Tape]] chart and the top ten in three others. Two singles were released, "Born to Run" and "[[Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out]]", the first of which became a radio and live favorite. The album's release generated extensive publicity, leading to backlash from critics who expressed skepticism over whether Springsteen's newfound attention was warranted. Following its release, Springsteen became embroiled in legal issues with Appel, leading him to [[Born to Run tours|tour the United States and Europe]] for almost two years. Upon release, ''Born to Run'' received highly positive reviews. Critics praised the storytelling and music, although some viewed its production as excessive and heavy-handed. 

''Born to Run'' was Springsteen's breakthrough album. Its success has been attributed to capturing the ideals of a generation of American youths during a decade of political turmoil, war, and issues facing the [[Working class in the United States|working class]]. Over the following decades, the album has become widely regarded as a masterpiece and one of Springsteen's best records. It has appeared on various lists of the greatest albums of all time and was inducted  into the [[National Recording Registry]] in 2003 by the [[Library of Congress]] for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". ''Born to Run'' received an expanded reissue in 2005 to celebrate its 30th anniversary, featuring a [[concert film]] and a documentary detailing the album's making.

==Development==
[[Bruce Springsteen]]'s first two albums, ''[[Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J.]]'' and ''[[The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle]]'', were released in 1973 through [[Columbia Records]]. While the albums were critically acclaimed, both sold poorly.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=70}} By 1974 his popularity was limited to the [[East Coast of the United States]],{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=31}} and the label's confidence in him began to wane.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=71–72}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=108}} Management at Columbia had changed and they began to favor the then-upcoming artist [[Billy Joel]].{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=32}}{{sfn|Springsteen|2016|p=194}} Low morale plagued Springsteen's team, including both his manager, [[Mike Appel]], and his backing group the [[E Street Band]].{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=70}} After Springsteen rejected [[CBS Records International|CBS Records]]' suggestion to record in [[Nashville, Tennessee]] with session musicians and a brought-in producer,{{efn|CBS was the international distributor of Columbia outside of the United States.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=20}}}}{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=32}}{{sfn|Eliot|1992|p=116}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=102}} the label agreed to finance one more album on the agreement that if it failed, they would drop him.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=71–72}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=108}}{{sfn|Springsteen|2016|p=203}} Appel successfully negotiated a slightly larger budget for the album but limited recording to [[914 Sound Studios]] in [[Blauvelt, New York]],{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=71–72}} the studio Springsteen used for the recordings of his first two albums.<ref name="UCRGuide" />

{{quote box|quote=I had these enormous ambitions for [the album].{{nbsp}}... I wanted to make the greatest rock record that I'd ever heard. I wanted it to sound enormous, to grab you by your throat and insist that you take that ride, insist that you pay attention—not just to the music, but to life, to being alive.<ref name="RSMaking">{{cite magazine |last=Hiatt |first=Brian |title=Bruce Springsteen on Making 'Born to Run': 'We Went to Extremes' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-album-making-50232/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=August 24, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232707/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-album-making-50232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|source=—Bruce Springsteen, 2005|width=25em|align=right|style=padding:8px;}}
The phrase "born to run" came to Springsteen while lying in bed one night at his home in [[West Long Branch, New Jersey]]. He said the title "suggested a cinematic drama I thought would work with the music I was hearing in my head".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=32}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=172}} Inspired by the musical sounds and lyrical themes of 1950s and 1960s [[rock and roll]] artists such as [[Duane Eddy]], [[Roy Orbison]], [[Elvis Presley]], [[Phil Spector]], [[the Beach Boys]], and [[Bob Dylan]], Springsteen began composing what became "[[Born to Run (song)|Born to Run]]".{{sfn|Springsteen|2016|pp=207–209}} He later wrote: "This was the turning point. It proved to be the key to my songwriting for the rest of the record."{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=174}} He anticipated that sound he was seeking would be a "studio production".{{sfn|Guterman|2005|p=65}} The album became the first time Springsteen [[Recording studio as an instrument|used the studio as an instrument]] rather than simply replicating the sound of live performances.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=41}}

==Production history==
===914 Sound Studios===
The recording sessions for the album began at 914 Sound Studios in January 1974.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=174}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=107}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=49}} Springsteen and Appel acted as co-producers; ''Greetings'' and ''Wild'' producer Jimmy Cretecos had departed Springsteen's company in early 1974, citing low profits.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=70}} Louis Lahav, the [[Audio engineer|engineer]] from both albums, returned for these sessions. The members of the E Street Band were [[Clarence Clemons]] (saxophone), [[Danny Federici]] (organ), [[David Sancious]] (piano), [[Garry Tallent]] (bass), and [[Ernest Carter (drummer)|Ernest Carter]] (drums);{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=72}} Carter had replaced [[Vini Lopez|Vini "Mad Dog" Lopez]], whom Springsteen fired in February over poor personal behavior.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=70}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=175–177}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=102–103}} The band went back and forth between studio recording and live concert performances.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=35}} Springsteen used the latter to develop new material,{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=174}} and he spent more time in the studio refining songs than he had on the previous two albums.<ref name="UCR">{{cite web |last=Lifton |first=Dave |url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |title=How Bruce Springsteen Finally Became a Star with 'Born to Run' |date=August 25, 2015 |website=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]] |access-date=June 19, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315033210/http://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |archive-date=March 15, 2017 }}</ref> The album's working titles included ''From the Churches to the Jails'', ''The Hungry and the Hunted'', ''War and Roses'', and ''American Summer''.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=35}}

Recording for "Born to Run" lasted six months.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=107}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=44–47}} Springsteen's [[Perfectionism (psychology)|perfectionism]] led to grueling sessions:{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}} he obsessed over every syllable, note, and tone of every [[Texture (music)|texture]], and he struggled to capture the sounds he heard in his head on tape.<ref name="UCRGuide" />{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=51}}<ref name="week">{{cite web |last=Moss |first=Charles |url=https://theweek.com/articles/569558/born-run-40-short-history-album-that-turned-bruce-springsteen-into-americas-biggest-rock-star |title=Born to Run at 40: A short history of the album that turned Bruce Springsteen into America's biggest rock star |work=[[The Week]] |date=August 24, 2015 |access-date=June 19, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316033829/http://theweek.com/articles/569558/born-run-40-short-history-album-that-turned-bruce-springsteen-into-americas-biggest-rock-star |archive-date=March 16, 2017 }}</ref> His aim for a Phil Spector-type [[Wall of Sound]] production meant multiple instruments were assigned to each track on the studio's 16-track [[mixing console|mixing desk]]; each new [[Overdubbing|overdub]] made the recording and [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] more difficult.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=107}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}} As he kept rewriting the lyrics,{{sfn|Springsteen|2016|p=210}} Springsteen and Appel created several mixes containing electric and acoustic guitars, piano, organ, horns, [[synthesizer]]s, and a [[glockenspiel]], as well as strings and female backing vocalists.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=33}} "Born to Run" reportedly had up to five different versions.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=44–47}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=186–187}} According to Springsteen, the final song had 72 different tracks squeezed onto the 16 tracks of the mixing console.{{sfn|Springsteen|2016|p=210}} Springsteen was pleased with the final mix,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}} completed in August 1974.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=71–72}} CBS/Columbia refused to release "Born to Run" as an early single, wanting an album to promote it.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=108}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=48–49}}

{{multiple image
| footer = [[Roy Bittan]] (left, 2002) and [[Max Weinberg]] (right, 2019) replaced the pianist [[David Sancious]] and the drummer [[Ernest Carter (drummer)|Ernest Carter]], respectively, following their departures from the E Street Band in August 1974. 
| image1 = Roy bittan schunk.jpg
| width1 = 151
| alt1   = A side-shot of a bald man with glasses
| image2 = Max Weinberg-9 (cropped).jpg
| width2 = 125
| alt2   = A photograph of a man playing a drum set
}}
The same month "Born to Run" was completed, Sancious and Carter departed the E Street Band to form their own [[jazz-fusion]] band, [[Tone (jazz-fusion band)|Tone]]. They were replaced by [[Roy Bittan]] on piano and [[Max Weinberg]] on drums.<ref name="UCRGuide" />{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=50}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=182–184}} Bittan had a background in symphony orchestras while Weinberg had experience with various rock bands and [[Broadway theatre|Broadway productions]]. Bittan had previously known of Springsteen's music but Weinberg had not.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=35}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=109–111}} The two meshed well with the rest of the band, offering new musical insights and relaxed personalities that eased tensions that had built up over years of recording and performing.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=182–184}} On the album Bittan mostly replaced Federici, whose sole contribution was the organ part on "Born to Run".{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}} Bittan later said he believed this was due to both men's different performing styles and Bittan wanting to "prove himself" as a new member of the group.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=90–91}}

Recording at 914 continued into late October 1974.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=113}} The band made attempts at "[[Jungleland]]", "[[She's the One (Bruce Springsteen song)|She's the One]]", "Lovers in the Cold", "[[Backstreets]]", and "So Young and in Love", but faulty equipment and Springsteen's lack of direction halted progress.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=94–97}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=113}} The music critic [[Dave Marsh]] suggested that Springsteen remained at the subpar 914 Studios because studio costs built up, even though superior ones were available.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=44}} In November,{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=113–114}} Appel sent "Born to Run" to various radio stations around the United States, which CBS executives viewed as professional misconduct.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=71–72}} The stunt generated interest in the track and anticipation built toward the album's release,{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=48–49}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=48}} prompting Columbia to fund further sessions.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=108}}{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=34}} "Born to Run" became frequently requested on radio and at shows.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=34}}

By January 1975, the band had been working for over a year with one finished track. Production continued to be plagued by faulty equipment, false starts, and Springsteen's desire for more takes.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=188–189}} A new track, "Wings for Wheels", debuted live in February.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=52–53}} Springsteen felt he lacked direction,{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=194}} and he requested production advice from the writer and producer [[Jon Landau]], who had criticized the production on ''Wild'' in an article for ''[[The Real Paper]]''.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=37}}<ref name="week" /> The two met in Boston in April 1974 and developed a close friendship after.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=48–49}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=178–179}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=104–105}} In February 1975, Landau was invited to a session, where he suggested moving the saxophone solo on "Wings for Wheels" to the end rather than in the middle.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=37}}{{sfn|Marsh|1981|p=146}} Springsteen liked the change and hired Landau as co-producer of the album.{{sfn|Marsh|1981|p=146}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=54}}

===Record Plant===
In March 1975,{{efn|Most sources say March 1975,<ref name="UCR" />{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=194}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=52}} while others say February{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=68}} and April.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=54}}}} Landau moved the recording sessions from 914 to the superior [[Record Plant]] in [[Manhattan]].{{sfn|Marsh|1981|p=146}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=54}} Landau helped Springsteen regain focus and direction with a fresh perspective.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=194}}{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=37}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=64}} Springsteen told ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' in 1975: "[Landau] came up with the idea, 'Let's make a rock and roll record.' Things had fallen down internally. He got things on their feet again."{{sfn|Eliot|1992|p=100}} Appel and Landau had disagreements on production choices, which Springsteen had to resolve.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=194}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=52–53}} Like the band, the two helped Springsteen complete already devised ideas, not think of new ones.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=123}} Louis Lahav was unavailable due to family commitments so these sessions were engineered by [[Jimmy Iovine]].{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=37}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=74}} 

Sessions at the Record Plant lasted from March to July 1975.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=52}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=74}} Apart from a few live performances, Springsteen spent most of these months working on the album.{{sfn|Marsh|1981|p=147}} The sessions were grueling,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=74}} dragging on despite increased professionalism brought by Landau and Iovine.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=37–38}} While the backing tracks and vocals were recorded with little difficulty, Springsteen struggled with his overdubs and completing the writing of the lyrics and arrangements.{{sfn|Marsh|1981|pp=149–150}} Springsteen obsessively labored over{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=74}} and sometimes spent hours revising single lines{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=58}} or taking days to figure out the song arrangements.{{sfn|Marsh|1981|pp=149–150}} Springsteen later said: "[The sessions] turned into something that was wrecking me, just pounding me into the ground."{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=38}} Weinberg called it the hardest project of his career, and Federici said "[we] ate, drank, and slept [that album]".{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=74}} Work was mostly done between 3&nbsp;p.m. and 6&nbsp;a.m. the following morning.{{sfn|Marsh|1981|pp=149–150}}

