View source for Borat Sagdiyev

{{Short description|Fictional character created and portrayed by Sacha Baron Cohen}}
{{For|the surname 'Sagdiyev'|Sagdiyev (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Borat Sagdiyev<br />{{lang|kk|Борат Сагдиев}}
| series = [[Da Ali G Show]] / [[Borat]]
| image = Borat in Cologne.jpg
| caption = Baron Cohen as Borat at the German premiere of ''Borat'' (2006)
| first = ''[[F2F (TV series)|F2F]]'' (1997) <br>(as Alexi Krickler)''<br> [[Da Ali G Show]]'' (2000) <br>(as Borat)
| last = ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'' (2024)
| creator = [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]
| portrayer = Sacha Baron Cohen
| origin = Kuzcek, [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (present-day [[Kazakhstan]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|broadcaster|singer|actor|[[ping pong]] player|global ambassador for Kazakhstan}}
| title = Global ambassador for Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan
| full_name = Borat Margaret Sagdiyev
| spouses = Ludmilla Sagdiyev<br />Oksana Sagdiyev (died during filming of Borat's "documentary")<br />[[Luenell]]<br />At least 2 more
| nationality = [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] (formerly)<br />[[Kazakhstan]]i (currently)
| family = {{Plainlist|
* Asimbala Sagdiyeva (mother)
* Boltok the Rapist (father)
* Natalya Sagdiyeva (sister)
* Bilo Sagdiyev (twin brother)
* Oksana Sagdiyeva (half-sister/wife)}}
| children = {{Plainlist|* Bilak and Biram Sagdiyev (twin sons)
* Hueylewis ("Jeffrey Epstein") Sagdiyev (son)
* Tutar Sagdiyev (daughter)}}
| religion = [[Tengrism]]<br />[[Pentecostalism]] (briefly)
| aliases = Prof. Philip Drummond III<br />John Chevrolet<br />Cliff Safari<br />Country Steve<br>Patient zero
}}
'''Borat Margaret Sagdiyev''' ({{langx|kk|Борат Маргарет Сағдиев|Borat Margaret Sağdiyev}}, {{IPA|kk|boˈɾɑt mɑɾɡɑˈɾet sɑʁˈdijev|pron}}) is a [[Satire|satirical]] fictional character created and performed by [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]. Depicted as a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] television journalist, the character serves as the main protagonist of the mockumentary ''[[Borat|Borat! Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan]]'' (2006) and its sequel ''[[Borat Subsequent Moviefilm|Borat Subsequent Moviefilm: Delivery of Prodigious Bribe to American Regime for Make Benefit Once Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan]]'' (2020), and a main character of ''[[Da Ali G Show]]''.

Borat's humour arises from his espousal of outrageous sociocultural viewpoints, his violation of social taboos, and his use of vulgar language and behaviour in inappropriate settings. Most often the comedy relies on Borat's obliviousness to [[First World]] natives not sharing his regressive worldview, but occasionally Borat's innocent and collegial demeanor will provoke his targets to reveal biases they would otherwise be reluctant to share publicly. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' put the 2006 film on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list, saying, "The Kazakhstani journalist gave us some of the most incisive cultural commentary ever filmed. That, and a wrestling match between butt-naked men. Something for everyone."<ref>Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (11 December 2009), "The 100 greatest movies, TV shows, albums, books, characters, scenes, episodes, songs, dresses, music videos, and trends that entertained us over the past 10 years". ''Entertainment Weekly''. (1079/1080):74–84</ref>

