View source for Borderlands line

{{Short description|Railway line between Bidston, England and Wrexham, Wales}}
{{distinguish|Borders Railway}}{{Redirect-distinguish|Mid Wirral line|Wirral line}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name                            = Borderlands line
| image                           = Borderlands Railway Line, Bidston-by-E-Pollock.jpg
| image_width                     = 290px
| caption                         = A {{brc|150}} [[diesel multiple unit|DMU]] on the Borderlands line near Bidston
| other_name                      = {{ubl|Bidston–Wrexham line|Wrexham–Bidston line|Wrexham–Liverpool line (since 2025)}}
| native_name                     = {{ubl|Llinell y Gororau|Lein y Gororau|Llinell Wrecsam–Bidston|Llinell Wrecsam–Lerpwl (since 2025)}}
| native_name_lang                = cy
| type                            = [[Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail|Heavy rail]]
| system                          = [[National Rail]]<br />[[Wales and Borders franchise]]
| status                          = Open to passenger and freight use
| locale                          = {{ubl|[[Wrexham County Borough]]|[[Flintshire]]|[[Cheshire]]|[[Merseyside]]}}
| start                           = {{rws|Wrexham Central}}
| end                             = {{rws|Bidston}} (Birkenhead)
| connectinglines                 = {{ubl|[[Shrewsbury–Chester line]]|[[North Wales Coast line]]|[[Wirral line]] ([[Merseyrail]])}}
| stations                        = 15, with {{rws|Wrexham General}} and {{rws|Shotton}} as interchanges with mainline services, and {{rws|Bidston}} connecting with [[Merseyrail]]
| open                            = 
| owner                           = [[Network Rail]]
| operator                        = [[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]]
| character                       = 
| stock                           = {{ubl|[[British Rail Class 230|Class 230 D-Train]]|{{brc|197}}}}
| linelength_mi                   = 27
| linelength                      = 
| tracks                          = [[Double track]] throughout except Wrexham General to Wrexham Central
| gauge                           = {{track gauge|uksg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge                       = 
| speed                           = 
| map_state                       = open
| map                             = {{switcher
| [[File:Borderlands line Map.png|290px]]<br />([[:commons:File:Borderlands line Map.png|Click to expand]])<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.borderlandsline.com/wp-content/uploads/borderlandsline-route.pdf| title=Borderlands Line Route| website=Borderlands Line| access-date=9 June 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519001104/http://www.borderlandsline.com/wp-content/uploads/borderlandsline-route.pdf| archive-date=19 May 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Show map
| {{Borderlands Line|inline=y}}
| Show route diagram
}}
}}
The '''Borderlands line''' ({{Langx|cy|Llinell y Gororau}}<ref>{{cite web |title=TfW Network Map |url=https://tfw.wales/sites/default/files/2021-10/TfW_Network_Map_Web_011021.pdf |publisher=[[Transport for Wales]] |access-date=8 December 2021}}</ref> or {{langx|cy|Lein y Gororau|label=none}}), also known as the '''Bidston–Wrexham''' or '''Wrexham–Bidston'''{{efn-lr|{{Langx|cy|Llinell Wrecsam–Bidston}}, also stylised as '''Bidston to Wrexham''' or '''Wrexham to Bidston'''|group=lower-greek}} line, is a railway line between [[Bidston railway station|Bidston]] on the [[Wirral Peninsula]] in England and [[Wrexham Central railway station|Wrexham Central]] in the [[North East Wales|north-east]] of Wales. Passenger train services are part of the [[Wales & Borders franchise]] and are operated by [[Transport for Wales Rail]]. The line connects to the [[Merseyrail]] network at Bidston, the [[North Wales Coast Line]] at [[Shotton railway station|Shotton]] and the [[Shrewsbury–Chester line]] at [[Wrexham General railway station|Wrexham General]]. Parts of the line in Wales are used by freight trains, serving Deeside Industrial Park and the [[Hanson Cement|Hanson Cement works]] to the south of [[Buckley railway station|Buckley]].

The line is part of Transport for Wales' [[North Wales Metro]] improvement programme and is also referred to in England as the '''Mid Wirral line''',<ref>Usage of the term "Mid Wirral line" or "Mid-Wirral line" {{unbulleted list citebundle|{{Cite web |last=Rhys |first=Steffan |date=2010-11-14 |title=Battle lines: Will the trains electrify from London to Swansea? |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/battle-lines-trains-electrify-london-1885622 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}|{{Cite book |url=https://www.knowsley.gov.uk/pdf/PG23a%20Merseyside%20Second%20Local%20Transport%20Plan.pdf |title=The Local Transport Plan For Merseyside 2006 – 2011 |publisher=[[Knowsley Council]] |pages=27}}|{{Cite web |last=Live |first=Cheshire |date=2005-03-16 |title=Rail pressure group calls for village station |url=http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/rail-pressure-group-calls-village-5287137 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=CheshireLive |language=en}}}}</ref> as part of the line runs in the middle of the Wirral peninsula.

