View source for Boris Godunov (play)

{{Short description|1825 play by Alexander Pushkin}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox play
| name       = Boris Godunov
| image      = BorisGodounov, p7.jpg
| alt        =
| caption    = Illustration from the 1925 French publication of the play
| writer     = [[Alexander Pushkin]]
| chorus     =
| mute       =
| setting    = [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] and [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland–Lithuania]], 1598–1605
| premiere   = {{Start date|1870|09|17}}
| place      = [[Saint Petersburg]]
| orig_lang  = [[Russian language|Russian]]
| series    =
| subject    =
| genre      = [[Tragedy]]
| web        =
}}

'''''Boris Godunov''''' ({{langx|ru|Борис Годунов}}; variant title: {{lang|ru|Драматическая повесть, Комедия o настоящей беде Московскому государству, o царе Борисе и о Гришке Отрепьеве}}, ''A Dramatic Tale, The Comedy of the Distress of the Muscovite State, of Tsar Boris, and of Grishka Otrepyev'') is a play by [[Alexander Pushkin]]. It was written in 1825, published in 1831, but not approved for performance by the censor until 1866. It premiered in 1870. Its subject is the Russian ruler [[Boris Godunov]], who reigned as [[Tsar]] from 1598 to 1605. It consists of 25 scenes and is written predominantly in [[blank verse]].

[[Modest Mussorgsky]]'s opera, ''[[Boris Godunov (opera)|Boris Godunov]]'' (1874), is based on this play.
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Characters==
{{div col|colwidth=40em|rules=yes}}
* [[Boris Godunov]], boyar, later Tsar
* [[Feodor II of Russia|Feodor]], his son
* [[Tsarevna Xenia Borisovna of Russia|Xenia]], his daughter
* Xenia's Nurse
* [[Vasili IV|Prince Shuisky]], boyar
* Prince Vorotinsky, boyar
* Shchelkalov, Secretary of the Duma
* Pimen, monk and chronicler
* [[False Dmitriy I|Grigoriy Otrepyev]], monk, later Dmitriy, the Pretender
* [[Patriarch Job of Moscow|Patriarch]], Abbot of the Chudov Monastery.
* Misail, wandering monk
* Varlaam, wandering monk
* [[Afanasy Mikhailovich Pushkin]], friend of Prince Shuisky
* Gabriel Pushkin, his nephew
* Semyon Nikitich Godunov, secret agent of Boris Godunov
* Prince Kurbsky, disgraced boyar
* Khrushchov, disgraced boyar
* Karela, a Cossack
* Prince Wiśniowiecki
* [[Jerzy Mniszech|Mnishek]], Voyevoda of Sambor
* [[Marina Mniszech|Marina]], his daughter
* Ruzya, her chambermaid
* [[Basmanov]], a Russian officer
* Marzharet, officer of Boris
* Rozen, officer of Boris
* Mosalsky, boyar
* Hostess of the Inn
* Boyars, People, Peasants, Inspectors, Officers, Attendants, Guests, a Catholic Priest, a Polish Noble, a Poet, an Idiot, a Beggar, Gentlemen, Guards, Soldiers, Ladies, Gentleman, Boys, Servants
{{div col end}}

== Plot ==
[[File:Godunov map.jpg|thumb|Boris Godunov and his son depicted in a painting by N. Nekrasov, featuring a scene from the play]]
In 1598, Tsar [[Feodor I of Russia|Feodor Ivanovich]] has just died. The people beg [[Boris Godunov]], the late tsar's brother-in-law who has locked himself in a monastery, to accept the crown. After some hesitation, he accepts. In 1603, [[False Dmitry I|Grishka Otrepyev]], a monk at Chudov Monastery, learns from his elder Pimen the details of the murder of [[Dmitry of Uglich|Tsarevich Dmitry of Uglich]] (Tsar Feodor's younger brother) by Godunov. Grishka escapes from the monastery, planning to pass himself off as the murdered tsarevich. The Kremlin learns about him and declares a search. Otrepyev crosses the Lithuanian border, narrowly escaping capture in a tavern. 