==Origins==
The character was first developed for the purpose of short skits on ''[[F2F (TV series)|F2F]]'' on [[Granada Talk TV]] that Baron Cohen presented in 1996–1997; at this time, the character was known as Alexi Krickler.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18105176 |title=Sacha Baron Cohen on mocking 'hilarious' Gaddafi |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=26 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326150300/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18105176 |url-status=live }}</ref> The character, now known as Kristo Shqiptari,<ref name="Early Borat Video">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1xphVAkhSo|title=The Proto 'Borat' – Christo meets Lady Colin Campbell|last=Woodfall|first=Ashley|date=22 April 2011|access-date=5 January 2012|via=YouTube|archive-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161512/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1xphVAkhSo&feature=plpp_video|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Early Sasha Baron Cohen Video">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9YCkRlB26E|title=Early Sasha Baron Cohen|last=Woodfall|first=Ashley|date=6 May 2012|access-date=6 May 2012|via=YouTube|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212812/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9YCkRlB26E|url-status=live}}</ref> was picked by [[BBC Two]]'s ''[[Comedy Nation]]''. Alexi and Kristo were nearly identical in looks and demeanor to the later incarnation, although Alexi claimed to be [[Moldova]]n and Kristo claimed to be [[Albania]]n<ref name="Early Ali G and Borat video!">{{cite web|url=http://www.boyakasha.co.uk/borat/early-ali-g-and-borat-video|title=Early Ali G and Borat video!|website=Boyakasha.co.uk|date=19 December 2010|access-date=21 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315090732/http://www.boyakasha.co.uk/borat/early-ali-g-and-borat-video|archive-date=15 March 2011}}</ref> rather than coming from [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.lexingtonbooks.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=^DB/CATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=978-0-7391-2336-2 |title=The Many Faces of Sacha Baron Cohen: Politics, Parody, and the Battle over Borat |first=Robert A. |last=Saunders |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2008 |page=42 |isbn=978-0-7391-2336-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928170146/http://www.lexingtonbooks.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=%5EDB%2FCATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=978-0-7391-2336-2 |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}</ref> The character remained dormant while Baron Cohen concentrated on his popular [[Ali G]] persona for [[Channel 4]]'s ''[[The 11 O'Clock Show]]'', but with the subsequent success of Ali G and the creation of ''[[Da Ali G Show]]'' (also on Channel 4) Baron Cohen revisited his Borat character.

==Fictional character biography==
{{Redirect-distinguish|Kuzcek|Kuczek}}
[[File:Borat profile.JPG|left|thumb|Borat in 2006]]
[[File:Borat Sacha Baron Cohen.jpg|thumb|Borat at the premiere of his [[Borat|film]] in London, 2006]]
Borat was born and raised in the village of Kuzcek, [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] to Maryam Tulyakbay and Boltok the Rapist (who is also stated to be his grandfather, uncle and former father-in-law until the demise of Oksana).<ref>{{cite book |last=Hines |first=Anthony |date=6 November 2007 |title=Borat: Touristic Guidings to Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan |url=https://archive.org/details/borattouristicgu00hine |url-access=registration |publisher=Flying Dolphin Press |isbn=978-0385523462}}</ref> He stated that his mother gave birth to him when she was 10 years old. She is shown as a short old lady (revealed to be 43 years old in 2005) in his 2006 film, where he gives the viewer a guided tour of his hometown. He has a (remarkably well-endowed) 13-year-old son named Hueylewis, 12-year-old twin boys named Bilak and Biram, as well as 17 grandchildren. He has a sister, Natalya, whom at different times he has described as the "number four prostitute in all of Kazakhstan". Another sister who appears to be a very young teenage girl is shown at the beginning of ''Borat's Guide to Britain''. It has been revealed in an interview with a [[general practitioner]] that he caught [[syphilis]] from one of his sisters during a Kazakh folk festival. He also has a younger brother, Bilo, who is [[Intellectual disability|intellectually disabled]] and kept locked in a cage. Bilo was not always disabled and was shown as an average early teenage boy in ''Borat's Guide to Britain''. At some point, Bilo sustained brain damage during an [[exorcism]], when another brother of Borat's tried to release a demon from Bilo through the "traditional Kazakh folk remedy" of opening the skull and sticking the tooth of a red-haired woman in the brain.