The line is operated by the [[British Rail Class 230|Class 230]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Longhorn |first=Danny |date=2023-04-03 |title=Wales' first hybrid train enters service on Borderlands Line |url=https://news.railbusinessdaily.com/wales-first-hybrid-train-enters-service-on-borderlands-line/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=RailBusinessDaily |language=en-US}}</ref> and the [[British Rail Class 197|Class 197]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wrexham-Bidston line boosted with new Class 197 'made in Wales' trains |url=https://www.deeside.com/wrexham-bidston-line-boosted-with-new-class-197-made-in-wales-rrains/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref>

There have been various proposals for the line to be fully or partially integrated with the electrified Merseyrail network to increase services towards Liverpool. Past proposals for electrification on the line were deemed unfeasible due to costs. The potential introduction of Merseyrail's [[British Rail Class 777|Class 777]] on the line could expand services on the line into Liverpool.

In May 2025, as part of the announced [[Network North Wales]] programme, the Welsh government announced they would refer to the line as the '''Wrexham–Liverpool line''' ({{langx|cy|Llinell Wrecsam–Lerpwl}}).

==Operations==
[[File:5.11.21 Wrexham (Wrecsam) and the St Giles Angels 003 (51660107951).jpg|thumb|Logo for the line displayed outside Wrexham General]]

=== Freight services ===
The line is used by [[freight train]]s at its southern end in Wales, serving Deeside Industrial Park and the [[Hanson Cement]] works south of [[Buckley railway station|Buckley]]. Amongst the biggest users of freight was the [[John Summers & Sons|Shotton steelworks]] which received imported iron ore from Birkenhead's [[Bidston Dock]], until the closure of the steelworks in 1980.<ref name="dailypost.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2018 |title=Events that shook North Wales: Closure of Shotton Steelworks |url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/events-north-wales-shotton-steelworks-14935801}}</ref><ref name="Capacity Crunch at Chester">{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernrailways.com/article/capacity-crunch-chester|title=CAPACITY CRUNCH AT CHESTER|website=www.modernrailways.com|date=22 June 2017 }}</ref>

=== Passenger rail franchise ===
Upon [[Privatisation of British Rail|privatisation]], [[Passenger rail franchising in Great Britain|passenger services]] were transferred from [[Regional Railways]] to [[First North Western|North West Trains]], later known as First North Western. In 2003, a review led to the creation of the [[Wales & Borders franchise|All-Wales Franchise]], meaning services were transferred to [[Wales & Borders|Wales & Borders Trains]]. [[Arriva Trains Wales]] succeeded Wales & Borders on 8 December 2003, and operated all passenger services on the line until October 2018. [[KeolisAmey Wales]] (trading as Transport for Wales) then began its franchise until February 2021, when publicly-owned [[Transport for Wales Rail]] took over. Potential electrification plans could see the line transfer to [[Merseyrail]].<ref name="penmorfa.com">{{cite web |title=The Wrexham to Bidston railway (The Borderlands line): Electrification plans |url=http://www.penmorfa.com/Wrexham/electrify.html |access-date=17 February 2007}}</ref>

==== Passenger services ====
Transport for Wales is currently the only passenger train operator on the line. There are proposals for Merseyrail to fully or partly operate on the line.

In their December 2021 to May 2022 timetable,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://tfw.wales/sites/default/files/2022-02/4c%20Wrexham-Bidston%20all%20c.pdf |title=Train Times – 12 December 2021 – 14 May 2022; Bidston (Birkenhead) – Wrexham Central |publisher=[[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]] |year=2021}}</ref> Transport for Wales operated 1 train per hour (tph) Monday to Saturday, and on Sundays services were mainly hourly with some every 1 hour and 30 minutes. Not all services terminated at Wrexham Central; some terminated at Wrexham General to enable cab cleaning, service turnaround time, or recovering delays.<ref name="www.modernrailways.com-2021">{{Cite web |title=Borderlands frequency increase deferred to May |url=https://www.modernrailways.com/article/borderlands-frequency-increase-deferred-may |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=www.modernrailways.com |date=17 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In the May to December 2022 timetable,<ref name="Transport for Wales-2022">{{Cite book |url=https://tfw.wales/sites/default/files/2022-05/9%20Wrexham%20-%20Bidston%20May%202022_0.pdf |title=Train Times – 15 May 2022 – 10 December 2022 – Bidston (Birkenhead) – Wrexham Central |publisher=[[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]] |year=2022}}</ref> the frequency remained at mainly 1tph, with all but the first morning and last evening service on weekdays, and two morning and two evening services on Sundays, stopping at Wrexham Central.

There are three interchange stations on the line, connecting to other railway lines and services. They are (north to south):
* {{rws|Bidston}}, for [[Merseyrail]] services to {{rws|West Kirby}} and {{rws|Liverpool Central}}.
* {{rws|Shotton}}, for services on the [[North Wales Coast Line]] between {{rws|Chester}} and stations in north-west Wales such as {{rws|Llandudno Junction}} and {{rws|Holyhead}}.
* {{rws|Wrexham General}}, for services on the [[Shrewsbury–Chester line]] from Chester southwards to {{rws|Shrewsbury}}.