"Wings for Wheels", now called "[[Thunder Road (song)|Thunder Road]]", was finished in April. Springsteen reportedly took 13 hours to complete his guitar parts.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=76–78}} "[[Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out]]" and "[[Night (Bruce Springsteen song)|Night]]" followed in May.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=82–83}} For "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out", Springsteen hired the [[Brecker Brothers]] ([[Randy Brecker|Randy]] and [[Michael Brecker|Michael]]), [[David Sanborn]], and [[Wayne Andre]] to play horn parts.{{efn|Randy Brecker also plays the intro on "Meeting Across the River".{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=92–93}}}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=80–81}} Springsteen and Bittan failed to write proper horn parts by the time the players arrived to record,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=80–81}} so Springsteen's friend and former [[Steel Mill]] bandmate [[Steven Van Zandt]] conceived them on the spot in the studio. Van Zandt joined the E Street Band shortly after.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=196–197}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=57–58}} Springsteen used lyrical ideas from "She's the One" to complete "Backstreets", originally "Hidin' on the River".<ref name="UCRGuide" /> "[[Meeting Across the River]]", originally "The Heist", featured [[Richard Davis (bassist)|Richard Davis]] on [[double bass]]. Davis had previously contributed to "[[The Angel (song)|The Angel]]" on ''Greetings''.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=92–93}} "Jungleland" featured [[violin]] from [[Suki Lahav]], wife of Louis Lahav,{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=35}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=111–112}} and a long saxophone solo from Clemons, which he spent 16 hours replaying to Springsteen's satisfaction;{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=196}} the latter dictated almost every note played.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=51–52}} Clemons played several different solos, bits of which were then edited together into one piece; he then reproduced the final result.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=94–97}}

===Mixing===
According to Iovine, the album was mixed in "nine days straight".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=60}} The final days were hectic; the band worked vigorously between recording for the album and rehearsing for an upcoming tour scheduled to start on July 20.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=60}}{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=38–39}} Springsteen wrote in his 2016 autobiography ''[[Born to Run (autobiography)|Born to Run]]'': "In a three-day, 72-hour sprint, working in three studios simultaneously, Clarence and I finishing the 'Jungleland' sax solo, phrase by phrase, in one, while we mixed 'Thunder Road' in another, singing 'Backstreets' in a third."{{sfn|Springsteen|2016|p=222}} Springsteen was demanding and refused to compromise,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=75}} saying at the time that he could "only hear the things that were wrong with it".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=39}} Appel and Landau fought to keep certain tracks on the finished album. Appel succeeded in leaving "Linda Let Me Be the One" and "Lonely Night in the Park" off and keeping "Meeting Across the River" on.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=195}} Mixing lasted until the morning of July 20, just before the tour began.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=197–199}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=124–125}}  

''Born to Run'' was [[Mastering (audio)|mastered]] by the engineer [[Greg Calbi]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bernstein |first=Jonathan |title=Greg Calbi's Invisible Touch |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/greg-calbi-mastering-engineer-interview-1241594/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117001058/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/greg-calbi-mastering-engineer-interview-1241594/ |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |date=December 4, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the band were on the road.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=62}} Springsteen was furious about the initial acetate, throwing it into the swimming pool of the hotel he was staying at.<ref name="week" />{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=75}} He contemplated scrapping the entire project and re-recording it live before he was stopped by Landau.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=75}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=197–199}} Springsteen was sent multiple mixes as he was on the road and rejected all but one, which he approved in early August.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=62}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=125–126}}

===Outtakes===
The seven known outtakes from the album are "Linda Let Me Be the One", "Lonely Night in the Park", "A Love So Fine", "A Night Like This", "Janey Needs a Shooter", "Lovers in the Cold", and "So Young and in Love".{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=63}} "Linda Let Me Be the One" and "So Young and in Love" were released on the ''[[Tracks (Bruce Springsteen album)|Tracks]]'' box set in 1998.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=53}} Rough mixes of the unreleased songs "Lovers in the Cold" ("Walking in the Street") and "Lonely Night in the Park" surfaced in 2005, when they made their debut on [[E Street Radio]].{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=53}} "Janey Needs a Shooter" was later re-worked by Springsteen and [[Warren Zevon]] into the track "Jeannie Needs a Shooter" for Zevon's 1980 album ''[[Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School]]''.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=53}} A 2019 recording of the original "Janey Needs a Shooter" was released on Springsteen's 2020 album ''[[Letter to You]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCormick |first=Neil |author-link=Neil McCormick |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/springsteens-40-year-secret-eyes-forgotten-rock-maverick/ |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |language=en-GB |title=Springsteen's 40-Year Secret Is Out{{nbsp}}– and All Eyes Are on a Forgotten Rock Maverick |date=October 22, 2020 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101094915/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/springsteens-40-year-secret-eyes-forgotten-rock-maverick/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music and lyrics==
The music on ''Born to Run'' includes styles such as [[rock and roll]], [[pop rock]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], and [[folk rock]].{{sfn|Regev|2013|p=67: pop rock}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=69–70: rock and roll, R&B, and folk-rock}} The author [[Peter Ames Carlin]] states that the album captures "the essence of fifties rock 'n' roll and the [[beatnik]] poetry of sixties folk-rock, projected onto the battered spirit of mid-seventies America".{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=200–201}} Springsteen wrote most of the songs on piano,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=69–70}}<ref name="CRR" /> which Kirkpatrick felt gave them "a particular melodic feel".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=36}} Springsteen later said Bittan's piano "really defined the sound" of the album.<ref name="Zimny" /> The record's production is similar to Phil Spector's Wall of Sound,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=69–70}}<ref name="Ruhlmann" /> in which layers of instruments and complex arrangements are combined to make each song resemble a symphony.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=43–44}} Springsteen said that he wanted ''Born to Run'' to sound like "[[Roy Orbison]] singing [[Bob Dylan]], produced by Spector".<ref name="Fricke2009">{{cite web |first=David |last=Fricke |author-link=David Fricke |title=The Band on Bruce: Their Springsteen |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/25556603/the_band_on_bruce_their_springsteen/print |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=January 21, 2009 |access-date=February 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401080648/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/25556603/the_band_on_bruce_their_springsteen |archive-date=April 1, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He used Orbison's style for his vocal delivery and [[Duane Eddy]] as inspiration for his guitar parts.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=43–44}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=201}} The writer Frank Rose emphasized Springsteen's homage to girl groups from the 1960s, such as [[the Shirelles]], [[the Ronettes]], and [[the Shangri-Las]], ones who embellished themes of heartbreak and [[doo-wop]] sounds produced by Spector.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=128: Frank Rose}} The songs feature musical introductions that set the tone and scene for each.<ref name="Zimny">{{cite video|people=Zimny, Thom (director)|title=Wings for Wheels: The Making of Born to Run|medium=film|date=2005|publisher=Thrill Hill Productions}}</ref><ref name="Fricke2009" />

{{quote box|quote=Lyrically, I was entrenched in classic rock and roll images, and I wanted to find a way to use those images without their feeling anachronistic.{{nbsp}}... [''Born to Run''] was the album where I left behind my adolescent definitions of love and freedom{{nbsp}}... [it] was the dividing {{no wrap|line.{{sfn|Springsteen|2003|pp=43–47}}}}|source=—Bruce Springsteen, ''Songs'', 2003|width=25em|align=left|style=padding:8px;}}
Springsteen envisioned the album's songs as taking place during one summer day and night.<ref name="CRR" />{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=114}}<ref name="CoS45Reasons" /> According to the writer [[Louis Masur]], the album is centrally driven by "loneliness and the search for companionship".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=65}} The characters are regular people{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=116}} who are lost{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=41}} and feel trapped in their lives; different places, such as streets and roads, offer a way out but are not ideal places.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=110}} Described by ''Treble''{{'s}} Hubert Vigilla as a "four corners approach" to album sequencing,<ref name="Treble" /> both sides of the original LP began with songs that were optimistic and promised hope and ended with songs of betrayal and pessimism.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=123}}<ref name="CoS45Reasons" /> Across the album's eight songs,{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=72}} Springsteen writes about the night and the city ("Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out", "Backstreets", and "Meeting Across the River"); an irresistible real or imaginary woman ("She's the One"); the enslavement of the working class ("Night"); and the highway as a means of escape and coming-of-age journey ("Thunder Road", "Born to Run", and "Jungleland").{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=68–69}} The journalist Veronika Hermann noted the album is mostly driven by actions such as running, meeting, hiding, and driving.<ref name="Hermann" />

''Born to Run'' was written during a time when the idea of the American Dream was unobtainable to many Americans in the aftermath of the [[Vietnam War]], [[Watergate scandal]], and the [[1973 oil crisis]].{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=68–69}} Carlin writes that Springsteen's hopeful songs, containing ideals such as that a road can take you anywhere, were "stunning" during a period marked by assassinations, war, political corruption, and collapse of the [[hippie]] subculture.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=200–201}} Hermann analyzed the lyrics as experiments in [[nostalgia]], arguing that the "heroes and heroines of ''Born to Run'' are facing the loss of security and stability, [and] facing the consequences of a lost war", leading to the choice to run away from the "American dream".<ref name="Hermann">{{cite journal|last=Hermann|first=Veronika|title=Runaway American Dream: Nostalgia, Figurative Memory, and Autofiction in Stories of ''Born to Run''|year=2019|journal=Interdisciplinary Literary Studies|volume=21|issue=1|pages=42–56|location=[[Penn State University Park]]|publisher=[[Penn State University Press]]|jstor=10.5325/intelitestud.21.1.0042|doi=10.5325/intelitestud.21.1.0042|s2cid=194349341}}</ref> Springsteen worked a "very, very long" time writing the lyrics because he wanted to avoid tropes of "classic rock 'n' roll clichés", turning them instead into fully developed and emotional characters: "It was the beginning of the creation of a certain world that all my others would refer back to, resonate off of, for the next 20 or 30 years."<ref name="Zimny" /> 

The songs are largely autobiographical, inspired by the [[film noir|noir]]-like [[B movie]]s Springsteen enjoyed at the time;{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=36}} he wanted to experience and capture new ideals based on his life experiences at the time.<ref name="Zimny" />{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=68–69}} Like his first two albums, ''Born to Run'' includes religious imagery, specifically the idea of "searching",{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=115}} although it is undercut by a darker, apocalyptic landscape.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=41}} Unlike ''Greetings'' and ''Wild'', however, most of the songs on ''Born to Run'' are not specifically tied to New Jersey and New York, instead shifting to all of the United States in an attempt to be more accessible to a wider audience.<ref name="CRR" />{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=68–69}}<ref name="Pitchfork" />{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=109}} Springsteen has said that "most of the songs are about being nowhere".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=100}}

===Side one===
"Thunder Road" is an invitation to travel on a long journey,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=76–78}} taking inspiration from the 1958 [[Thunder Road (1958 film)|film of the same name]].<ref name="UCRGuide">{{cite web |last=Lifton |first=Dave |title=Bruce Springsteen's 'Born to Run': A Track-by-Track Guide |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-songs/ |website=[[Ultimate Classic Rock]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232707/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-songs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song's narrator pleads with a romantic partner to join him in leaving their life behind to start anew,<ref name="AMBack" /> believing there is no time to wait and they must act now.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=66}} Masur argues the song "lays out hopes and dreams, and the remainder of the album is an investigation into whether, and in what ways, they can be realized".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=70}} Kirkpatrick believes the track to be a rewritten version of ''Wild''{{'s}} "[[Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)]]" with a "less innocent, more realistic perspective".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=42}} Described by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'s}} Kenneth Partridge as a "five-minute pop opera",<ref name="BBGuide" /> the music builds throughout the runtime;<ref name="AMTR" /> the instruments join in as the narrator's vision solidifies.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=120}} [[AllMusic]]'s James Gerard characterizes the tone as more melancholic than uplifting.<ref name="AMTR">{{cite web |last=Gerard |first=James |title='Thunder Road' – Bruce Springsteen Song Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/thunder-road-mt0006380023 |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200135/https://www.allmusic.com/song/thunder-road-mt0006380023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Miami Steve Van Zandt 2 (51412969777).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=A man on stage holding a guitar|[[Steven Van Zandt]], pictured in 1983, composed the horn arrangement for "[[Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out]]" on the spot in the studio, and joined the [[E Street Band]] shortly thereafter.]]
"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out" follows a character named Bad Scooter who is "searching for his groove" and "a place to fit in".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=71}} Part autobiographical and part mythological,<ref name="BBGuide">{{cite magazine |last=Partridge |first=Kenneth |title=Bruce Springsteen's 'Born to Run' Turns 40: Classic Track-by-Track Album Review |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-anniversary-track-by-track-review-6671433/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=August 25, 2015 |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401143654/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-anniversary-track-by-track-review-6671433/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the song tells Springsteen and the E Street Band's story as they struggle to find commercial success up to that point; they find success after the "Big Man" (Clemons on saxophone) joins the band in the third verse.<ref name="UCRGuide" />{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=80–81}}<ref name="AMBack" /><ref name="AMFreeze" /> Musically, it is a funky R&B song led by brass horns;{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=80–81}}<ref name="AMFreeze">{{cite web |last=Ruhlmann |first=William |title='Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out' – Bruce Springsteen Song Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/tenth-avenue-freeze-out-mt0006134132 |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200135/https://www.allmusic.com/song/tenth-avenue-freeze-out-mt0006134132 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=43}} the authors Philippe Margotin and Jean-Michel Guesdon compared it to the sound of a [[Stax Records|Stax]] record.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=80–81}} In his 2003 book ''Songs'', Springsteen described "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out" as a "band bio and block party".{{sfn|Springsteen|2003|pp=43–47}}