The boyars Shuisky and Afanasy Pushkin read a letter about the appearance of the miraculously saved tsarevich, after which Shuisky goes to tell the news to Tsar Boris. Godunov, horrified by the news, is tormented by his conscience and orders Shuisky to find out whether the tsarevich really died. In the Polish city of [[Kraków]], in the house of Wiśniowiecki, False Dmitry (Otrepyev) begins to gather his retinue. Then, in the castle of the governor Mnishek in Sambor, he courts the governor's daughter Marina and even admits to her that he is just a runaway monk. For Marina, the only thing that matters is whether False Dmitry will elevate her to the throne of Moscow. 

In 1604, False Dmitry's army crosses the border. At the council in the Kremlin, the patriarch advises the tsar to transfer the relics of Tsarevich Dmitry from Uglich to Moscow: it was discovered that Dmitry was a saint and a miracle worker, and the display of relics for public veneration will help expose False Dmitry as an impostor. However, Shuisky, seeing Boris's confusion, rejects this proposal. In December, a battle takes place near Novgorod-Seversky, where Godunov's troops are defeated. On Cathedral Square, a holy fool accuses Boris of murder. In Sevsk, False Dmitry interrogates a captured nobleman, and soon after his army is defeated. 

In Moscow, Tsar Boris suddenly dies, having managed to appoint his son Feodor as his successor. Gavrila Pushkin pushes Basmanov, one of Godunov's main commanders who is favored by the tsar but has no family, to commit treason. Then, on Lobnoye Mesto, Gavrila Pushkin proclaims the rule of False Dmitry and provokes a rebellion against Godunov's children. The boyars enter the house where Tsar Feodor, his sister, and their mother are imprisoned and strangle them. Boyar Mosalsky announces to the people (the last words of the play): "People! Maria Godunova and her son Feodor have poisoned themselves. We saw their dead bodies. Why are you silent? Shout: Long live Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich!" The people are silent.{{Efn|In the published version of the play, the stage direction "''the people are silent''" replaces the reply of the people "Long live Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich!" which appears in the earlier, manuscript version of the play. The reason for this change, whether the result of Pushkin's concerns about censorship or a deliberate artistic choice, has been extensively debated.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dunning |first1=Chester |title=The Uncensored Boris Godunov: The Case for Pushkin's Original Comedy, with Annotated Text and Translation |last2=Emerson |first2=Caryl |last3=Fomichev |first3=Sergei |last4=Lotman |first4=Lidiia |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-299-20760-1 |location=Madison |display-authors=1|page=7}}</ref>}}

==Texts and composition==
[[File:Kiprensky Pushkin.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Alexander Pushkin by [[Orest Kiprensky]]]]
Pushkin wrote the play during his two-year exile at his family's estate of Mikhaylovskoye in the [[Pskov Governorate]]. He began working on it in November or December 1824 and completed it in November 1825.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vickery |first=Walter N. |url=https://archive.org/details/alexanderpushkin0000vick |title=Alexander Pushkin |date=1970 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |isbn=978-0-8057-2726-5 |series=Twayne's World Author Series |location=New York |pages=53–54, 58 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Having finished the play, Pushkin famously wrote to his friend [[Pyotr Vyazemsky]]: "My tragedy is done; I read it out loud, alone, clapping my hands and shouting: [[what a Pushkin, what a son of a bitch!|'at a boy, Pushkin, 'at a boy, you son of a bitch!]]"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pushkin |first=A. S. |author-link=Alexander Pushkin |title=Polnoe sobranie sochineniĭ |date=1977–1979 |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |edition=4th |location=Leningrad |at=Letter 172 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Полное собрание сочинений |trans-title=''Complete collected works''}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dunning|Emerson|Fomichev|Lotman|2006|p=23}} Upon his return to Saint Petersburg in 1826, Pushkin read the play to his friends, who received it enthusiastically.{{Sfn|Dunning|Emerson|Fomichev|Lotman|2006|p=26}}