Holders of the [[Transport for Wales]] Concessionary Travel Pass can travel free along part of the line, from Wrexham Central to [[Hawarden Bridge railway station|Hawarden Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tfw.wales/info-for/over-60s/rail-concessionary-travel | title=Over-60 Rail Concessions &#124; Transport for Wales }}</ref> Holders of the [[Merseytravel]] Concessionary Travel Pass can travel free along the section of the line that runs through Merseyside, from [[Heswall railway station|Heswall]] to Bidston.

In December 2021, more than 500 people signed a [[Change.org]] [[petition]] calling for a direct service between Heswall and Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hundreds call for direct line rail service from Heswall to Liverpool |url=https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/19797705.calls-direct-line-rail-service-heswall-liverpool/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Wirral Globe |date=21 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=George |date=2021-12-19 |title=Hundreds sign petition for new train line to Liverpool |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/hundreds-sign-petition-new-train-22496464 |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}}</ref>

The line is designated as a [[community rail]] partnership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acorp.uk.com/Assets/ACoRP%20summary%20map%20v4.pdf|title=ACORP Summary map|publisher=Association of Community Rail Partnerships|date=28 July 2014|access-date=28 October 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118174638/http://www.acorp.uk.com/Assets/ACoRP%20summary%20map%20v4.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In Spring 2023, some services were suspended after Transport for Wales transferred trains to other parts of their network. In June 2023, Transport for Wales committed to improve services on the line, with [[Lee Waters]], Welsh minister responsible for transport, apologising for the issues. Class 230s were introduced in April 2023, although they were not running on-time and experiencing "teething" problems.<ref name="RailAdvent-2">{{Cite web |last= |title=Welsh Government commits to improve Wrexham-Bidston (Borderlands) line |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/06/welsh-government-commits-to-improve-wrexham-bidston-borderlands-line.html |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=RailAdvent |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===== Recent service developments =====
It was initially proposed in 2018, that Transport for Wales would double the line's frequency to 2tph, starting from December 2021,<ref name="www.modernrailways.com-2021" /> using the newly-introduced Class 230 trains. In September 2021, this was delayed to May 2022.<ref name="www.modernrailways.com-2021" /> In May 2022, the planned timetable with the increased service was revised with the additional services removed,<ref name="Transport for Wales-2022" /> therefore any increase in frequency was scrapped for May 2022<ref name="Wrexham.com">{{Cite web |title=Still no sign of TfW's new Class 230 trains after three years of delays |url=https://www.wrexham.com/news/still-no-sign-of-tfws-new-class-230-trains-after-three-years-of-delays-219035.html |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Wrexham.com |language=en}}</ref> and services remained largely unchanged from the existing timetable at roughly 1tph until December 2022.

In March 2021, Transport for Wales pledged to [[Flintshire council]]lors that the line's services would increase to 4tph and extend into Liverpool.<ref name="BBC News-2021">{{Cite news |date=2021-03-10 |title=Four trains an hour pledge for Wrexham-Bidston rail line |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-56345975 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Major upgrades on cards for train services on 'Cinderella Route' from Wrexham to Bidston |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/19147755.wrexham-flintshire-major-upgrades-cards-train-services-cinderella-route-wrexham-bidston/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The Leader |date=9 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The line's ageing track and signalling would also be replaced to allow for faster and more frequent trains. TfW also pledged to upgrade the facilities at the "fairly basic" stations on the line.<ref name="BBC News-2021" />

[[GB Railfreight]] (GBRf) operate freight trains to Hanson Cement near [[Penyffordd]]. GBRf formally objected to the increase in passenger train services on the line as it would conflict with the freight operator's new daytime freight traffic to and from [[Padeswood]].<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=After three years of delays, there is still no sign of TfW's new Class 230 trains |url=https://www.deeside.com/after-three-years-of-delays-there-is-still-no-sign-of-tfws-new-class-230-trains/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref> The operator claimed that the new freight service would block the northbound line between Penyffordd and Buckley for 30 minutes due to the splitting of trains into and out of the short [[Siding (rail)|sidings]].<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref name="Hickman-2021">{{Cite book |last=Hickman |first=Claire |url=https://www.orr.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2022-01/transport-for-wales-rail-limited-section-22a-4th-sa-network-rail-representations.pdf |title=Proposed amendment to the Track Access Contract between Network Rail Infrastructure Limited & Transport for Wales Rail Limited (TfWRL) Under Section 22a of the Railways Act 1993 |date=21 December 2021 |publisher=[[Network Rail]]}}</ref>