"Night", the shortest song on the album,<ref name="UCRGuide" /><ref name="BBGuide" /> follows a man who is a slave to the working life. He dreads working his nine-to-five job, but his love for drag racing motivates him to work so he can live for the night.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=43}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=76}} Similar to other album tracks, it uses the highway as a means for escape.{{efn|Springsteen further explored the themes of "Night" on ''Darkness on the Edge of Town''.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=82–83}}}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=82–83}} Musically, the song contains various minor and major [[Key (music)|key]] shifts in the music; Masur argues the minor key "condemns the monotonous world of daytime work" and the major key "offers the possibilities of screeching off into the night".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=75}} Margotin and Guesdon highlight the wall of sound production and compare its rock-and-roll sound to [[Chuck Berry]].{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=82–83}}

"Backstreets" features a long piano-led intro.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=84–85}} Described by Masur as "operatic and theatrical",{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=78}} the band took inspiration from various Dylan and Orbison songs for the instrumental parts.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=84–85}} The song tells the story of the narrator's friendship with an individual named Terry, using both realistic and poetic imagery. The two become close until their relationship is broken after Terry leaves the narrator for someone else, after which the narrator "reflects that he and Terry did not turn out to be the heroes 'we thought we had to be{{'}}". Terry's gender is unclear, leading some reviewers to interpret the relationship as homosexual.{{efn|The writer William Ruhlmann has argued that Springsteen later explored a platonic but powerful friendship between two men in the ''[[Born in the U.S.A.]]'' track "[[Bobby Jean]]" (1984).<ref name="AMBack" />}}{{efn|Masur argues that live performances of the song in the late 1970s clarify that Terry is a woman.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=80}}}}<ref name="AMBack">{{cite web |last=Ruhlmann |first=William |title='Backstreets' – Bruce Springsteen Song Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/backstreets-mt0006342674 |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200135/https://www.allmusic.com/song/backstreets-mt0006342674 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBGuide" /><ref name="Treble" /> The song contains autobiographical elements related to Springsteen's youth, with cinematic references.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=84–85}}

===Side two===
{{Listen
|filename=Bruce_Springsteen_-_Born_to_Run_sample.ogg
|title="Born to Run"
|description="Born to Run" combines a Wall of Sound production with anthemic lyrics about escaping from a depressing life.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}}
|pos=right}}
"Born to Run" uses the automobile as a means to escape from a depressing life.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=48–49}} The characters, described as "tramps",{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=83}} include the narrator and a girl named Wendy. The former works a dreary job, "sweating out" the "runaway American dream", and joins a car community at night.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=43}} He tells Wendy the town they live in is a "death trap" and they need to leave "while [they're] young" because "tramps like us{{nbsp}}... were born to run".{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}} Reviewers have analyzed the song's anthemic message as containing both an "underlying sadness"{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=48–49}} and "a feeling of desperation",{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=43}} as the narrator promises Wendy they will one day reach the promised land, but he does not know when. He simply wants to run away with her to  "help him discover if his youthful notions of love are real", and "pledges his desire to die with her in the street" and love her "with all the madness in [his] soul".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=43}} The song's music combines rock and roll and hard rock with rockabilly, jazz, and Tin Pan Alley,{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=33}} complete with a Wall of Sound production.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}} AllMusic's Jason Ankeny described the song as "a celebration of the rock & roll spirit, capturing the music's youthful abandon, delirious passion, and extraordinary promise with cinematic exhilaration".<ref name="AnkenyBorn">{{cite web |last=Ankeny |first=Jason |title='Born to Run' – Bruce Springsteen Song Review |url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/born-to-run-mt0006207588 |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527211254/https://www.allmusic.com/song/born-to-run-mt0006207588 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Richard Davis.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|alt=A man playing a double bass|[[Richard Davis (bassist)|Richard Davis]], pictured in 1987, played [[double bass]] on "[[Meeting Across the River]]".]]
"She's the One" is about the narrator's complete obsession for a girl.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=202}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=87–88}} The girl, however, is a liar and bad for him, yet he keeps returning to her.<ref name="UCRGuide" />{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=42}} Springsteen never revealed the song's inspiration, although Margotin and Guesdon suggest it was Karen Darvin, Springsteen's girlfriend at the time.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=90–91}} The song musically incorporates a [[Bo Diddley beat]].{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=90–91}}<ref name="BBGuide" />{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=202}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=87–88}} The jazzy<ref name="UCRGuide" /> "Meeting Across the River" musically and lyrically departs from the previous songs,{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=89–90}} utilizing piano and trumpet to create what Margotin and Guesdon describe as a "film noir jazz ambience" that "clashes with the other tracks".{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=92–93}} In it, the narrator and his partner Eddie are small-time gangsters who plan an illegal deal across the [[Hudson River]], striving for a big score that will earn him a large amount of money to impress his girlfriend.<ref name="UCRGuide" />{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=92–93}}<ref name="BBGuide" />{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=43–44}} With themes of despair and hopelessness, the song ends before a narrative resolution, leaving whether or not the gangsters succeeded ambiguous.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=89–90}}

"Jungleland" takes place in the titular location, where a meeting between gang members at midnight is interrupted by the police.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=94–97}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=91–93}} With a dark atmosphere,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=94–97}} the track observes a New Jersey gang member known as the Magic Rat, who escapes law enforcement in [[Harlem]] with his unnamed partner referred to as the "barefoot girl". Towards the end, the Rat and the girl's relationship has broken apart; she leaves him, and he is killed in the streets.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=44–45}} The Rat is gunned down by his "own dream", symbolizing, in Masur's words, that "the runaway American dream will kill us in the end, and the dream of escape is just another version that entraps us".{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=91–93}} Following his demise, destruction continues across the streets until they are left in complete devastation.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=202–203}} Over nine minutes in length, the track is led by Springsteen's vocal, Bittan's piano, and Suki Lahav's violin,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=94–97}} and features an extended saxophone solo from Clemons that lasts for over two minutes.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=91–93}}
{{clear}}

==Artwork and packaging==
[[File:SpringsteenMadison.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A black-and-white photograph of a man holding a saxophone with another man peering from behind him, singing into a microphone.|The cover art of ''Born to Run'' features Springsteen (right) leaning on the shoulder of [[E Street Band]] saxophonist [[Clarence Clemons]] (left).]]
The [[cover art]] of ''Born to Run'' was taken by the photographer [[Eric Meola]] at his personal studio on June 20, 1975. Springsteen's busy recording schedule meant he kept missing shooting dates.<ref name="Louder">{{cite web |title=The story behind Bruce Springsteen's Born To Run album artwork |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-album-artwork-interview |website=Louder |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=July 20, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231428/https://www.loudersound.com/features/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-album-artwork-interview |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=100}} When he finally showed up, he brought Clemons,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=72}} whom he wanted on the cover.<ref name="Louder" />{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=102}} Meola shot 900 frames in the three-hour session,{{efn|These photos were compiled and published in Meola's book ''Born to Run: The Unseen Photos'' (2006).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meola |first1=Eric |last2=Springsteen |first2=Bruce |title=Born to Run: The Unseen Photos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFO9PAAACAAJ |publisher=Insight Editions |access-date=April 21, 2024 |date=2006 |isbn=978-1-93378-409-0 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=72}} some of which showed Springsteen under a fire escape, tuning a radio, and with a guitar;<ref name="Louder" /> unused shots were used by Columbia for advertising.{{efn|Another shot was later used for the 2024 compilation album ''[[Best of Bruce Springsteen]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/bruce-springsteen-announces-new-greatest-hits-album/|title=Bruce Springsteen Announces New Greatest Hits Album|last=Strauss|first=Matthew|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=March 1, 2024|access-date=March 2, 2024|archive-date=March 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302003201/https://pitchfork.com/news/bruce-springsteen-announces-new-greatest-hits-album/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=102}}

In the chosen black-and-white shot,{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=200–201}}{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=102}} Springsteen is holding a guitar while leaning against Clemons.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=72}} Springsteen is wearing a black leather jacket, and Clemons is in a white shirt with a striped pattern and wearing a black hat.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=200–201}} Meola said the shot was a clear standout:<ref name="Louder" /> "I wanted something that was nearly impossible to print, but beautiful to look at if printed perfectly—somehow innocent yet street-smart."{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=102}} An Elvis Presley pin appears on Springsteen's guitar strap, which he wore to display Presley's inspiration on him as a musician.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=106–107}} His guitar, a [[Fender Telecaster]] with an [[Fender Esquire|Esquire]] neck,<ref>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Randy |date=February 13, 2014 |title=Bruce Springsteen on the Stratocaster |url=https://documents.latimes.com/bruce-springsteen-stratocaster/ |work=Los Angeles Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220035220/http://documents.latimes.com/bruce-springsteen-stratocaster/ |archive-date=February 20, 2014 }}</ref> later appeared on the covers of ''[[Live 1975–85]]'' (1986), ''[[Human Touch]]'' (1992), and ''[[Greatest Hits (Bruce Springsteen album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (1995).{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=72}} The ''Born to Run'' cover was included in a ''Rolling Stone'' readers' poll of the best album covers of all time in 2011.<ref name="ReadersPoll">{{cite magazine |date=June 15, 2011 |title=Readers Poll: The Best Album Covers of All Time |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/readers-poll-the-best-album-covers-of-all-time-20110615/bruce-sprignsteen-born-to-run-0822949 |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129090940/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/readers-poll-the-best-album-covers-of-all-time-20110615/bruce-sprignsteen-born-to-run-0822949 |archive-date=November 29, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> Masur called it "classic" and "one of the most iconic images in rock history".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=100}}

The image covers both sides of the LP sleeve; the inside features lyrics and a portrait of Springsteen.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=72}} Columbia's art director [[John Berg (art director)|John Berg]] created the fold-over sleeve, and Andy Engel was responsible for the typography.<ref name="Louder" /> Berg stated that "it probably took a week of negotiating" with the label to create the fold-over cover because "it was breaking the code; we didn't do that unless we had two records".<ref name="Louder" /> Landau's name was misspelled as "John" instead of "Jon" on the initial pressings; Columbia printed stickers to cover up the error—reportedly up to 400,000.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=70}} A few original pressings have "Meeting Across the River" billed under its initial title "The Heist", and the original album cover has the title handwritten with a broad-nib pen. These copies, known as the "script cover", are very rare and among the most sought after of Springsteen memorabilia.{{sfn|Kaye|Brewer|2008|p=xii}}

Springsteen and Clemons occasionally remade the cover pose onstage during their concerts.<ref name="CoS45Reasons" /> The pose has since been imitated by other singers and musicians, including [[Cheap Trick]] on the 1983 album ''[[Next Position Please]]'', [[Mai Kuraki]] on the cover of her 2001 single "[[Stand Up (Mai Kuraki song)|Stand Up]]", [[Tom and Ray Magliozzi]] on the cover of the 2003 ''[[Car Talk]]'' compilation ''Born Not to Run: More Disrespectful Car Songs'', and [[Los Secretos]] for their 2015 album ''Algo prestado''.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|p=70}}<ref name="UCRCovers">{{cite web |last=Irwin |first=Corey |title=Bruce Springsteen 'Born to Run' Album Cover Copycats |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-album-cover-copycats/ |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |access-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607015054/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-album-cover-copycats/ |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |date=August 24, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Outside of music, the [[webcomic]] strip ''[[Kevin and Kell]]'' imitated the pose on a Sunday strip entitled "Born to Migrate", featuring Kevin Dewclaw as Springsteen with a carrot and Kell Dewclaw as Clemons with a pile of bones, and the ''[[Sesame Street]]'' characters [[Bert (Sesame Street)|Bert]] and the [[Cookie Monster]] imitated the pose on the cover of the ''Sesame Street'' album ''Born to Add''.<ref name="UCRCovers" />{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=148}}