Borat's neighbours are [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nursultan]] [[Zharmakhan Tuyakbay|Tuyakbay]] (whom Borat considers "a pain in my assholes") and Dr. Yamak, a scientist who works for the Kazakh government and claims to have proven that women have "brain the size of [[squirrel]]". In ''Borat's Guide to Britain'', Borat and Yamak settle a dispute in the traditional Kazakh "civilised way" by [[Red hands|beating each other's genitals with a leather glove until one of them gives up]].

It is unknown how many times Borat has been married, but he has had at least five wives. In ''Borat's Guide to Britain'', he admits to being a [[Polygamy|bigamist]] and has three additional lovers (two of whom he describes as his "mistress" and his "girlfriend" respectively, while he "[[Prostitution|has to pay money]] for" the third). One of his wives (Ludmilla) is said to have been shot by a hunter when he mistook her for a [[bear]] as she ploughed the fields. His bad-tempered, obese former wife, Oksana (who was also his half-sister as they had the same biological father), is reported in the ''Borat'' film to have been attacked, [[Sexual assault|"violated" and "broken"]] by a bear while taking his brother Bilo for a walk in the forest. Borat is not saddened at all by the tragedy. He thanks the man who brings him this "good news" by giving him a [[high five]] and celebrates his new-found freedom by pursuing [[Baywatch]] star [[Pamela Anderson]] and eventually reunites with and marries [[Luenell]], an African-American prostitute he met whilst filming his documentary. In [[Borat Subsequent Moviefilm|the sequel]], Luenell is nowhere to be seen and can be assumed to have either left Borat or died in the fourteen years since the first film. Borat goes on to ask a professional babysitter late in the film to be his "new black wife", to which she politely declines.

According to various in-character interviews with Sacha Baron Cohen, Borat attended [[L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University|Astana University]], where he studied English, journalism and [[Plague (disease)|plague]] research. He created five new plagues which "killed over five million [[goat]]s" in [[Uzbekistan]], the country that he has a strong hatred of.<ref name="CNN_interview">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Movies/10/27/becky.borat/index.html|title=When CNN's Becky met Borat|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=28 October 2006|access-date=17 July 2007|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108105541/http://www.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/Movies/10/27/becky.borat/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to his plague research, Borat worked as an ice maker, "[[gypsy]]-catcher", "animal-puller" (one who produces [[semen]] from animals) and computer maintenance engineer (specifically removing dead birds which had nested in the vents of computers' casings).<ref name="Jobs">{{cite web|url=http://boratmovieonline.com/careerandskills.php|title=Borat's Career and Skills|website=Borat Movie Online|access-date=17 July 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930002935/http://boratmovieonline.com/careerandskills.php |archive-date = 30 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> He now works as a journalist and announcer on Kazakh television. This job helps Borat and other Kazakhs "express themselves in ways they otherwise would not have been able to do".