Both TfW and GBRf have applied to the [[Office of Rail and Road]] (ORR) for use of capacity on the line.<ref name="Wrexham.com" /> Transport for Wales Rail was seeking additional rights to operate a 2tph service on the line.<ref name="Hickman-2021" /> Analysis by Network Rail taken in June 2020 concluded that a 2tph service could not be operated regularly in conjunction with freight services, therefore they would not support the awarding of access rights to TfW.<ref name="Hickman-2021" /> [[Wrexham County Borough Council|Local councillors in Wrexham]] and the Wrexham-Bidston Rail Users' Association voiced concerns that the conflicting applications could jeopardise the planned increase in frequency to 2tph.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concerns raised over train service between Wrexham and Bidston |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/19950781.concerns-raised-train-service-wrexham-bidston/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The Leader |date=25 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Deeside.com">{{Cite web |title=New trains could be operating through Flintshire from May but no green light for two an hour service |url=https://www.deeside.com/new-class-230-trains-could-be-operating-through-flintshire-from-may-but-no-green-light-for-2-an-hour-service/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 November 2022, the ORR approved TfW's 2tph passenger service increase.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regulator gives green light for two trains per hour on Wrexham to Bidston railway line |url=https://www.deeside.com/regulator-gives-green-light-for-two-trains-per-hour-on-wrexham-to-bidston-railway-line/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2025, [[Ken Skates]], the [[Welsh Government]] [[Cabinet Secretary for Transport (Wales)|Cabinet Secretary for Transport]], announced their [[Network North Wales]] programme to develop the line. As part of the plans, it was announced they would refer to the line as the "Wrexham–Liverpool line" over the "Borderlands line", as well as developing its services. The programme aims to increase train services on the line from Wrexham to Bidston to 2tph within three years following the completion of rail line works at Padeswood. They further aim to increase direct services to Liverpool and up to 4tph by 2035. "Pay as You Go" systems are be introduced along the entire line, with stations improved over 12 months and trains "wrapped" to reflect local communities and football clubs along the line. They also plan to advance development of the [[Deeside Parkway railway station|station at Deeside Industrial Park]] to determine its feasibility and test demand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=“METRO IS GO” with Network North Wales {{!}} GOV.WALES |url=https://www.gov.wales/metro-go-network-north-wales |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.gov.wales |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=£2.1bn north Wales rail overhaul plans unveiled by Welsh government |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c74qzqj149do |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Infrastructure history==
{{Further|Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway}}
[[File:British Rail Borderlands Line diagram with interconnections.svg|thumb|Borderlands line diagram]]
The southern part of the line was built by the [[Wrexham, Mold and Connah's Quay Railway]] (WMCQR) in 1864 and the northern part by the [[North Wales and Liverpool Railway]], a joint committee of the WMCQR and the [[Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway]] in 1896. The North Wales and Liverpool Railway northern terminus was at Bidston with the southern terminus at [[Hawarden Bridge railway station|Hawarden Bridge]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Wrexham to New Brighton|first1=Vic|last1=Mitchell|first2=Keith|last2=Smith|publisher=Middleton Press|location=West Sussex|year=2013|isbn=9781908174475|oclc=859543196|at=map XXXIII}}</ref> Both railways were acquired by the [[Great Central Railway]] on 1 January 1905.

Two Wirral stations on the line closed in the 1950s; [[Storeton railway station|Storeton]] in 1951 and [[Burton Point railway station|Burton Point]] in 1955. No trace of the station at Storeton remains, yet Burton Point station is still almost entirely intact, the station buildings currently forming part of a garden centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/b/burton_point/index.shtml|title=Station Name: BURTON POINT|work=Disused Stations|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> Further south, the high level platforms of [[Hope Exchange railway station|Hope Exchange]] closed in 1958.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/h/hope_high_level/|title=Station Name: Hope High Level Station|work=Disused Stations|access-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>

The northern terminal of the Borderlands Line has been at four stations at various times: Bidston, [[Birkenhead North railway station|Birkenhead North]], [[Birkenhead Park railway station|Birkenhead Park]] (briefly in the late 60s), [[New Brighton railway station|New Brighton]] and [[Seacombe railway station|Seacombe]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/s/seacombe/|title=Disused Stations: Seacombe Station|website=www.disused-stations.org.uk|accessdate=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/features/bidston/index.shtml|title=Disused Stations: Railways at Bidston|website=www.disused-stations.org.uk|accessdate=20 July 2021}}</ref>

==Development==
The doubling of the journey frequency on the line is one of the aims of the Growth Track 360 group, a consortium of business, politicians and public sector leaders. The group aims to improve transport and create jobs in the North Wales, Merseyside and Cheshire area over the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Growth Track 360|url=http://www.growthtrack360.com/home/about/|website=www.growthtrack360.com|publisher=Growth Track 360|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref> In the 2017 Autumn budget, Chancellor [[Philip Hammond]] stated that part of the additional £1.2 billion funding Wales was receiving would be used to look into proposals to improve journey times on the line and developing a business case.<ref>{{cite web|title=Budget gives extra £1.2bn to Wales|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-42081159|website=BBC News|access-date=22 November 2017|date=22 November 2017}}</ref>

In October 2019, Transport for Wales announced £280,000 had been allocated to revamp stations along the line in north Wales, Cheshire and Merseyside, as part of TfW's £194 million station improvement programme.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-24 |title=Borderlands line rail stations set for £280k revamp |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-50165268 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-16 |title=£194m railway stations upgrade revealed by Transport for Wales |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-49691483 |access-date=2022-05-16}}</ref>