==Release and promotion==
Springsteen and the E Street Band went on a tour of the US East Coast on July 20, 1975, immediately after mixing on ''Born to Run'' was completed; Springsteen approved the final master recording while on the road.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=197–198}} The tour continued into August, including an all sold-out five-night, ten-show stint at [[The Bottom Line (venue)|the Bottom Line]] nightclub in [[Greenwich Village]].{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=199–200}} Columbia purchased one-fifth of the venue tickets for rock journalists and media for promotion.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=39–40}} Expectations were high. Clemons remembered: "We were right on the verge. If we had flopped at the Bottom Line, it would have been very detrimental to us emotionally."<ref name="Fricke1987" /> The shows were a major success, receiving praise from both critics{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=119–120}} and from Columbia's former president [[Clive Davis]].{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=199–200}} Kirkpatrick stated they "showed rock fans and media alike that Springsteen was no creation of industry hype; he was the real deal".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=40}} ''Rolling Stone'' later included the shows in a 1987 list chronicling 20 concerts that changed rock and roll.<ref name="Fricke1987">{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Fricke |title=Live! Twenty Concerts that Changed Rock & Roll |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=June 4, 1987 |issue=501 |pages=89–90}}</ref>

''Born to Run'' was accompanied by a $250,000 promotional campaign by Columbia/CBS,{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=39}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=70–71}} directed at both consumers and the music industry, led by the executive Glen Brunman.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=199–200}} In the buildup to the album's release, CBS spent $40,000 on advertisements that utilized Springsteen's first two albums and Landau's "I saw rock and roll future and its name is Bruce Springsteen" quote, which had been published in ''The Real Paper'' after Landau witnessed Springsteen perform "Born to Run" for the first time live in May 1975.{{efn|CBS and Columbia reignited promotion for Springsteen after seeing the quote; one executive used the quote on posters for record stores.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=180–181}}}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=48–49}} The ads increased sales of both albums significantly enough to chart on the ''Billboard'' Top LPs & Tape chart, barely above number 60, two years after their original releases.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=124–125}} Preorders for ''Born to Run'' were upwards of 350,000 units, more than twice the sales of ''Greetings'' and ''Wild'' combined.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=127}}

Released on August 25, 1975,{{efn|name=release date|Other sources, including the [[Recording Industry Association of America]], cite a release date of September 1, 1975.{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=40}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=198}}<ref name="RIAA" /> Springsteen's website lists the date as August 25.<ref name="WebsiteDate" />}}<ref name="RSMaking" /><ref name="Ruhlmann" /><ref name="WebsiteDate">{{cite web |title=Born to Run |url=https://brucespringsteen.net/albums/born-to-run/ |website=Bruce Springsteen Official Website |access-date=August 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429032437/https://brucespringsteen.net/albums/born-to-run/ |archive-date=April 29, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Born to Run'' peaked at number 3 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' Top LPs & Tape]] chart,<ref name="bbchart"/> topped the ''[[Record World]]'' chart{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=70–71}} and reached number 36 on the [[UK Albums Chart]].{{efn|name=UKchart|''Born to Run'' achieved a new peak of number 17 in the UK in 1985.<ref name="UK2">{{cite web |title=''Born to Run'' – Bruce Springsteen {{!}} Official Charts |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/albums/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |website=Official Charts |publisher=Official Charts Company |access-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022232818/https://www.officialcharts.com/albums/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}<ref name="ukchart" /> Elsewhere, ''Born to Run'' reached number 7 in Australia,{{sfn|Kent|1993|p=289}} the Netherlands,<ref name="NETHchart" /> and Sweden,<ref name="SWEchart" /> 20 in Ireland,<ref name="IREchart" /> 26 in Norway,<ref name="NORchart" /> 28 in New Zealand,<ref name="NZchart" /> and 31 in Canada.<ref name="CANchart" /> By the end of 1975, it had sold 700,000 copies.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=210}} By 2022, ''Born to Run'' was certified [[RIAA certification|seven times platinum]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) in the US.<ref name="RIAA" /> The album was supported by two singles. The first, "Born to Run" with "Meeting Across the River" as the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]], was released on August 25, 1975,{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=86–89}} reached number 23 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]],{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=128}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Billboard Top 100 for the Week of November 1, 1975 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1975-11-01/ |magazine=Billboard |access-date=10 March 2025}}</ref> and proved popular with radio stations and live audiences.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=210}} The second, "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out" backed by "She's the One",{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=80–81}} appeared in January 1976{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=132}} and reached number 83.<ref name="UCRGuide" />

===Media hype and backlash===
The album was highly anticipated and publicized. In October 1975,{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=129}} Springsteen became the first artist to appear on the covers of the magazines ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'' simultaneously.<ref name="UCRMags">{{cite web |last=Lifton |first=Dave |title=Revisiting Bruce Springsteen's 'Time' and 'Newsweek' Covers |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-time-newsweek/ |access-date=August 22, 2023 |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |date=October 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617132317/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springsteen-time-newsweek/ |archive-date=June 17, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Time''{{'s}} [[Jay Cocks]] focused on him as an artist,{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=45–46}} while ''Newsweek''{{'s}} [[Maureen Orth]] focused on Columbia's promotional campaign{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=128}}<ref name="UCRMags" /> and the hype surrounding Springsteen,{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=45–46}} insisting that he was an industry-made pop star.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=206}}

The question of hype became a story in itself, as critics wondered if Springsteen was legitimate or the product of record company promotion.<ref name="EdwardsNYT">{{cite web |last=Edwards |first=Henry |title=If There Hadn't Been a Bruce Springsteen, Then the Critics Would Have Made Him Up; The Invention of Bruce Springsteen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/05/archives/if-there-hadnt-been-a-bruce-springsteen-then-the-critics-would-have.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=October 5, 1975 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230641/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/05/archives/if-there-hadnt-been-a-bruce-springsteen-then-the-critics-would-have.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RockwellNYT">{{cite web |last=Rockwell |first=John |author-link=John Rockwell |title=The Pop Life; 'Hype' and the Springsteen Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/24/archives/the-pop-life-hype-and-the-springsteen-case.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=October 24, 1975 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230642/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/10/24/archives/the-pop-life-hype-and-the-springsteen-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The journalist [[John Sinclair (poet)|John Sinclair]] of the ''[[Ann Arbor Sun]]'' claimed that Dave Marsh and Jon Landau were "co-conspirators on a massive Springsteen hype".{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=131}} Examinations on the hype continued after the album's release with articles by ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek|BusinessWeek]]'' and England's ''[[Melody Maker]]'', the latter arguing that Springsteen was "no hype" at all because he "is really good", and {{"'}}hype' only services artists who do not deserve the attention".{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=133}} In retrospect, Masur stated: "Most of the backlash against Springsteen came in the form of disgust with the hype, not the music, even though writing about the hype only fed the publicity machine."{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=132}} 

Springsteen was hurt by the media backlash, particularly an article by Henry Edwards in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that slandered both himself and ''Born to Run''.<ref name="EdwardsNYT" />{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=133}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=129–130}} He felt that the publicity got out of his control{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=207}} and Columbia's campaign that labeled him the future of rock and roll was a mistake.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=134–135}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=130}} He also reportedly felt a loss of innocence after the album's release, claiming to have reached a low point in the immediate months.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=134–135}} When the backlash subsided, sales tapered off and ''Born to Run'' was off the chart after 29 weeks.{{sfn|Clarke|1990|p=1109}} In his 1999 book ''Flowers in the Dustbin'', former ''Rolling Stone'' and ''Newsweek'' writer James Miller wrote that the "mass-marketing" of Springsteen in the US and [[David Bowie]]'s [[Ziggy Stardust (character)|Ziggy Stardust]] in the UK led to the notion that "the age of innocence in rock was well and truly over—probably forever".{{sfn|Miller|1999|p=325}}

== Critical reception ==
''Born to Run'' received highly positive reviews from [[Music journalism|music critics]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Masur |first=Louis P. |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/08/21/the-long-run-with-springsteen/ |title=The long run with Springsteen |date=August 21, 2005 |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=July 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134753/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-08-21/news/0508210350_1_rock-n-roll-rolling-stone-bruce-springsteen |archive-date=July 14, 2014 }}</ref> particularly for its cinematic storytelling and Wall of Sound production.<ref name="UCRGuide" /> [[Greil Marcus]] wrote in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' that Springsteen enhances romanticized American themes with his majestic sound, ideal style of rock and roll, evocative lyrics, and an impassioned delivery that defines a "magnificent" album.<ref name="MarcusRS">{{cite magazine |last=Marcus |first=Greil |author-link=Greil Marcus |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/born-to-run-19851001 |title=Born to Run |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=October 9, 1975 |access-date=July 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723171213/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/born-to-run-19851001 |archive-date=July 23, 2014 |url-access=limited}}</ref> In ''The New York Times'', [[John Rockwell]] described ''Born to Run'' as a masterpiece of "punk poetry" and "one of the great records of recent years".<ref name="RockwellNYT"/> In ''[[The Village Voice]]'', [[Robert Christgau]] felt that Springsteen condenses a significant amount of American myth into songs, and often succeeds in spite of his tendency for histrionics and "pseudotragic beautiful loser fatalism".<ref name="Christgau">{{cite news |last=Christgau |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Christgau |url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv9-75.php |title=Christgau's Consumer Guide |newspaper=[[The Village Voice]] |date=September 22, 1975 |access-date=July 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525054638/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv9-75.php |archive-date=May 25, 2014}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| footer = ''Born to Run'' was praised by many [[Music journalism|music critics]], including [[John Rockwell]] (left, 2015) and [[Robert Hilburn]] (right, 2012).
| image1 = John Rockwell - Pop Conference 2015 - 03 (17159078256) (cropped).jpg
| width1 = 140
| alt1   = A close-up of man older man with glasses speaking at a conference
| image2 = DSC 0855 copy.jpg
| width2 = 155
| alt2   = A photograph of an older man smiling
}}
Several critics expected ''Born to Run'' to lead to Springsteen crossing over into mainstream success.<ref name="RockwellNYT"/><ref name="Billboard" /><ref name="Pareles" /> Reviewers praised the vocal performances,<ref name="Circus" /><ref name="Newsweek 9-1-75">{{harvnb|Masur|2010|p=121: ''Newsweek'', September 1, 1975}}</ref> music,{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="McGee" /><ref name="Creem" /><ref name="MelodyMaker">{{cite magazine |last=Watts |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Watts (journalist) |title='Born to Run' |magazine=[[Melody Maker]] |date=September 6, 1975 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-06.pdf |page=2 |access-date=August 24, 2023 |via=''Cash Box'' magazine |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216214128/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-06.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Album Reviews: Pop Picks |magazine=[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]] |date=September 6, 1975 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-06.pdf |page=20 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |via=worldradiohistory.com |archive-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216214128/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-06.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and production.<ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine |title=Top Album Picks |magazine=Billboard |date=September 6, 1975 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1975/Billboard%201975-09-06.pdf |page=66 |access-date=August 17, 2023 |via=worldradiohistory.com |archive-date=February 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215184105/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1975/Billboard%201975-09-06.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Compared to Springsteen's earlier albums, critics felt the lyrics were more accessible and possessed a "universal quality that transcends the sources and myths he drew upon".<ref name="RockwellNYT"/><ref name="RW">{{cite magazine |title=Hits of the Week: Albums |magazine=[[Record World]] |date=September 6, 1975 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/75/RW-1975-09-06.pdf |page=1 |access-date=August 19, 2023 |via=worldradiohistory.com |archive-date=June 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626015952/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/75/RW-1975-09-06.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lester Bangs]] remarked in ''[[Creem]]'' that he is "no longer cramming as many syllables as possible into every line".<ref name="Creem" /> The performances of the E Street Band were also highlighted, particularly Clemons.<ref name="Billboard" /><ref name="Sounds" />

Some critics, including Bangs and Cocks,<ref name="Creem" />{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=129: Jay Cocks, ''Time''}} hailed Springsteen as a visionary destined to save the rock genre<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Greene |first=Andy |date=October 27, 2015 |title=See Rare Bruce Springsteen Photos From 'Born to Run' Era |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/see-rare-bruce-springsteen-photos-from-born-to-run-era-12775/ |url-status=live |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806055634/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/see-rare-bruce-springsteen-photos-from-born-to-run-era-12775/ |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> from, in [[Stephen Holden]]'s words, "its present state of enervation".<ref name="Circus" /> Bangs said Springsteen "reminds us what it's like to love rock 'n' roll like you just discovered it, and then seize it and make it your own with certainty and precision".<ref name="Creem">Lester Bangs, ''[[Creem]]'': {{harvnb|Masur|2010|pp=124–125}}. {{harvnb|Sawyers|2004|pp=75–77}}</ref> [[Robert Hilburn]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called ''Born to Run'' an "essential" album, stating: "It has been a long time since anyone in rock has put so much passion and ambition in an album."<ref name="LATimes">{{cite magazine |last=Hilburn |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Hilburn |title=Back-to-School Record Collection for Hard Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/383183504/ |magazine=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=September 21, 1975 |pages=64–65 |access-date=August 19, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819192043/https://www.newspapers.com/image/383183504/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Circus (magazine)|Circus Raves]]'', Holden placed ''Born to Run'' amongst the decade's great albums with ''[[Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs|Layla]]'' (1970), ''[[Who's Next]]'' (1971), and ''[[Exile on Main St.]]'' (1972),<ref name="Circus">{{harvnb|Masur|2010|pp=127–128: Stephen Holden, ''[[Circus (magazine)|Circus Raves]]''}}</ref> and David McGee placed Springsteen amongst rock greats such as Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, [[the Beatles]], [[the Rolling Stones]], and Bob Dylan.<ref name="McGee">{{harvnb|Masur|2010|pp=126–127: David McGee}}</ref>