Borat mostly speaks English during his reports. His supposed [[Kazakh language]] in some scenes is in fact a mix of [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Polish language|Polish]] (both of which Baron Cohen has good knowledge of). Borat usually introduces himself with the term "Jagshemash" ("Jak się masz?", meaning "How are you?" in Polish) and ends reports with "Chenquieh"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jonny the Monkey - #1 Celebrity in all Kazakhstan|url=http://jonnythemonkey.com/|access-date=2021-09-03|website=jonnythemonkey.com|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411100959/http://jonnythemonkey.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> ("Dziękuję", meaning "Thank you" in Polish). He often uses the phrase "Wa wa wee wa!", an expression of surprised delight which came from a skit by [[Dov Glickman]] on the popular [[Israel]]i comedy show ''[[Zehu Ze!]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Secret of Borat's fluent Kazakh – it's Hebrew |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/dec/20/israelandthepalestinians |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 December 2006 |access-date=19 July 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705004141/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/dec/20/israelandthepalestinians |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although nominally [[Paganism|pagan]] most of his life, sometimes remarking that he "follow[s] the [[Flag of Kazakhstan|hawk]]", during his trip to the US, he attends a [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] church service and later converts his entire village to Christianity, his version of which involves [[Crucifixion|crucifying]] [[Jews]]. Borat is a keen admirer of [[Joseph Stalin]] and claims that both he and Stalin are strong men with powerful "khram" (genitals). He strongly opposes [[women's rights]] and is quite aghast upon learning that in Britain and the US, [[Women's suffrage|women can vote]] while [[horse]]s cannot. He frequently comments that allowing women to vote is like "allowing a [[monkey]] to drive a car". In his spare time, he enjoys playing [[table tennis]] (ping pong), sun-bathing while clad in a lime-green [[Bikini|mankini]], [[disco]] dancing, spitting, sitting on comfortable chairs, shooting dogs and taking pictures of women when they "make a toilet". He also enjoys hunting Jews in his homeland. He is extremely fond of "[[Sexual intercourse|sexy time]]", particularly "[[Oral sex|mouth-party]]" and "[[Handjob|hand-party]]". Borat also states that he "very much like Korki Butchek" (a fictional Kazakh musician).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/jimmykimmel/videos/borat-premieres-the-new-trailer-for-the-brothers-grimsby/1663583550585407/ |title=Archived copy |website=[[Facebook]] |access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212653/https://www.facebook.com/jimmykimmel/videos/borat-premieres-the-new-trailer-for-the-brothers-grimsby/1663583550585407/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Ali G==
In each episode of ''[[Da Ali G Show]]'', Borat is shown doing satirical interviews with often unwitting subjects in the United Kingdom and the United States. The segments were shot in a low-quality video style to maintain the impression of low-quality television broadcasts in a poor country (similar to the [[Chanel 9]] segments on ''[[The Fast Show]]''). In ''[[Ali G Indahouse]]'', the British [[Prime Minister]] and Ali G greet Borat who proceeds to hug and then kiss Ali G, who pushes him away in disgust.

The Borat segments on ''Da Ali G Show'' use a rock rendition of a Russian folk tune, "[[Korobeiniki]]", as the theme song.

===Guide to Britain===
This was created as part of a six-part series of ''Da Ali G Show'' that was originally broadcast on Channel 4 (UK) starting in March 2000.

Five Borat sketches were shown, in the form of "Guides" to "Etiquette", Hunting, [[Cambridge]], Edinburgh, and [[Henley Royal Regatta|Henley]]. The "Guides" to "English Gentlemen", "Politics" and "Sport" were also filmed at this time but released at a later date as part of ''Ali G'' DVDs. The Cambridge sketch is the only major Borat material from this series not to have made it onto the compilation DVDs.

===Guide to USA 1===
Shown as part of a six-part ''Ali G Show'' originally on HBO (US) in February 2003. This series was screened and released in the UK as ''Ali G in the USA''.

Six Borat sketches were shown in the form of "Guides" to "Dating",
"Etiquette", "Acting", "Men", "Baseballs" and "The (Deep) South". A "Guide to Animals" was filmed but released at a later date as part of an ''Ali G'' DVD.

===Guide to USA 2===
Shown as part of a six-part ''Ali G Show'' originally on HBO (US) in July 2004. (Channel 4 was the UK channel where Ali G and Borat originally appeared, and the series for America was a joint HBO/Channel 4 co-production). This series was re-edited for the UK to remove all the Ali G material, becoming two prime-time ''[[Borat's Television Programme]]'' specials for Channel 4. These specials also embodied the Brüno segments from the series and Borat's "Guide To Hunting", not screened in the US version. The uncut second series as it appeared on HBO was later given a UK courtesy transmission on digital channel E4.

Six Borat sketches were shown in the form of "Guides" to "Wine Tasting", "Politics", "Country Music", "Hobbies", "Buying a House" and "Jobs" (careers), with "Hunting" airing in the UK only.