===Proposed new stations===
New stations at Deeside Industrial Park (to be called [[Deeside Parkway railway station|Deeside Parkway]]), [[Woodchurch railway station|Woodchurch]] and [[Beechwood railway station|Beechwood]] have been proposed.<ref name=WG1>{{cite news|url=http://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/7431305.MERSEYTRAVEL_S_plans_to_carry_out_further_studies_into_the_electrification_of_the_railway_track_betw/|title=Merseytravel's plans to carry out further studies into the electrification of the railway track|work=Wirral Globe|date=29 September 1999|access-date=16 February 2016}}</ref> The route was mentioned in Merseytravel's proposed 30-year plan of 2014.
:"New stations at Beechwood and Woodchurch in Birkenhead (the latter "would be around junction 3 of the [[M53 motorway|M53]], the [[Prenton]]/[[Oxton, Merseyside|Oxton]] side") and Deeside Industrial Park. These changes would "Incorporate the line into the Merseyrail Wirral line to provide direct connectivity with Liverpool city centre."<ref name="30 Year Plan">{{cite news |title=Merseytravel plan to open or reopen host of new stations |url= http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/merseytravel-plan-open-reopen-host-7680862 |work= Liverpool Echo |first=Paddy |last=Shennan|date=28 August 2014| access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>

The draft of the Network Rail Welsh Route Study in March 2015 contained several suggestions for improving services on the line, including:.<ref name=NR1>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/long-term-planning-process/welsh-route-study/|title=Welsh Route Study – Draft for Consultation|work=Network Rail|access-date=6 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012102657/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/long-term-planning-process/welsh-route-study/|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* Replacing the High and Low levels at Shotton station with a dedicated interchange station, improving connectivity between the North Wales Coast Main Line & the Borderlands line
* The removal of level crossings to improve line speed.

===Proposed electrification===
There have been proposals for the full or partial electrification of the line since 1999 with participation of [[Merseytravel]] and the [[Senedd|devolved institutions in Wales]].{{efn-lr|[[National Assembly for Wales]] (now Senedd), [[Welsh Government]] and [[Transport for Wales]]}} Such electrification is usually intertwined with proposals for the full incorporation of the line into the electrified Merseyrail network, allowing for services from either Wrexham Central or partway along the line to travel all the way to Birkenhead and Liverpool Central.<ref name="WG1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penmorfa.com/Wrexham/electrify.html|title=The Wrexham to Bidston railway (The Borderlands line): Electrification plans|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2008, a [[Network Rail]] study estimated the cost for [[Third rail|third-rail]] electrification of the entire line to be £207 million.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.wirralnews.co.uk/wirral-news/local-wirral-news/heswall-news/2008/11/05/merseytravel-fury-over-207m-price-tag-for-bidston-wrexham-rail-link-80491-22191908/ |title= Merseytravel fury over £207m price tag for Bidston-Wrexham rail link |date=5 November 2008 |work=Wirral News |location =Liverpool|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108201554/http://www.wirralnews.co.uk/wirral-news/local-wirral-news/heswall-news/2008/11/05/merseytravel-fury-over-207m-price-tag-for-bidston-wrexham-rail-link-80491-22191908/|archive-date=8 January 2009}}</ref> To lower costs, Merseytravel suggested [[Overhead line|overhead-wire]] electrification as an alternative, bringing estimates down to £66 million. However, this would mean trains running between Wrexham and Liverpool would have to be compatible with both electric systems, therefore incompatible with the third-rail only trains in use at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penmorfa.com/Wrexham/electrify.html|title=The Wrexham to Bidston railway (The Borderlands line): Electrification plans|work=Penmorfa|access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.penmorfa.com/Wrexham/electrify.html |title= The Wrexham to Bidston railway (The Borderlands line): Electrification plans |work=Penmorfa |access-date=17 February 2007}}</ref><ref name="NetworkRUSE">{{cite web |url= http://www.networkrail.co.uk/networkrus_electrification.pdf |title= Network RUS Electrification |date= October 2009 |access-date= 20 October 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141012195531/http://www.networkrail.co.uk/networkrus_electrification.pdf |archive-date= 12 October 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

There is political support to electrify the line from both Welsh and Merseyside authorities, but the responsibility of rail infrastructure lies with the [[UK Government]]'s [[Department for Transport]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/plea-2bn-windfall-wales-after-2642305|title=Plea for £2bn windfall for Wales after high speed rail announcement |work=Daily Post|date=29 January 2013|first=Owen|last=Hughes|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Welsh Government]] aims to increase services between [[North Wales]] and Merseyside, in particular Wrexham and [[Deeside]] with Liverpool and [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/wrexham-mp-ian-lucas-welcomes-2649226/ |title= Progress on Liverpool-North Wales rail link |newspaper= North Wales Weekly News |date= 25 October 2012 |location= Conwy }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Whereas Merseyside authorities would like to increase services to stations on the line on the [[Wirral Peninsula]] in particular, as well as the rest of the line.