''Born to Run'' received negative reviews from a few critics, who found the production excessive and "heavy-handed",<ref name="Pareles">{{harvnb|Masur|2010|p=125: Jon Pareles}}</ref><ref name="Aquarian" /> the songs "formulaic",<ref name="Aquarian">{{harvnb|Masur|2010|pp=128–129: Joe Edwards, ''Aquarian''}}</ref> "an effusive jumble" and "undistinguished",<ref name="EdwardsNYT" /> and felt Springsteen himself lacked a definitive vocal personality.<ref name="NME" /> [[Langdon Winner]] argued in ''The Real Paper'' that, because Springsteen consciously adheres to traditions and standards extolled in [[rockism|rock criticism]], ''Born to Run'' is "the complete monument to rock and roll orthodoxy".<ref name="ChristgauBadforRock">{{cite news |last=Christgau |first=Robert |date=January 26, 1976 |url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/rock/critics-76.php |title=Yes, There Is a Rock-Critic Establishment (But Is That Bad for Rock?) |newspaper=The Village Voice |access-date=July 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325191836/http://robertchristgau.com/xg/rock/critics-76.php |archive-date=March 25, 2014}}</ref> Mike Jahn of ''[[High Fidelity (magazine)|High Fidelity]]'' complained about the songwriting, believing Springsteen was becoming typecast as a "character composer" after three albums.<ref name="HF">{{cite magazine |last=Jahn |first=Mike |title=Bruce Springsteen: ''Born to Run'' (Columbia PC 33795) |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-iborn-to-runi-columbia-pc-33795 |magazine=[[High Fidelity (magazine)|High Fidelity]] |date=1975 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |via=Rock's Backpages |url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230658/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-iborn-to-runi-columbia-pc-33795 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Roy Carr]] of the ''NME'' unfavorably compared Springsteen to David Bowie, believing he lacked the latter's "breath of vision".<ref name="NME">{{cite magazine |last=Carr |first=Roy |author-link=Roy Carr |title=Bruce Springsteen: ''Born to Run'' (CBS Import) |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-iborn-to-runi-cbs-import |magazine=[[NME]] |date=September 6, 1975 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |via=Rock's Backpages |url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232548/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-iborn-to-runi-cbs-import |url-status=live }}</ref> Carr also found the music uninspired and argued Springsteen himself "often tries too hard, going right over the top on many occasions as a result".<ref name="NME" /> More moderately, Jerry Gilbert of ''[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]]'' believed ''Born to Run'' was not as "essential" as ''Greetings'' and ''Wild'', but had enough "distinction" from the two albums to stand on its own: "I have grown to love it but newcomers to Bruce's music would be better advised to check out what the critics have been raving about in the past. Old fans will need to persevere."<ref name="Sounds">{{cite magazine |last=Gilbert |first=Jerry |title=Bruce Springsteen: ''Born to Run'' (Columbia import) |url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-iborn-to-runi-columbia-import- |magazine=[[Sounds (magazine)|Sounds]] |date=September 13, 1975 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |via=Rock's Backpages |url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230117/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-iborn-to-runi-columbia-import- |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Born to Run'' was voted the third best album of 1975 in the [[Pazz & Jop]], an annual critics poll run by ''[[The Village Voice]]'', behind [[Bob Dylan]] and [[the Band]]'s ''[[The Basement Tapes]]'' and [[Patti Smith]]'s ''[[Horses (album)|Horses]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres75.php |title=The 1975 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll |newspaper=The Village Voice |date=December 29, 1975 |access-date=July 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015053013/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres75.php |archive-date=October 15, 2014 }}</ref> Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it 12th on his own year-end list.<ref>{{cite news |last=Christgau |first=Robert |date=December 29, 1975 |url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pj75.php |title=It's Been a Soft Year for Hard Rock |newspaper=The Village Voice |access-date=July 8, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015052539/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pj75.php |archive-date=October 15, 2014 }}</ref>

==Tours and Appel lawsuit==
{{see also|Born to Run tours}}
[[File:Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band 1977.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=A black and white photograph of seven men standing in a hallway. One is kneeling in the center while three stand on his left and three on his right|Springsteen (center, kneeling) and the [[E Street Band]] in February 1977]]
Springsteen and the E Street Band—Bittan, Clemons, Federici, Tallent, Weinberg, and Van Zandt—continued touring the US throughout the remainder of 1975 to promote ''Born to Run'', performing to larger audiences following the album's success.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=210–211}} In mid-November, the band traveled to Europe to perform their first shows outside North America.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=211–212}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=61}}

The first gigs were two performances at the [[Hammersmith Odeon]] in London.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=211–212}} Springsteen was displeased with the venue's advertisements, personally tearing down the lobby posters and ordered the buttons with Landau's "future of rock and roll" quote printed on them not be given out.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=130–131}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=212–213}} The first show drew mixed reviews from British reviewers. While his stage presence was positively received, others noted the difference in British and American cultures equated to poor audience responses.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=136–138}} Springsteen thought the show was a disaster.{{efn|The November 18 performance was filmed and later released on the ''30th Anniversary Edition'' of ''Born to Run'' in 2005.<ref name="Guardian30" /><ref name="Pitchfork" /> The performance appeared as a separate [[live album]], ''[[Hammersmith Odeon, London '75]]'', in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|last=Costa|first=Maddy|title=Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Hammersmith Odeon London '75|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/feb/24/popandrock.shopping8|website=The Guardian|access-date=April 25, 2017|date=February 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223014157/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/feb/24/popandrock.shopping8|archive-date=February 23, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=61}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|pp=212–213}} Upon their return to the US, the band played five sold-out shows at the [[Tower Theater (Pennsylvania)|Tower Theater]] in [[Philadelphia]] at the end of December.{{efn|The December 31 show was later released as a live album, ''[[Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975]]'', in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Download Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band December 31, 1975, Tower Theater, Upper Darby, PA MP3 and FLAC |url=https://live.brucespringsteen.net/live-music/0,12046/Bruce-Springsteen---The-E-Street-Band-mp3-flac-download-12-31-1975-Tower-Theater-Upper-Darby-PA.html |website=Bruce Springsteen Live |access-date=January 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605064507/https://live.brucespringsteen.net/live-music/0,12046/Bruce-Springsteen---The-E-Street-Band-mp3-flac-download-12-31-1975-Tower-Theater-Upper-Darby-PA.html |archive-date=June 5, 2023 |date=2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=213}}

By 1976, Springsteen had disagreements with Appel over the direction of his career; Appel wanted to capitalize on ''Born to Run''{{'s}} success with a [[live album]], while Springsteen wanted to return to the studio with Landau.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=144}}{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=49–51}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=60}} Springsteen was also concerned with the lack of personal revenue given the album's success.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=61–62}} Realizing that the terms of his record contract were unfavorable, he sued Appel in July 1976 for ownership of his work. The resulting legal proceedings prevented him from recording in a studio for almost a year,{{efn|Springsteen could not record in a studio without a producer approved by Appel.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=102–109}}}} during which he continued touring with the E Street Band.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=102–109}}<ref name="CameronGuardian" /> The second leg of the Born to Run Tour, nicknamed the Chicken Scratch tour, ran from March to May throughout the [[Southern United States|American South]].{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=223}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|p=137}}

Springsteen wrote new material on the road and at his farm home in [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey|Holmdel, New Jersey]], reportedly amassing between 40 and 70 songs.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=102–109}}<ref name="CameronGuardian">{{cite web |last=Cameron |first=Keith |title=Bruce Springsteen: 'People thought we were gone. Finished' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/23/bruce-springsteen-darkness-edge-town |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 23, 2010 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002195304/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/23/bruce-springsteen-darkness-edge-town |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> He continued performing for nine months between August 1976 and May 1977, dubbed the Lawsuit tour, debuting new songs such as "Something in the Night" and "The Promise" that became live favorites.{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=226}}{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=146–149}} The lawsuit reached a settlement on May 28, 1977; Springsteen bought out his contract with Appel, who received a lump sum and a share of [[Royalty payment|royalties]] from the first three albums.{{efn|In 1983, Appel sold his share back to Springsteen, giving Springsteen full ownership of his own music.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=102–109}}}}{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|pp=49–51}}{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=102–109}}{{sfn|Gaar|2016|pp=68–70}} Springsteen and the band immediately entered the studio to record the follow-up to ''Born to Run'' at the start of June, with Landau co-producing.{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=149–150}} The recording sessions lasted nine months{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=245}} as Springsteen demanded perfection from the musicians and moved between different studios.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=102–109}} The album, ''[[Darkness on the Edge of Town]]'', was finally released in June 1978, three years after ''Born to Run''.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=71}}

==Legacy==
The success of ''Born to Run'' saved Springsteen's career<ref name="WSJ" /> and launched him to stardom.<ref name="UCR" />{{sfn|Dolan|2012|pp=133–134}}<ref name="UCRRockAlbums" /> The album established a solid national fan base for Springsteen, which he built on with each subsequent release.<ref name="mtv">{{cite web |last=Ruhlmann |first=William |title=Bruce Springsteen Bio {{!}} Bruce Springsteen Career |url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/bruce-springsteen/biography/ |website=[[MTV]] |access-date=November 8, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108135128/http://www.mtv.com/artists/bruce-springsteen/biography/ |archive-date=November 8, 2016 }}</ref> According to Kirkpatrick, it "not only gave Springsteen his first hit record, it transformed seventies rock music while pushing the boundaries of what a singer-songwriter could achieve within the rock genre".{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=45}} Hilburn and Carlin compare ''Born to Run'' to albums that "established a sound and identity powerful enough to permanently alter the perceptions of those who heard it", including Elvis Presley's [[Elvis Presley (album)|first album]] (1956) and ''[[The Sun Sessions]]'' (1976), the Beatles' American debut ''[[Meet the Beatles!]]'' (1964), Bob Dylan's ''[[Highway 61 Revisited]]'' (1965) and ''[[Blonde on Blonde]]'' (1966), and [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]'s ''[[Nevermind]]'' (1991).{{sfn|Hilburn|1985|p=68: ''The Sun Sessions'' and ''Highway 61 Revisited''}}{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=203}} Some critics argued ''Born to Run'' represented an amalgamation of the previous two decades of rock and roll that would push the next two decades of rock and beyond forward.<ref name="UCRBest">{{cite web |last=Lifton |first=Dave |title=Bruce Springsteen Albums Ranked Worst to Best |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springteen-albums-ranked/ |website=Ultimate Classic Rock |access-date=January 31, 2023 |date=July 29, 2015 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204163232/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/bruce-springteen-albums-ranked/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Carlin|2012|p=203}} In a 2005 article in ''Treble'', Hubert Vigilla referred to the album as "the Great American Rock and Roll Record".<ref name="Treble">{{cite web |last=Vigilla |first=Hubert |title=Bruce Springsteen's ''Born to Run'' is a classic rock triumph |url=https://www.treblezine.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |website=Treble |access-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115024854/https://www.treblezine.com/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |archive-date=November 15, 2022 |date=September 5, 2005 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Springsteen and the E Street Band have performed ''Born to Run'' in its entirety on several occasions,<ref name="CRR">{{cite web |title=''Born to Run'' by Bruce Springsteen |url=https://www.classicrockreview.com/2015/09/1975-springsteen-born-to-run/ |website=Classic Rock Review |access-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128194702/https://www.classicrockreview.com/2015/09/1975-springsteen-born-to-run/ |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |date=September 17, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> including at the [[Count Basie Center for the Arts|Count Basie Theatre]] in [[Red Bank, New Jersey]], on May 7, 2008,<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Andy |last=Greene |title=Bruce Springsteen Performs Two Full LPs at Rare Theater Show |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bruce-springsteen-thrills-fans-performs-two-full-lps-at-rare-theater-show-20080508 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=May 8, 2008 |access-date=November 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108134544/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bruce-springsteen-thrills-fans-performs-two-full-lps-at-rare-theater-show-20080508 |archive-date=November 8, 2016 }}</ref> at the [[United Center]] in [[Chicago]], Illinois, on September 20, 2009,<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Andy |last=Greene |title=Bruce Springsteen Playing All of 'Born to Run' in Chicago |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bruce-springsteen-playing-all-of-born-to-run-in-chicago-20090728#ixzz1cCE16YQd |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=July 28, 2009 |access-date= October 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111223145234/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bruce-springsteen-playing-all-of-born-to-run-in-chicago-20090728 |archive-date=December 23, 2011 }}</ref> and other shows on the fall 2009 leg of the [[Working on a Dream Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band announce hiatus |url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2009/09/16/bruce-springsteen-the-e-street-band-announce-hitaus/ |website=[[Consequence (publication)|Consequence of Sound]] |access-date= November 8, 2016 |date=September 16, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130912093258/http://consequenceofsound.net/2009/09/16/bruce-springsteen-the-e-street-band-announce-hitaus/ |archive-date=September 12, 2013 }}</ref> It was also partly or entirely performed on certain shows of the 2013 [[Wrecking Ball World Tour]].<ref name="njcom">{{cite web |last=Goldstein |first=Stan |title=Bruce Springsteen's Wrecking Ball tour: Stats and tidbits as European leg ends |url=http://www.nj.com/springsteen/index.ssf/2013/07/bruce_springsteen_4.html |website=NJ.com |date=July 31, 2013 |access-date=November 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108142644/http://www.nj.com/springsteen/index.ssf/2013/07/bruce_springsteen_4.html |archive-date= November 8, 2016 }}</ref> The full album was again performed on June 20, 2013, at the [[Coventry Building Society Arena|Ricoh Arena]] in [[Coventry]], England, and dedicated to the memory of the actor [[James Gandolfini]], who had died of a heart attack the previous day.{{efn|E Street Band member Steven Van Zandt had acted alongside Gandolfini in the television series ''[[The Sopranos]]'' (1999–2007).<ref name="Gandolfini" />}}<ref name="Gandolfini">{{cite magazine |last=Danton |first=Eric R. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bruce-springsteen-dedicates-born-to-run-to-james-gandolfini-onstage-20130621 |title= Bruce Springsteen Dedicates 'Born to Run' to James Gandolfini Onstage |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=June 21, 2013 |access-date= June 21, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130624053335/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bruce-springsteen-dedicates-born-to-run-to-james-gandolfini-onstage-20130621 |archive-date=June 24, 2013 }}</ref>