Pushkin himself indicated the sources he used while writing ''Boris Godunov'': the works of [[Shakespeare]], [[Nikolai Karamzin|Nikolai Karamzin's]] ''History of the Russian State'', and old Russian [[Chronicle|chronicles]].<ref name="Polka" /> He engaged in serious historical research for the first time while writing the play.{{Sfn|Dunning|Emerson|Fomichev|Lotman|2006|p=25}} He wrote of the work: 
<blockquote>The study of Shakespeare, Karamzin, and our old chronicles gave me the idea of clothing in dramatic forms one of the most dramatic epochs of our history. Not disturbed by any other influence, I imitated Shakespeare in his broad and free depictions of characters, in the simple and careless combination of plots; I followed Karamzin in the clear development of events; I tried to guess the way of thinking and the language of the time from the chronicles. Rich sources! Whether I was able to make the best use of them, I don't know – but at least my labors were zealous and conscientious.<ref> ''The Critical Prose of Alexander Pushkin'', edited and translated by Carl R. Proffer. [[University of Indiana]] Press, 1969. p. 99.</ref></blockquote>

Pushkin believed that a reader of his play should first "leaf through the last volume of [the ''History'' of] Karamzin", since "it is full of good jokes and subtle allusions on the history of that time… It is necessary to understand them, this is a ''sine qua non''." According to Pushkin scholar [[Grigoriy Vinokur|Grigory Vinokur]], not only the historical narrative but also the literary style of Karamzin's ''History'' influenced Pushkin's work. Another possible influence was [[Kondraty Ryleyev]]'s poem ''Boris Godunov'' (one of his series of poems called {{lang|ru-Latn|Dumy}} 'Meditations'), where Godunov is likewise depicted as an intelligent ruler with a tortured conscience; however, Pushkin had a low opinion of Ryleyev's {{lang|ru-Latn|Dumy}}.<ref name="Polka" />

Two main versions of the play exist. The earliest version is that which Pushkin finished writing in 1825, with the title {{lang|ru-Latn|Komediya o tsare Borise i o Grishke Otrepyeve}} (''Comedy about Tsar Boris and Grishka Otrepyev''). This version was rejected by state censorship in 1826. It was subsequently revised by Pushkin and published in 1830 (listed as 1831 in the book){{Efn|Printed copies of the play were actually first distributed on December 24, 1830, but they bore the date 1831.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Bell |first=Leslie |date=2017 |title=Pushkin's "Boris Godunov" as Presented by Chester Dunning and Caryl Emerson: A Re-Evaluation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26633820 |journal=The Slavic and East European Journal |volume=61 |issue=4 |page=660 |issn=0037-6752}}</ref>}} under the title ''Boris Godunov''.{{Sfn|Dunning|Emerson|Fomichev|Lotman|2006|pp=3-5}} Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] took a personal interest in Pushkin's play before its publication. After receiving a negative report on the play from the [[Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery|imperial secret police]], the Tsar suggested that Pushkin transform the work into a novel in the style of [[Walter Scott]] "with the necessary rectifications"; Pushkin declined.<ref name="Polka" /> Most later publications of the play used the 1831 version with the addition of one scene (Scene 3) from the 1825 version, which was considered to have been removed because of censorship.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fomichev |first=S. A. |date=1993 |title=«Komediia o tsare Borise i o Grishke Otrep{{softsign}}eve» A. S. Pushkina |script-title=ru:«Комедия о царе Борисе и о Гришке Отрепьеве» А. С. Пушкина |url=http://odrl.pushkinskijdom.ru/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=s0cea_uQlnw%3D&tabid=2294 |journal=Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoĭ literatury |volume=XLVIII |pages=421|language=ru}}</ref> (Other excluded sections have been published as appendices in various editions.){{Sfn|O'Bell|2017|p=667}} More recent scholarly publications of Pushkin's works{{efn|Such as the seventh volume of the projected twenty-volume complete works of Pushkin, published by [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] in 2009.}} have presented the two versions of the play separately.<ref name="Polka" />