In 2016, a working group was set up to examine improving the line, including proposals to increase the frequency of trains on the line. It was hoped that an increase in the number of passengers would improve the case for electrification.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loop line renewal is 'short-term pain worth long-term gain of rail boost' writes MerseyTravel chief|url=http://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/14908092.Loop_line_renewal_is__short_term_pain_worth_long_term_gain_of_rail_boost__writes_MerseyTravel_chief/|website=Wirral Globe|date=16 November 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Agenda item – Rail Schemes Development and Delivery|url=http://moderngov.merseytravel.uk.net/mgAi.aspx?ID=10291|website=Merseytravel|access-date=1 December 2016|date=3 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165651/http://moderngov.merseytravel.uk.net/mgAi.aspx?ID=10291|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==== Alternatives to electrification ====
In 2017, Merseyside councillor Liam Robinson stated that passenger use on the line had increased 75% over the previous decade but electrification was still a long-term aspiration. He also stated that the new [[Class 777]] rolling stock, which can operate on overhead wires, third rail or batteries was being procured for Merseyrail, and could run on the line. The Class 777 trains could extend the line into the Liverpool and Birkenhead tunnels and stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Halton Curve: Small piece of track, big rail ambitions|url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Comment/the-halton-curve-small-piece-of-track-big-rail-ambitions|website=www.railtechnologymagazine.com|access-date=9 September 2017}}</ref>

Welsh Government minister, [[Lee Waters]], revealed in April 2023 that Transport for Wales have a Memorandum of Understanding with the [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]] to work collaboratively to increase connectivity between the two regions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ash |first1=Emily |date=4 April 2023 |title=Talks are ongoing for regular direct trains from Wrexham to Liverpool |language=en |work=The Leader |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/23431429.talks-ongoing-wrexham-liverpool-direct-trains/ |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref>

== Rolling stock ==
The line was operated using [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150]] [[Diesel multiple unit|DMUs]], however [[Diesel electric multiple unit|Bi-modal battery electric diesel]] [[British Rail Class 230|Class 230s]] operated by Transport for Wales entered passenger service on the line on 3 April 2023.<ref name="Deeside.com-4">{{Cite web |title=No new trains on Wrexham Bidston line this year – Current trains to be moved to South Wales and replaced with … 'Scuds' |url=https://www.deeside.com/no-new-trains-on-wrexham-bidston-line-this-year-current-trains-to-be-moved-to-south-wales-and-replaced-with-scuds/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wrexham.com-4">{{Cite web |title=Delayed Class 230 train finally begins passenger service on Wrexham – Bidston line |url=https://www.wrexham.com/news/much-delayed-class-230-train-finally-begins-passenger-service-on-wrexham-bidston-line-232852.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=Wrexham.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="RailAdvent">{{Cite web |title=Wales' first battery-electric train enters service on Borderlands Line |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2023/04/wales-first-battery-electric-train-enters-service-on-borderlands-line.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=RailAdvent |language=en-GB}}</ref> They were originally set to enter service in May 2022 in conjunction with a possible increase in service frequency.{{Efn-lr|delayed from 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic}}<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref name="railtech.com">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2020 |title=Vivarail certifies UK's first battery-powered train &#124; RailTech.com |url=https://www.railtech.com/rolling-stock/2020/01/27/vivarail-certifies-uks-first-battery-powered-train/ |accessdate=20 July 2021 |website=RailTech.com &#124; Online News for the Railway Industry}}</ref><ref name="tfw">{{Cite web |title=What's Happening in North Wales &#124; Transport for Wales |url=https://trc.cymru/whats-happening-north-wales |accessdate=20 July 2021 |website=trc.cymru|date=17 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="wrexham.com">{{Cite web |title=Refurbed London Underground trains for Wrexham to Bidston service + Keolis UK to move HQ to Wales |url=https://www.wrexham.com/news/refurbed-london-underground-trains-for-wrexham-to-bidston-service-keolis-uk-to-move-hq-to-wales-150386.html |accessdate=20 July 2021 |website=Wrexham.com}}</ref> On 1 July 2022, TfW announced that the [[British Rail Class 197|Class 197s]] would be used on the line.<ref name="Deeside.com-3">{{Cite web |title=New Transport for Wales confirm the new Class 197 trains will operate on the Wrexham to Bidston line |url=https://www.deeside.com/new-transport-for-wales-confirm-the-new-class-197-trains-will-operate-on-the-wrexham-to-bidston-line/ |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hughes-2022">{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Owen |date=2022-06-30 |title=New Transport for Wales trains unveiled – when and where they will be running |url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/new-transport-wales-trains-unveiled-24368162 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=North Wales Live |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hughes-2021">{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Owen |date=2021-12-01 |title=New Transport for Wales carriages filmed rolling into town – this is when and where they'll be used |url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/new-transport-wales-carriages-filmed-22326511 |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=North Wales Live |language=en}}</ref> The long-delayed 230s had its staff training suspended following a battery-related incident in April 2022, TfW stated they had targeted a late 2022 introduction as they aimed to restart the 230s' staff training programme in August 2022.<ref name="Wrexham.com-3">{{Cite web |title=TfW opens up on 'thermal incidents' delaying introduction of recycled tube trains on Wrexham to Bidston line |url=https://www.wrexham.com/news/tfw-opens-up-on-thermal-incidents-delaying-introduction-of-recycled-tube-trains-on-wrexham-to-bidston-line-221121.html |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Wrexham.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="230Testing">{{Cite web |title=Testing of TfW's troubled Class 230 trains back underway following three month suspension |url=https://www.wrexham.com/news/testing-of-tfws-troubled-class-230-trains-back-underway-following-three-month-suspension-223171.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Wrexham.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Battery trains ===
[[File:230007 Stourbridge Junction.jpg|thumb|[[British Rail Class 230]] battery-diesel hybrid at [[Stourbridge Junction railway station|Stourbridge Junction]], was introduced on the line by TfW]]
It had been proposed to use trains that receive energy from batteries and an electric pick-up on both unelectrified and electrified sections of the track. This would reduce the need for full line electrification.<ref name="NR1" />