===Analysis===
The success of ''Born to Run'' was tied to the fears of growing old held by a generation of late teenagers. Having missed the 1950s [[beat music|beat]] era and 1960s [[Civil rights movement|civil rights]] and [[Anti-war movement|anti-war]] movements, teenagers in the mid-1970s felt disconnected in an era of political turmoil with the Vietnam War and the [[Richard Nixon's resignation speech|resignation]] of president [[Richard Nixon]].{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=111–112}} The decade was also plagued by [[stagflation]] that affected [[Working class in the United States|working class Americans]], resulting in the loss of the American dream for many.<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite web |last=Zeitz |first=Joshua |author-link=Joshua Zeitz |title=How Bruce Springsteen's ''Born to Run'' Captured the Decline of the American Dream |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/08/born-to-run-at-40/402137/ |website=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121162013/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/08/born-to-run-at-40/402137/ |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |date=August 24, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Commentators note that ''Born to Run'' collectively captured the ideals of an entire generation of American youths<ref name="week" /><ref name="Paste70s">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/1970s/best-albums-of-the-1970s |title=The 100 Best Albums of the 1970s |date=January 7, 2020 |magazine=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]] |access-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807190723/https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/1970s/best-albums-of-the-1970s |url-status=live }}</ref> and "spoke to the cultural shift" between the 1960s and 1970s.{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=111–112}} [[Joshua Zeitz]] of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' summarized: "Springsteen embodied the lost '70s—the tense, political, working-class rejection of America's limitations."<ref name="Atlantic" /> Springsteen himself stated in 2005:{{sfn|Masur|2010|pp=112–113}}

{{blockquote|The thing people tend to forget about ''Born to Run'' is that it was post-Watergate, post-Vietnam. People just didn't feel that young anymore, and that is part of what made that record present because I was dealing with a lot of classic rock imagery and classic rock sounds but I was writing in a particular moment when people had sort of their legs cut out from underneath them.}}

===Retrospective reviews===
{{Album ratings
| subtitle = Retrospective reviews
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref name="Ruhlmann">{{cite web |last=Ruhlmann |first=William |title=''Born to Run'' – Bruce Springsteen |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/born-to-run-mw0000650803 |publisher=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143332/https://www.allmusic.com/album/born-to-run-mw0000650803 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''
| rev2Score = {{Rating|3.5|4}}<ref name="Kot">{{cite news |last=Kot |first=Greg |author-link=Greg Kot |date=August 23, 1992 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/08/23/the-recorded-history-of-springsteen/ |title=The Recorded History of Springsteen |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=July 8, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014214/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1992-08-23/entertainment/9203170100_1_star-lucky-town-springsteen |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies|Christgau's Record Guide]]''
| rev3Score=A<ref name="CG">{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1981|title=[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]|location=Boston|publisher=[[Ticknor & Fields]]|isbn=0-89919-026-X|chapter=Consumer Guide '70s: S|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=S&bk=70|access-date=March 13, 2019|via=robertchristgau.com|archive-date=April 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413002147/https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=S&bk=70|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
| rev4Score = {{Rating|5|5}}{{sfn|Larkin|2011|p=1,957}}
| rev5 = ''[[MusicHound|MusicHound Rock]]''
| rev5Score = {{rating|5|5}}{{sfn|Graff|1996|pp=638–639}}
| rev6 = ''[[New Musical Express]]''
| rev6score = 9/10<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ace of boss |last1=Bailie |first1=Stuart |last2=Staunton |first2=Terry |date=March 11, 1995 |magazine=[[New Musical Express]] |pages=54–55}}</ref>
| rev7 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''
| rev7Score = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Williams|first=Richard|title=All or Nothing: The Springsteen back catalogue|date=December 1989|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|issue=39|page=149|url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-all-or-nothing|access-date=February 12, 2024|via=Rock's Backpages|url-access=subscription|archive-date=February 12, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212213335/https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/bruce-springsteen-all-or-nothing|url-status=live}}</ref>
| rev8 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''
| rev8Score = {{Rating|5|5}}{{sfn|Sheffield|2004|pp=771–773}}
| rev9 = Sputnikmusic
| rev9Score = 5/5<ref>{{cite web |last=Freeman |first=Channing |title=Bruce Springsteen ''Born To Run'' > Staff Review |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/44142/Bruce-Springsteen-Born-To-Run/ |publisher=Sputnikmusic |date=June 22, 2011 |access-date=June 29, 2011 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143333/https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/44142/Bruce-Springsteen-Born-To-Run/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rev10 = ''[[Tom Hull (critic)|Tom Hull – on the Web]]''
| rev10Score = B+<ref>{{cite web|last=Hull|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Hull (critic)|date=October 29, 2016|url=http://www.tomhull.com/ocston/blog/archives/2444-Streamnotes-October-2016.html|title=Streamnotes (October 2016)|website=Tom Hull – on the Web|access-date=July 2, 2020|archive-date=July 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704021921/http://www.tomhull.com/ocston/blog/archives/2444-Streamnotes-October-2016.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
Retrospective reviewers consider ''Born to Run'' a masterpiece{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="week" /><ref name="Ruhlmann" /><ref name="BBGuide" />{{sfn|Kirkpatrick|2007|p=45}}<ref name="Observer">{{cite web |last=Gertsenzang |first=Peter |title=How Bruce Springsteen Made 'Born To Run' an American Masterpiece |url=https://observer.com/2015/08/how-bruce-springsteen-made-born-to-run-an-american-masterpiece/ |website=[[observer.com|The Observer]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=August 25, 2015 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704091905/https://observer.com/2015/08/how-bruce-springsteen-made-born-to-run-an-american-masterpiece/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and one of Springsteen's best works.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references:<ref name="NMEBest" /><ref name="UpRBest">{{cite web |last=Hyden |first=Steven |title=Every Bruce Springsteen Studio Album, Ranked |url=https://uproxx.com/indie/every-bruce-springsteen-studio-album-ranked/ |website=[[Uproxx]] |access-date=January 31, 2023 |date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204163544/https://uproxx.com/indie/every-bruce-springsteen-studio-album-ranked/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UCRBest" /><ref name="GuardBest" /><ref name="SpinBest">{{cite web |last=Shipley |first=Al |title=Every Bruce Springsteen Album, Ranked |url=https://www.spin.com/2022/11/best-bruce-springsteen-albums/ |website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]] |access-date=January 31, 2023 |date=November 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204163048/https://www.spin.com/2022/11/best-bruce-springsteen-albums/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TelegraphBest">{{Cite web |last=McCormick |first=Neil |author-link=Neil McCormick |date=24 October 2020 |title=Bruce Springsteen: all his albums ranked, from worst to best |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked-worst-best/ |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823165306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/what-to-listen-to/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked-worst-best/ |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |access-date=14 November 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Male |first=Andrew |title=Bruce Springsteen's Best Albums Ranked |url=https://www.mojo4music.com/articles/the-mojo-list/bruce-springsteens-best-albums-ranks/ |magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]] |access-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207212454/https://www.mojo4music.com/articles/the-mojo-list/bruce-springsteens-best-albums-ranks/ |archive-date=December 7, 2024 |date=January 3, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} It has been described as a timeless record<ref name="Slate">{{cite web |last=Masur |first=Louis |title=Born to Run: The groundbreaking Springsteen album almost didn't get released |url=https://slate.com/culture/2009/09/born-to-run-the-groundbreaking-springsteen-album-almost-didnt-get-released.html |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=September 22, 2009 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810232428/https://slate.com/culture/2009/09/born-to-run-the-groundbreaking-springsteen-album-almost-didnt-get-released.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CoS45Reasons">{{cite web |last=Blum |first=Jordan |title=45 Reasons We Still Love Bruce Springsteen's ''Born to Run'' |url=https://consequence.net/2020/08/gimme-a-reason-bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |website=Consequence |access-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325231912/https://consequence.net/2020/08/gimme-a-reason-bruce-springsteen-born-to-run/ |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |date=August 25, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> that set the stage for a career marked by a signature, distinctive sound and lyrics detailing aspirations towards the American dream.<ref name="BBGuide" /><ref name="UCRRockAlbums">{{cite web |url=https://ultimateclassicrock.com/70s-rock-albums/ |title=Top 100 '70s Rock Albums |date=October 26, 2022 |work=Ultimate Classic Rock |access-date=August 25, 2023 |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116164140/https://ultimateclassicrock.com/70s-rock-albums/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Further praise was given to the instrumentation between Springsteen and the E Street Band,<ref name="Paste70s" /> and for its improvements over its predecessor, ''Wild''.<ref name="Ruhlmann" /><ref name="CoS45Reasons" /> Lou Thomas of [[BBC Music]] described the album as "a classic, honest musical expression of hope, dreams and survival".<ref name="bbcrev">{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lou |title=Review of Bruce Springsteen – ''Born to Run'' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/gmjw/ |work=[[BBC Music]] |year=2007 |access-date=November 8, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019004544/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/gmjw/ |archive-date=October 19, 2016 }}</ref> Another writer from ''[[The Guardian]]'', Michael Hann, said ''Born to Run'' was "the album where Springsteen starts to make the transition from a musician to an idea, a representation of a set of personal and musical values".<ref name="GuardBest">{{cite web |last=Hann |first=Michael |title=Bruce Springsteen's albums – ranked! |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/30/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked/ |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=January 31, 2023 |date=May 30, 2019 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131004605/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/30/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked |url-status=live}}</ref>