==Films==

===''Ali G Indahouse''===
Borat had a small cameo role in Baron Cohen's film ''[[Ali G Indahouse]]'' as a Kazakhstani diplomat.

===''Borat''===
{{Main|Borat}}
[[File:Borat ComicCon 2006.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Borat at [[San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con]] in 2006.]]
[[Subtitle (titling)|Subtitled]] ''Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan'', the film ''[[Borat]]'' is a [[mockumentary]] comedy. Most of those appearing in the film are not paid performers, but real people whom Borat met on his journey.<ref name=Salon>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/ent/feature/2006/11/10/guide_to_borat/index.html |website=Salon Arts & Entertainment |last1=Marchese |first1=David |last2=Paskin |first2=Willa |title=What's real in "Borat"? |date=10 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420115413/http://www.salon.com/ent/feature/2006/11/10/guide_to_borat/index.html |archive-date=20 April 2008 }}</ref> The film was distributed by [[20th Century Fox]], and directed by [[Larry Charles]]. It premiered at the 2006 [[Toronto International Film Festival]], and was released across Europe on 2 November 2006 and North America on 3 November 2006.

The film follows Borat in his travels across the United States, as he commits cultural [[wiktionary:solecism|solecisms]] and exposes a few American ones. Over the course of the film, Borat falls in love with [[Pamela Anderson]] after watching a rerun of ''[[Baywatch]]'', and vows to make her his wife.

The film opened at No. 1 in the U.S., taking in [[USD|$]]26.4&nbsp;million on a limited release of 837 screens during its first weekend, beating ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]'' as the biggest opening weekend for a film released in fewer than 1,000 cinemas. Baron Cohen celebrated the release of the film with a host of promotional in-character interviews.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.stv.tv/out/showArticle.jsp?articleId=/out/dontmiss/Borat| title = Borat interview| access-date = 22 December 2006| publisher = SMG, PLC.}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The film expanded its release on the second weekend to 2,566 screens, where it took in an additional $29&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2006/BORAT.php| title = Borat (2006) – Financial Information| access-date = 22 December 2006| website = [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]| publisher = Nash Information Services, LLC.| archive-date = 26 December 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212742/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Borat| url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2007, Baron Cohen won a [[Golden Globe]] for "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical Or Comedy". With a production budget of $18,000,000 the film has grossed $128,501,044 in the United States of America and another $128,848,505 internationally, for a worldwide gross of $257,349,549 by mid-March 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=borat.htm|title=Borat! Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (2006) – Daily Box Office Results|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429155032/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=borat.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Borat Subsequent Moviefilm''===
{{main|Borat Subsequent Moviefilm}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2020}}
In 2020, Baron Cohen filmed several pranks for a sequel film, a [[mockumentary]] comedy just like the first film.

Since the end of the previous film, Borat was sentenced to a [[labor camp]] for the dishonor he had inflicted on his country. The sequel follows Borat as he is ordered to deliver a monkey, and later his daughter to [[Mike Pence]], and later [[Rudy Giuliani]]. Borat then goes back to [[Kazakhstan]] in defeat, however, realizes that the Kazakh government has deliberately infected the world with coronavirus and is paid to keep the secret and is forgiven. The film ends with a message encouraging viewers to vote in the then-upcoming US presidential election.