A trial of a converted [[British Rail Class 379|Electrostar train]] using energy from overhead wires and batteries when on non-electrified sections of track was undertaken in January and February 2015 on the [[Mayflower line]]. The train travelled up to 60 miles on energy stored in the batteries also recharging the batteries via the overhead wires when on electrified track, at stations and via brake regeneration.<ref>{{cite news |last=Clinnick |first=Richard |date=13 January 2015 |title=Battery-powered Electrostar enters traffic |work=[[Rail (magazine)|Rail]] |url=http://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/2015/01/13/battery-powered-electrostar-enters-traffic |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> A month later in March 2015, the introduction of [[Battery electric multiple unit|battery powered trains]] was proposed for the Borderlands line by Network Rail.<ref name="NR1" />

The Network Rail document suggested that consideration had been given to electrification and to extending the terminus from Bidston further into Birkenhead for greater connectivity. However these options were expressed as offering low value for money. The document proposes that using battery powered rolling stock precluding full electrification of the line, provides a cheaper method of increasing connectivity and extending the service into the electrified Birkenhead and Liverpool sections of the Wirral line. From the document:
:"In the longer term, potential deployment of rolling stock with the ability to operate on battery power for part of their journey may provide the ability in an affordable manner to improve the service offering between the Wrexham – Bidston route and Liverpool."<ref name="NR1" />

==== Class 230 ====<!-- Should this section get too long, or be less relevant to the article in the future, ideally move the content to [[British Rail Class 230]]. -->
It was announced in June 2018 that refurbished [[British Rail Class 230|Class 230]] trains, which use former [[London Underground D78 Stock]] [[Bogie|train bogies]] and aluminium bodyshells with battery power plants and a diesel engine as a failsafe, were to be introduced between Wrexham and Bidston.<ref name="tfw" /><ref name="wrexham.com" /> Initially hoped for a mid-2019,<ref name="Deeside.com-2">{{Cite web |title=New trains set to come into service on Wrexham to Bidston line in December |url=https://www.deeside.com/transport-minister-takes-a-peek-at-new-trains-set-to-come-into-service-on-wrexham-to-bidston-line-later-this-year-2/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref> then a December 2019<ref name="Deeside.com-2" /> introduction, the trains were delivered by [[Vivarail]] to Transport for Wales in July 2020.<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Wrexham to Bidston hybrid trains first journey to North Wales is a 'Champagne moment' for manufacturer |url=https://www.deeside.com/new-wrexham-to-bidston-hybrid-trains-first-journey-to-north-wales-is-a-champagne-moment-for-manufacturer/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref> The trains were later passed for passenger use for a 2020 introduction, but delayed initially to May 2022.<ref name="railtech.com" /> In July 2021, one unit caught fire near Wrexham Central.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Firefighters called deal with 'small fire' on new Class 230 trains due to come into service later this year |url=https://www.deeside.com/firefighters-called-deal-with-small-fire-on-new-class-230-trains-due-to-come-into-service-later-this-year/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref> In April 2022, Transport for Wales stated it continued to aim for a May 2022 introduction,<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref name="Deeside.com" /> but by mid-May, no Class 230 trains were introduced and the extra services planned to use Class 230s were later removed from the May 2022 timetable.<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref name="Transport for Wales-2022" /> Transport for Wales states that earlier delays to the introduction of the new trains were due to (aside the COVID-19 pandemic) "technical issues" such as fires on some of the tested trains and battery-related issues (such as a battery-related "thermal" issue in April 2022) impacting staff training, with the sheer length of a pause in training meant staff would have to re-do training.<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref name="Wrexham.com-2">{{Cite web |title=New train type spotted on Wrexham to Bidston line being tested to see if "capable of operating" on route |url=https://www.wrexham.com/news/new-train-type-spotted-on-wrexham-to-bidston-line-being-tested-to-see-if-capable-of-operating-on-route-219416.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Wrexham.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Wrexham.com-3" /> A [[social media]] interaction on [[Twitter]] resulted in Transport for Wales' Twitter manager stating that the trains are set to be introduced "in the next year" (2023).<ref name="Wrexham.com" /> Deeside.com and Wrexham.com, local news websites, stated there is speculation that Transport for Wales have bought or leased [[British Rail Class 150|Class 150s]] from another [[train operating company]] for the planned increase in services on the line.<ref name="Wrexham.com" />