The following changes were made to the 1825 version for the 1831 publication: three scenes were cut out, two others were shortened, one scene was transposed, changes were made to the tavern scene, the title was changed, a dedication to the memory of Karamzin was added, and the final line was changed (instead of the people shouting "Long live Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich!" upon being prompted by the boyars, there is the stage direction "''the people are silent'' [{{lang|ru-Latn|narod bezmolvstvuyet}}]").{{Sfn|O'Bell|2017|pp=670-671}} Pushkin scholar Sergei Fomichev states that it is very difficult to determine which of the differences between the 1825 and 1831 versions are the result of Pushkin's creative decisions and which are the result of censorship.{{Sfn|O'Bell|2017|p=661}} According to the editors of the 2009 edition published by [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], only two changes (which are changes in wording) can be attributed with certainty to censorship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pushkin |first=A. S. |title=Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v dvadtsati tomakh |publisher=Nauka |year=2009 |editor-last=Virolainen |editor-first=M. N. |volume=VII |location=Saint Petersburg |pages=591 |language=ru |script-title=ru:Полное собрание сочинений в двадцати томач |editor-last2=Lotman |editor-first2=L. M.}}</ref>

== Performance ==
The play was never performed during Pushkin's lifetime. Performance of the play was officially forbidden in Russia by state censorship until 1866. The play's departures from existing conventions made many contemporaries view it as unsuitable for the stage. The play also called for many changes of scenery, which, though not impossible to achieve by the means of the time, made it technically more difficult to stage. According to literary scholar Igor Pilshchikov, "Theater critics still argue about the stage quality of ''Godunov''. But whatever the theories, practice ruthlessly shows: the fate of Pushkin's tragedy on the stage can hardly be called successful."<ref name="Polka" />

=== Saint Petersburg premiere ===
The first performance took place on 17 September 1870 at the [[Mariinsky Theatre]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], given by the artists of the [[Alexandrinsky Theatre|Aleksandrinsky Theatre]]. Production personnel included Aleksandr Yablochkin (regisseur), and Matvey Shishkov (scene designer). The cast included [[Leonid Leonidov]] (Boris) [?], [[Vasiliy Samoylov]] (the False Dmitriy), Pyotr Grigoryev (Pimen), Yelena Struyskaya (Marina), and [[Pyotr Zubrov]] (Shuisky).<ref>{{cite book | last1=Emerson | first1=Caryl | last2=Oldani | first2=Robert William | title=Modest Musorgsky and Boris Godunov: Myths, Realities, Reconsiderations | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2006 | isbn=0-521-36976-2 | page=100}}</ref>

=== Moscow premiere ===
The Moscow premiere took place on 19 November 1880 at the [[Maly Theatre (Moscow)|Maliy Theatre]]. Production personnel included Sergey Chernevsky (regisseur). The cast included Nikolay Vilde (Boris), Aleksandr Lensky (the False Dmitriy), [[Ivan Samarin (actor)|Ivan Samarin]] (Pimen), [[Maria Yermolova]] (Marina), Osip Pravdin (Shuisky), and Mikhail Lentovsky (Basmanov) {{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}.

=== Later productions ===
[[Vsevolod Meyerhold]] attempted a staging of the play in the 1930s. Meyerhold commissioned [[Sergei Prokofiev]] to write incidental music for his production, but when Meyerhold abandoned it under political pressure, the score was abandoned as well {{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}.

The original, uncensored play did not receive a première until April 12, 2007, at [[Princeton University]] in the United States, and then only in an English translation. This production was based on Meyerhold's design and featured Prokofiev's music, together with supplemental music by [[Peter Westergaard]].{{Sfn|Dunning|Emerson|Fomichev|Lotman|2006}}

The [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] staged the British premiere of the original 1825 edition at [[Stratford on Avon]] in the autumn of 2012. The play had been translated into English by [[Adrian Mitchell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Billington |first=Michael |date=2012-11-29 |title=Boris Godunov – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2012/nov/29/boris-godunov-review |access-date=2024-12-19 |work=The Guardian  |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Stage designs==
The following gallery depicts the scene designs created by Matvey Shishkov for the first performance of the drama in 1870 at the [[Mariinsky Theatre]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia.