Despite its acclaim, ''Born to Run'' has attracted negative attention from writers who feel the production is "too overblown",<ref name="PMK&M">{{cite web |last1=Klinger |first1=Eric |last2=Mendelsohn |first2=Jason |title=Counterbalance 18: Bruce Springsteen – ''Born to Run'' |url=https://www.popmatters.com/bruce-springsteen-born-run-counterbalance-2496086782.html |website=PopMatters |access-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200138/https://www.popmatters.com/bruce-springsteen-born-run-counterbalance-2496086782.html |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |date=June 8, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and presents Springsteen as "more of a synthesist than an innovator".<ref name="Kot" /> [[AllMusic]]'s William Ruhlmann conversely argues that "to call [the album] overblown is to miss the point", as doing so was Springsteen's intention, concluding that "it declared its own greatness with songs and a sound that lived up to Springsteen's promise".<ref name="Ruhlmann" /> In a later piece for ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' magazine, Christgau wrote that the record's major flaw was its pompous declaration of greatness, typified by elements such as the "wall-of-sound, [[white soul|white-soul]]-at-the-opera-house" aesthetic and an "unresolved quest narrative". Nonetheless, he maintained ''Born to Run'' was important for how "its class-conscious songcraft provided a relief from the emptier pretensions of late-hippie [[arena rock|arena-rock]]".<ref name="Blender"/> ''[[PopMatters]]'' writer Christopher John Stephens argued the album's strengths can be viewed as its weaknesses.<ref name="PopMatters">{{cite web |last=Stephens |first=Christopher John |title=Bruce Springsteen's 'Born to Run' Brought Elegiac Depth and Youthful Romanticism to Heartland Rock |url=https://www.popmatters.com/bruce-springsteen-born-run-atr-2646801566.html |website=[[PopMatters]] |access-date=August 10, 2023 |date=August 25, 2020 |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200135/https://www.popmatters.com/bruce-springsteen-born-run-atr-2646801566.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Rankings===
''Born to Run'' has frequently appeared on lists of the greatest albums of the 1970s<ref name="UCRRockAlbums" /><ref name="Paste70s" /><ref name="AS70s" /> and of all time.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=147}}<ref name="WSJ">{{Cite news |last=Kahn |first=Ashley |title=Springsteen Looks Back On 'Born to Run' |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113157733159792810 |url-status=live |access-date=September 30, 2023 |date=November 10, 2005 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230930174728/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113157733159792810 |archive-date=September 30, 2023 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''NME''{{'s}} Matthew Taub argued that ''Born to Run'' is "probably the single best rock album of the 1970s, and easily one of the finest ever recorded".<ref name="NMEBest">{{cite web |last=Taub |first=Matthew |url=https://www.nme.com/features/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked-2808825 |title=Bruce Springsteen: every album ranked in order of greatness |date=November 8, 2022 |work=NME |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204163135/https://www.nme.com/features/bruce-springsteen-albums-ranked-2808825 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[American Songwriter]]'' included it in a 2023 list compiling 10 albums that shaped the 1970s music landscape.<ref name="AS70s">{{cite web |last=Beviglia |first=Jim |url=https://americansongwriter.com/classic-rock-gems-10-albums-that-shaped-the-1970s-music-landscape/ |title=Classic Rock Gems: 10 Albums That Shaped the 1970s Music Landscape |date=August 28, 2023 |work=[[American Songwriter]] |access-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-date=August 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829030725/https://americansongwriter.com/classic-rock-gems-10-albums-that-shaped-the-1970s-music-landscape/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987, ''Rolling Stone'' ranked it number 8 in a list of the "100 Best Albums of the Last Twenty Years"<ref name=RS1987>{{cite news| first1=Anthony| last1=DeCurtis| author1-link=Anthony DeCurtis |first2=Mark |last2=Coleman| title=The Best 100 Albums of the Last Twenty Years |magazine=Rolling Stone| issue=507| date=August 27, 1987| page=45}}</ref> and in 2003, the magazine ranked it 18th on its list of [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time]],<ref>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-50006/| year=2012| title=500 Greatest Albums of All Time| magazine=Rolling Stone| access-date=September 23, 2019| archive-date=July 4, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704091928/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-50006/| url-status=live}}</ref> maintaining the rating in a 2012 revision and dropping a few slots to number 21 in the 2020 reboot of the list.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-3-1063212/|title=The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=September 22, 2020|access-date=August 8, 2023|archive-date=June 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620144208/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/bruce-springsteen-born-to-run-3-1063212/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2000, [[NPR]] included ''Born to Run'' in a list compiling the 100 most important albums in the 20th century.{{sfn|Masur|2010|p=147}} A year later, the TV network [[VH1]] named it the 27th-greatest album of all time,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/62192/episode_wildcard.jhtml?wildcard=/shows/dynamic/includes/wildcards/the_greatest/album_list_full.jhtml&event_id=862772&start=61 |title=The Greatest: 100 Greatest Albums of Rock & Roll |access-date=January 31, 2007 |work=The Greatest |publisher=[[VH1]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001131714/http://www.vh1.com/shows/dyn/the_greatest/62192/episode_wildcard.jhtml?wildcard=%2Fshows%2Fdynamic%2Fincludes%2Fwildcards%2Fthe_greatest%2Falbum_list_full.jhtml&event_id=862772&start=61 |archive-date=October 1, 2007 }}</ref> and in 2003, it was ranked as the most popular album of all time in the first [[Zagat Survey]] Music Guide.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1984699#| title=Born To Run' Tops Zagat Music Survey| access-date=January 31, 2007| first=Barry A. |last=Jeckell| date=September 23, 2003| magazine=Billboard| archive-date=October 23, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023181800/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1984699| url-status=dead}}</ref> The album was also voted number 20 in the third edition of [[Colin Larkin]]'s ''[[All Time Top 1000 Albums]]'' (2000),{{sfn|Larkin|2000|p=43}} and was included in the book ''[[1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die]]'' (2006).{{sfn|Dimery|Lydon|2006|p=343}} In [[Apple Music]]'s 2024 list of the [[Apple Music 100 Best Albums|100 Best Albums]], the album ranked number 22.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music 100 Best Albums |url=https://100best.music.apple.com/us |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=May 15, 2024 |archive-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514224218/https://100best.music.apple.com/us |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, ''Born to Run'' was added to the [[National Recording Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2004/04-061.html |title=Librarian of Congress Names 50 New Recordings to the National Recording Registry |access-date=January 31, 2007 |date=March 19, 2004 |work=The Library Today |publisher=[[The Library of Congress]] |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070205121156/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2004/04-061.html |archive-date=February 5, 2007 }}</ref> In December 2005, New Jersey representative [[Frank Pallone]] and 21 co-sponsors sponsored H.Res. 628, a bill that would have celebrated the 30th anniversary of ''Born to Run'' and Springsteen's overall career. In general, resolutions honoring native sons are passed with a simple voice vote. The bill failed upon referral to the [[United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce|House Committee on Education and the Workforce]].<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Joal|last=Ryan|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=32521e2b-a367-4e2e-a196-c9caf59a59d3 |title=Senate Shows the Boss Who's Boss |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=November 15, 2005 |access-date=June 11, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611152231/http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=32521e2b-a367-4e2e-a196-c9caf59a59d3 |archive-date=June 11, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reissues==
{{Album ratings
| subtitle = ''30th Anniversary Edition''
| rev1 = ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]''
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="Blender">{{cite magazine |first=Robert |last=Christgau |title=Re-Run: Bruce Springsteen ''Born to Run (30th Anniversary Edition)'' |magazine=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]] |date=January–February 2006}} Posted at {{cite web|work=robertchristgau.com |publisher=Robert Christgau |title=Re-Run |url= http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/springsteen-ble.php |access-date=October 29, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111105200005/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/springsteen-ble.php |archive-date=November 5, 2011 }}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev2score = A−<ref name="EW30">{{cite magazine|last=Sinclair|first=Tom|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1128504,00.html |title=''Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition'' Review |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=November 15, 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725184949/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1128504,00.html |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2024}}</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[The Guardian]]''
| rev3score = {{Rating|5|5}}<ref name="Guardian30">{{cite news |first=Betty |last=Clarke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/18/dvdreviews.shopping1 |title=Bruce Springsteen, ''Born to Run – 30th Anniversary Edition'' |date=November 17, 2005 |newspaper=The Guardian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201191752/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/nov/18/dvdreviews.shopping1 |archive-date=February 1, 2017 }}</ref>
| rev4 = ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''
| rev4Score = 10/10<ref name="Pitchfork">{{cite web |last=Richardson |first=Mark |title=Bruce Springsteen ''Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition'' Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/7728-born-to-run-30th-anniversary-edition/ |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |date=November 18, 2005 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231428/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/7728-born-to-run-30th-anniversary-edition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rev5 = ''[[Stylus Magazine]]''
| rev5score = A<ref name="Stylus30">{{cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Barry |url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/bruce-springsteen/born-to-run-30th-anniversary-edition.htm |title=Bruce Springsteen – ''Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition'' – Review |work=[[Stylus Magazine]] |date=January 18, 2006 |access-date=February 17, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510093511/http://stylusmagazine.com/reviews/bruce-springsteen/born-to-run-30th-anniversary-edition.htm |archive-date=May 10, 2012 }}</ref>
}}
''Born to Run'' was reissued in 1977, 1980, and 1993.{{sfn|Gaar|2016|p=198}} On November 15, 2005,<ref name="Jurek30th">{{cite web |last=Jurek |first=Thom |title=''Born to Run [30th Anniversary Edition]'' – Bruce Springsteen |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/born-to-run-30th-anniversary-edition--mr0001435116 |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-date=August 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819185819/https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/born-to-run-30th-anniversary-edition--mr0001435116 |url-status=live }}</ref> Columbia reissued the album as an expanded [[box set]] to mark the album's 30th anniversary. Titled the ''30th Anniversary Edition'', the package included a remastered [[Compact disc|CD]] version of the original album, and a [[DVD]] containing a documentary on the making of the album called ''Wings for Wheels'', and a [[concert film]] of Springsteen and the E Street Band at the Hammersmith Odeon in London on November 18, 1975.<ref name="Guardian30" /> ''Wings for Wheels'' features interviews with Springsteen and the E Street Band members, with a bonus film of a 1973 performance in Los Angeles.<ref name="EW30" /> The ''30th Anniversary Edition'' received critical acclaim, with several praising the remastered sound.<ref name="Pitchfork" /><ref name="Stylus30" /><ref name="Jurek30th" /> ''Wings for Wheels'' won the [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Music Film|Best Long Form Music Video]] at the [[49th Annual Grammy Awards]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=49th Annual Grammy Awards |url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/49th-annual-grammy-awards |website=Grammy.com |access-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116184654/https://www.grammy.com/awards/49th-annual-grammy-awards |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, a new remaster by the engineer [[Bob Ludwig]] was included in ''[[The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984]]'', a box set composed of remastered editions of Springsteen's first seven albums.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Greene |first=Andy |title=Bruce Springsteen to Release Remastered Album Box Set |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bruce-springsteen-to-release-remastered-album-box-set-83571/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606131925/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bruce-springsteen-to-release-remastered-album-box-set-83571/ |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |date=September 14, 2014 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref> All seven albums were released separately as single discs for [[Record Store Day]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Murray |first1=Nick |last2=Geist |first2=Brandon |title=Record Store Day 2015: The Ultimate Guide |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/record-store-day-2015-the-ultimate-guide-174279/rock-3-153089/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226114046/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/record-store-day-2015-the-ultimate-guide-174279/rock-3-153089/ |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |date=April 15, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ediriwira |first=Amar |title=Record Store Day 2015: The full list of releases |url=https://thevinylfactory.com/news/record-store-day-2015-the-full-list-of-releases/ |website=The Vinyl Factory |access-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209060426/https://thevinylfactory.com/news/record-store-day-2015-the-full-list-of-releases/ |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |date=March 10, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Track listing==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Bruce Springsteen]]<ref name="liner notes" />
| headline = Side one
| title1 = [[Thunder Road (song)|Thunder Road]]
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = [[Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out]]
| length2 = 3:11
| title3 = [[Night (Bruce Springsteen song)|Night]]
| length3 = 3:00
| title4 = [[Backstreets]]
| length4 = 6:30
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Side two
| title1 = [[Born to Run (song)|Born to Run]]
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = [[She's the One (Bruce Springsteen song)|She's the One]]
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = [[Meeting Across the River]]
| length3 = 3:18
| title4 = [[Jungleland]]
| length4 = 9:34
| total_length = 39:23
}}

==Personnel==
Adapted from the liner notes,<ref name="liner notes">{{Cite AV media notes|author=Anon.|title=Born to Run|others=Bruce Springsteen|year=1975|publisher=[[Columbia Records]]|location=US|type=liner notes|id=PC 33795}}</ref> and Margotin and Guesdon.{{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=76–94}}

*[[Bruce Springsteen]]&nbsp;– vocals, guitar (1–6, 8), harmonica (1), horn arrangement (2)