The trains were scheduled to start operating on the line in May 2022, however, on 24 May 2022, the new [[British Rail Class 197|Class 197s]] were spotted for compatibility testing on the line.<ref name="Wrexham.com-2" /> Class 197s were not announced to be on the Borderlands line prior to the missed May 2022 introduction of the Class 230s.<ref name="Wrexham.com-2" /> Class 197s were intended to only run long-distance services on the whole Wales & Borders network, which the Borderlands line does not interact with.<ref name="Wrexham.com-2" />

On 4 July 2022, TfW admitted battery-related "thermal issues" were the cause of the train's delayed introduction. TfW stated they have largely rectified the problem. The pausing of the staff training programme for a prolonged period of time, due to the incident, has led to staff being required to redo training.<ref name="Wrexham.com-3" /> The class 230 trains were introduced in fare paying service in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deeside.com/much-delayed-class-230-train-enters-passenger-service-on-wrexham-bidston-line-for-first-time/|title=Much delayed Class 230 train enters passenger service on Wrexham – Bidston line for first time|website=Deeside.com}}</ref>

Following their introduction, the trains by June 2023, were still not running to their timetabled times, experiencing "minor technical issues" and "teething" problems.<ref name="RailAdvent-2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=New hybrid trains in Wales experience 'minor technical issues' and vandalism |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/23448334.new-trains-wrexham-bidston-line-face-issues-first-week/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Leader |language=en}}</ref> This was later stated to be due to [[pollen]] blocking engine filters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blooming Problem: Pollen blamed for causing technical issues with new Borderlands Line trains |url=https://www.deeside.com/blooming-problem-new-transport-for-wales-class-230-trains-suffering-from-hayfever/ |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Deeside.com |language=en}}</ref> Following the issues with the services, [[Mark Isherwood (politician)|Mark Isherwood]], North Wales MS, had called for an operator other than Transport for Wales to operate the line, criticising TfW's management of services on the line.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=Calls made for Wrexham-Bidston rail line to be transferred to another operator |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/23529686.ms-calls-change-wrexham-bidston-train-line-operator/ |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=The Leader |language=en}}</ref> 

There are aspirations to extend services from Bidston onto the Merseyrail Wirral Line taking trains into the Birkenhead and Liverpool underground sections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wrexham to Bidston railway line will be 'greatly improved' under new plans |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/16275359.wrexham-bidston-railway-line-will-greatly-improved-new-plans/ |accessdate=20 July 2021 |website=The Leader|date=7 June 2018 }}</ref>

=== Alternative future trains ===
[[File:Caf 197101 llj 07oct2021.jpg|thumb|A Class 197 at Llandudno Junction, on the [[North Wales Coast Line]], north-west Wales in October 2021]]

==== Class 197s ====
On 1 July 2022, Transport for Wales announced that the Class 197s would be operating on the line when they are eventually introduced to the wider [[Wales & Borders franchise|Wales and Borders rail network]].<ref name="Deeside.com-3" /><ref name="Hughes-2022" /> The class were not initially announced to be operating on the line when they first entered testing in late 2021, with Transport for Wales stating, at the time, that the 230s would be the line's main rolling stock.<ref name="Hughes-2021" /> The Class 197s were spotted being tested on the line in May 2022,<ref name="Wrexham.com-2" /> after the initial deadline for the 230s' May introduction had passed when the May–December 2022 timetable commenced.<ref name="Wrexham.com" /><ref name="Transport for Wales-2022" />[[File:Class 777010 at Southport during Mixed Traffic Testing.jpg|thumb|Class 777 of Merseyrail, proposed for use on the line]]

==== Merseyrail trains ====
The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority announced that trials of the seven [[battery electric multiple unit]] (BEMU) versions of their new [[British Rail Class 777|Class 777]] had shown that they were capable of travelling up to {{convert|20|mi|km}} between charges.<ref name="lbndaily.co.uk">{{cite news |date=21 July 2021 |title=Battery breakthrough will see Merseyrail network extended |url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/battery-breakthrough-will-see-merseyrail-network-extended}}</ref> Further trials by Stadler reached a range of {{convert|84|mi|km}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/new-merseyrail-train-runs-135km-on-battery/ | title=New Merseyrail train runs 135km on battery | date=19 December 2022 }}</ref> This would allow the line to be served without full electrification.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist-lr}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Borderlands Line}}
*[http://www.borderlandsline.com Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140519001104/http://www.borderlandsline.com/wp-content/uploads/borderlandsline-route.pdf Detailed map of the line]
*[http://www.penmorfa.com/Wrexham/ The Wrexham to Bidston railway: 'The Borderland line']

{{Railway lines in Wales}}
{{Railway lines in North West England}}

[[Category:Railway lines in Wales]]
[[Category:Transport in Wrexham County Borough]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Merseyside]]
[[Category:Railway lines in North West England]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in Wales]]
[[Category:Standard gauge railways in England]]
[[Category:Community railway lines in England]]
[[Category:Community railway lines in Wales]]