<gallery>
Image:Shishkov - Novodevichiy.jpg|{{center|Scene 3<br>The Novodevichiy Monastery}}
Image:Shishkov - Inn.jpg|{{center|Scene 9<br>An Inn on the <br>Lithuanian Border}}
Image:Shishkov - Terem.jpg|{{center|Scene 11<br>The Tsar's Palace}}
Image:Shishkov - Marina Boudoir.jpg|{{center|Scene 13<br>The Castle of the Governor Mniszech in Sambor}}
Image:Shishkov - Night Garden Fountain.jpg|{{center|Scene 15<br>Night. A Garden.<br> A Fountain.}}
Image:Shishkov - Palace of Facets.jpg|{{center|Scene 17<br>The Tsar's Duma}}
Image:Shishkov - Call to the Throne.jpg|{{center|Scene 25<br>The House of Boris}}
</gallery>

== Adaptations ==
In 1830, writer and journalist [[Faddei Venediktovich Bulgarin|Faddei Bulgarin]] published the historical novel ''Dmitry Samozvanets'' (Dmitry the Pretender). Pushkin, who had already written ''Boris Godunov'' at this point and published only three excerpts in journals, accused Bulgarin of plagiarizing the play. Certain scenes and dialogues which appear in the play but not in the historical sources are replicated in Bulgarin's novel. It is assumed that Bulgarin requested to examine the manuscript from the [[Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery|tsarist secret police]], which had ordered Pushkin to submit the manuscript for inspection. Bulgarin wrote a letter to Pushkin defending himself, but Pushkin was not convinced. In March 1830, Bulgarin read a harsh review of his novel in the journal ''[[Literaturnaya Gazeta]]'', which he wrongly assumed to be the work of Pushkin. In response, Bulgarin wrote his own scathing review of Chapter 7 of Pushkin's ''[[Eugene Onegin]]''. Hostility between Pushkin and Bulgarin persisted after this.<ref name="Polka">{{Cite web |last=Pilshchikov |first=Igor |date=2018 |title= |script-title=ru:Александр Пушкин, Борис Годунов |url=https://polka.academy/articles/530 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003190704/https://polka.academy/articles/530 |archive-date=2024-10-03 |access-date=December 19, 2024 |website=Polka |language=ru}}</ref>

Inspired by Pushkin's play, [[Modest Mussorgsky]] composed the opera [[Boris Godunov (opera)|''Boris Godunov'']], which premiered in 1874 and became one of the classics of world opera in the twentieth century. A [[Boris Godunov (1986 film)|film adaptation]], directed by and starring [[Sergei Bondarchuk]], was released in 1986. In 2011, [[Boris Godunov (2011 film)|another film adaptation]], directed by [[Vladimir Mirzoyev]] and starring [[Maksim Sukhanov]] in the lead role, was released. In this version, the action takes place in modern-day Russia.<ref name="Polka"/>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|Boris Godunov (Pushkin)|''Boris Godunov'' (Pushkin)}}
* {{wikisource-inline|Boris Godunov (Hayes 1918)|''Boris Godunov''|single=true}} (English translation by Alfred Hayes)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070621024412/http://music.princeton.edu/boris/ Website] for Princeton University's production.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080124071513/http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/music/boris/index.htm Online exhibition] associated with Princeton University's production.

{{Alexander Pushkin}}
{{Boris Godunov}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Plays by Aleksandr Pushkin]]
[[Category:Plays adapted into operas]]
[[Category:1831 plays]]
[[Category:Plays set in Russia]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Boris Godunov]]
[[Category:Plays set in the 1590s]]
[[Category:Plays set in the 1600s]]
[[Category:Works about monarchs]]
[[Category:Closet drama]]