'''The E Street Band'''
*[[Roy Bittan]]&nbsp;– piano (tracks 1–4, 6–8), organ (4, 6, 8), [[glockenspiel]] (1, 3), [[harpsichord]] (3, 6), backing vocals (1)
*[[Clarence Clemons]]&nbsp;– saxophones (1–3, 5, 6, 8)
*[[Garry Tallent]]&nbsp;– bass guitar (1–6, 8)
*[[Max Weinberg]]&nbsp;– drums (1–4, 6, 8)
*[[Ernest Carter (drummer)|Ernest Carter]]&nbsp;– drums (5)
*[[Danny Federici]]&nbsp;– organ (5), glockenspiel (5)
*[[David Sancious]]&nbsp;– piano (5), [[Fender Rhodes piano]] (5), synthesizer (5)

'''Additional musicians'''
*[[Mike Appel]]&nbsp;– backing vocals (1)
*[[Steven Van Zandt]]&nbsp;– backing vocals (1), horn arrangement (2)
*[[Randy Brecker]]&nbsp;– trumpet (2, 7), [[flugelhorn|flugel horn]] (2)
*[[Michael Brecker]]&nbsp;– [[tenor saxophone]] (2)
*[[David Sanborn]]&nbsp;– [[baritone saxophone]] (2)
*[[Wayne Andre]]&nbsp;– trombone (2)
*[[Richard Davis (bassist)|Richard Davis]]&nbsp;– [[double bass]] (7)
*[[Suki Lahav]]&nbsp;– violin (8)
*[[Charles Calello]]&nbsp;– string arrangements and conductor (8)

'''Technical'''
*Bruce Springsteen&nbsp;– production
*[[Mike Appel]]&nbsp;– production
*[[Jon Landau]]&nbsp;– production (1–4, 6–8)
*[[Jimmy Iovine]]&nbsp;– engineering and mixing
*[[Thom Panunzio]], Corky Stasiak, Dave Thoener, Ricke Delena, Angie Arcuri, Andy Abrams&nbsp;– engineering assistants
*Louis Lahav&nbsp;– engineering (5)
*[[Greg Calbi]]&nbsp;– mastering
*Paul Prestopino&nbsp;– maintenance
*[[John Berg (art director)|John Berg]], Andy Engel&nbsp;– album design
*[[Eric Meola]]&nbsp;– photography

==Charts==
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+1975–76 chart performance for ''Born to Run''
! scope="col"| Chart (1975–76)
! scope="col"| Peak<br/>position
|-
! scope="row"|Australian Albums ([[Kent Music Report]]){{sfn|Kent|1993|p=289}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
|-
! scope="row"|Canadian Top Albums (''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'')<ref name="CANchart">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4045a&volume=24&issue=13&issue_dt=December%2020%201975&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2 | title=Item Display – RPM – Top Albums/CDs |volume=24 |number=13 |date= December 20, 1975 | magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]] | access-date=February 2, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004451/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.4045a&volume=24&issue=13&issue_dt=December%2020%201975&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2 | archive-date=December 3, 2013 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 31
|-
{{album chart|Ireland|20|artist=Bruce Springsteen|album=Born to Run|rowheader=true|refname=IREchart|access-date=December 20, 2021}}
|-
{{album chart|Netherlands|7|artist=Bruce Springsteen|album=Born to Run|rowheader=true|refname=NETHchart|access-date=December 20, 2021}}
|-
{{album chart|New Zealand|28|artist=Bruce Springsteen|album=Born to Run|rowheader=true|refname=NZchart|access-date=December 20, 2021}}
|-
{{album chart|Norway|26|artist=Bruce Springsteen|album=Born to Run|rowheader=true|refname=NORchart|access-date=December 20, 2021}}
|-
{{album chart|Sweden|7|artist=Bruce Springsteen|album=Born to Run|rowheader=true|refname=SWEchart|access-date=December 20, 2021}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[UK Albums Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref name="ukchart">{{cite web|title=Bruce Springsteen {{!}} full Official Chart History |publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/26627/bruce-springsteen/ |website=Official Charts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216234420/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/26627/bruce-springsteen/ |archive-date=December 16, 2023 }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 36
|-
! scope="row"|US ([[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' Top LPs & Tape]])<ref name="bbchart">{{cite magazine |title=Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band Chart History |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/bruce-springsteen-the-e-street-band/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=December 20, 2021 |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204163548/https://www.billboard.com/artist/bruce-springsteen-the-e-street-band/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
! scope="row"|US (''[[Record World]]''){{sfn|Margotin|Guesdon|2020|pp=70–71}}
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+1985 chart performance for ''Born to Run''
!scope="col"| Chart (1985)
!scope="col"| Peak<br/>position
|-
! scope="row"|UK Albums Chart (OCC)<ref name="UK2" />
| style="text-align:center;"| 17
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+2005 chart performance for ''Born to Run''
!scope="col"| Chart (2005)
!scope="col"| Peak<br/>position
|-
! scope="row"|Canadian Albums (''[[Nielsen SoundScan]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.today/20051128024048/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Charts/ALBUMS.html|title=ALBUMS : Top 100}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|44
|-
! scope="row"|Italian Albums (''[[Musica e Dischi]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php|title=Classifiche|work=[[Musica e dischi]]|language=it|access-date=June 1, 2022|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306073547/http://www.musicaedischi.it/classifiche_archivio.php|url-status=live}} Set "Tipo" on "Album". Then, in the "Titolo" field, search "Born to run".</ref><br/>''30th anniversary edition''
| style="text-align:center;"|41
|-
! scope="row"|US ([[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]])<ref name="bbchart"/>
| style="text-align:center;"|18
|}

==Certifications and sales==
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications and sales for ''Born to Run''}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=2008|region=Australia|award=Platinum|number=2|access-date=April 4, 2012}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|region=Canada|award=Platinum|number=2|access-date=April 4, 2012}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=1995|region=Finland|award=Gold|salesamount=25,000|access-date=February 8, 2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=1995|region=France|award=Gold|source=infodisc|access-date=February 8, 2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=2005|region=Ireland|award=Gold|note=30th Anniversary|access-date=February 28, 2020}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=2016|region=Italy|award=Gold|note=sales since 2009|access-date=December 28, 2016}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|region=Netherlands|award=Gold|certyear=1985|access-date=August 2, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|type=album|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|award=Platinum|relyear=1975|certyear=2007|access-date=September 1, 2012|certref={{sfn|Scapolo|2007}}}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=2006|certmonth=1|region=Spain|award=Gold|access-date=August 1, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=1985|region=United Kingdom|award=Platinum|id=1020-3358-2|access-date=August 2, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=video|relyear=2005|certyear=2013|region=United Kingdom|award=Platinum|id=1020-3358-2|note=Video – 30th Anniversary Edition|access-date=August 2, 2022}}
{{Certification Table Entry|title=Born to Run|artist=Bruce Springsteen|type=album|relyear=1975|certyear=2022|region=United States|award=Platinum|number=7|access-date=May 25, 2022|refname=RIAA}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true}}

==See also==
*[[Born to Run (autobiography)|''Born to Run'' (autobiography)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Carlin|first=Peter Ames|author-link=Peter Ames Carlin|title=Bruce|url=https://archive.org/details/bruce0000carl_f9l2/mode/2up|location=New York City|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2012|isbn=978-1-4391-9182-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Donald |title=The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7FZAAAAYAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-14051-147-5 }}
*{{cite book |first1=Robert |last1=Dimery |first2=Michael |last2=Lydon |title=1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die |edition=Revised and Updated |location=London |year=2006 |publisher=Universe |isbn=978-0-7893-1371-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/1001AlbumsYouMustHearBeforeYouDie/page/n169/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book |last=Dolan |first=Marc |title=Bruce Springsteen and the Promise of Rock 'n' Roll |url=https://archive.org/details/brucespringsteen0000dola/mode/2up |year=2012 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-39308-135-0 }}
*{{cite book |last=Eliot |first=Marc |title=Down Thunder Road: The Making of Bruce Springsteen |year=1992 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-85965-174-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Gaar|first=Gillian G.|title=Boss: Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band – The Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/bossbrucesprings0000gaar/mode/2up|year=2016|location=Minneapolis|publisher=Voyageur Press|isbn=978-0-76034-972-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Graff|first=Gary|author-link=Gary Graff|editor-first=Gary|editor-last=Graff|title=[[MusicHound|MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide]]|publisher=[[Visible Ink Press]]|location=Detroit|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7876-1037-1|chapter=Bruce Springsteen}}
*{{cite book|last=Guterman|first=Jimmy|title=Runaway American Dream: Listening to Bruce Springsteen|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qy3POPU_evQC|location=New York City|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|isbn=978-0-306-81397-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Hilburn|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Hilburn|title=Springsteen|year=1985|location=New York City|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]]|isbn=978-0-684-18456-2|url=https://archive.org/details/springsteen00hilb/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Kaye|editor-first1=Jessica|editor-last2=Brewer|editor-first2=Richard|title=Meeting Across the River|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uv4C6LBJ1wC&q=Original+pressings+of+meeting+across+the+river&pg=PR12|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|location=New York City|language=en|date=2008|isbn=978-1-59691-829-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Kent|first=David|author-link=David Kent (historian)|title=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992|edition=illustrated|publisher=Australian Chart Book|location=St Ives|year=1993|isbn=978-0-646-11917-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Kirkpatrick|first=Rob|author-link=Rob Kirkpatrick|year=2007|title=The Words and Music of Bruce Springsteen|location=Santa Barbara|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-27598-938-5|url=https://archive.org/details/wordsmusicofbruc00kirk/page/56}}
*{{cite book |last=Larkin |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Larkin |title=[[All Time Top 1000 Albums]] |publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|location=London|date=2000|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-7535-0493-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Larkin|first=Colin|author-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|year=2011|title=[[The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|location=London|publisher=[[Omnibus Press]]|isbn=978-0-85712-595-8|edition=5th|chapter=Bruce Springsteen}}
*{{cite book |last1=Margotin |first1=Philippe |last2=Guesdon |first2=Jean-Michel |title=Bruce Springsteen All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Track |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrlRzQEACAAJ |year=2020 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell Illustrated]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-78472-649-2 }}
*{{cite book|last=Marsh|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Marsh|title=Born to Run: The Bruce Springsteen Story|year=1981|url=https://archive.org/details/borntorunbrucesp00mars/|url-access=registration|location=New York City|publisher=[[Dell Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-440-10694-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Masur|first=Louis P.|title=Runaway Dream: Born to Run and Bruce Springsteen's American Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/runawaydreamborn00masu|url-access=registration|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=New York City|year=2010|isbn=978-1-60819-101-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Miller|first=James|title=Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock 'n' Roll, 1947–1977|year=1999|location=New York City|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-68486-560-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Regev|first=Motti|title=Pop-Rock Music: Aesthetic Cosmopolitanism in Late Modernity|year=2013|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-74566-173-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daIRAAAAQBAJ|access-date=January 22, 2024|archive-date=October 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143340/https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/daIRAAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Sawyers|editor-first=June Skinner|title=Racing in the Street: A Bruce Springsteen Reader|year=2004|location=New York City|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|isbn=978-0-14-200354-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJtWtt0b6vAC}}
*{{cite book|last=Scapolo|first=Dean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyU5AQAAIAAJ&q=x+platinum|title=The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966–2006|location=Wellington|publisher=[[Maurienne House]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-877443-00-8}}
*{{cite book |chapter=Bruce Springsteen |editor1-last=Brackett |editor1-first=Nathan |editor2-last=Hoard |editor2-first=Christian |first=Rob |last=Sheffield |author-link=Rob Sheffield |title=[[The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]] |year=2004 |publisher=Fireside |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/771 771–773] |isbn=0-7432-0169-8 }} Portions posted at {{cite magazine |magazine=Rolling Stone |title=Bruce Springsteen > Album Guide |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/bruce-springsteen/albumguide |access-date=February 21, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018213604/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/bruce-springsteen/albumguide |archive-date=October 18, 2011 }}
*{{cite book|last=Springsteen|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Springsteen|title=Born to Run|location=New York City|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2016|isbn=978-1-5011-4151-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Springsteen|first=Bruce|title=Songs|url=https://archive.org/details/songs0000spri|location=London|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7535-0862-6}}
{{Refend|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Discogs master|type=album|26725|name=Born to Run}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040204191424/http://www.brucespringsteen.net/albums/borntorun.html Album lyrics and audio samples]
* [http://www.superseventies.com/springsteen.html Collection of album reviews]

{{Bruce Springsteen}}
{{Grammy Award for Best Music Film}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Born to Run}}
[[Category:1975 albums]]
[[Category:Bruce Springsteen albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Jon Landau]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Mike Appel]]
[[Category:Albums recorded at Record Plant (New York City)]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry albums]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:Rock-and-roll albums]]
[[Category:Folk rock albums by American artists]]
[[Category:Pop rock albums by American artists]]
[[Category:Contemporary R&B albums by American artists]]