==Book==
In 2007, Baron Cohen released a book titled ''Touristic Guidings to Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan/Touristic Guidings to Minor Nation of U.S. and A.'', with humour about both countries in a similar vein to the movie.<ref name="EW">{{cite magazine | url=https://ew.com/article/2007/11/02/borat-touristic-guidings-minor-nation-us-and-andglorious-nation-kazakhstan/ | title=Borat: Touristic Guidings to Minor Nation of U.S. and A. and...Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=2 November 2007 | access-date=29 October 2011 | author=Wolk, Josh | archive-date=26 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212722/https://ew.com/article/2007/11/02/borat-touristic-guidings-minor-nation-us-and-andglorious-nation-kazakhstan/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/borat_dc |title=High five! Borat is back to amuse -- and offend |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=6 November 2007 |access-date=29 October 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121165200/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/borat_dc |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Family==
{{chart top|Sagdiyev family tree}}
{{tree chart/start|style=font: 100% sans-serif;|align=center}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | |BR|y|UM|BR=Boltok the Rapist|UM=Maryam Tulyakbay}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | |!| |!}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | |f|AS|AS=Asimbala Sagdiyeva}}
{{tree chart | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{tree chart |BL| |NT| |OS|y|BS|~|~|y|~|~|LN| |NS|BL=Bilo Sagdiyev|NT=Nursultan Tulyakbay|OS=Oksana Sagdiyeva|BS='''Borat Margaret Sagdiyev'''|LN=Luenell|NS=Natalya Sagdiyeva}}
{{tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|i|-|-|v|-|^|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart |BK| |BR| |HL| |TS| |U1| |U2|BK=Bilak Sagdiyev|BR=Biram Sagdiyev|HL=Jeffrey Epstein (né Hueylewis Sagdiyev){{refn|group=n|''Changes name in fourteen-year interval between [[Borat]] and [[Borat Subsequent Moviefilm]]''.<ref name="mRErY">{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,305006,00.html|date=25 October 2007|author=Gregorian, Dareh|title=Etiquette Expert Pranked in 'Borat' Sues|publisher=[[Fox News|Fox News Channel]]|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026121544/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,305006,00.html|archive-date=26 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kMgtE">{{cite web|url = http://www.gaywebmasters.com/news/pr/gay_xxx_star_stonie_portrays_teen_son_of_borat/|title = Gay XXX Star, Stonie, Portrays Teen Son Of Borat|date = 8 November 2006|access-date = 14 December 2010|publisher = gaywebmasters.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110711080249/http://www.gaywebmasters.com/news/pr/gay_xxx_star_stonie_portrays_teen_son_of_borat/|archive-date = 11 July 2011|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="uiKp0">{{cite web|url = http://perezhilton.com/2008-01-11-borats-son-becomes-borats-daughter|title = Borat's Son Becomes Borat's Daughter!!!|date = 11 January 2008|access-date = 14 December 2010|author = Hilton, Perez|author-link = Perez Hilton|publisher = [[Perez Hilton|perezhilton.com]]|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110501050254/http://perezhilton.com/2008-01-11-borats-son-becomes-borats-daughter|archive-date = 1 May 2011|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="9xQ9Q">{{cite web|url=http://www.jasoncurious.com/desk/2008/01/stonie-becomes-woman.html |title=Stonie Becomes A Woman |author=Sechrest, Jason |author-link=Jason Sechrest |publisher=[[JasonCurious.com]] |date=9 January 2008 |access-date=14 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208204059/http://www.jasoncurious.com/desk/2008/01/stonie-becomes-woman.html |archive-date= 8 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name="eo4pA">{{cite web|url = http://www.gayporntimes.com/hardnews/2008/01/10/meet-brittany-coxxx-aka-stonie/|title = Meet Brittany Coxxx (a.k.a. Stonie)|date = 10 January 2008|access-date = 13 December 2010|author = Adams, JC|author-link = JC Adams|publisher = The Adams Report (gayporntimes.com)|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101023133843/http://www.gayporntimes.com/hardnews/2008/01/10/meet-brittany-coxxx-aka-stonie/|archive-date = 23 October 2010|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="3zlXn">{{cite web|url=http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2006/11/the-gay-porn-star-who-plays-borats-son.php |title=Revealed: Borat's Son a Gay Porn Star |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=13 December 2010 |publisher=[[RadarOnline|radaronline.com]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812052735/http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2006/11/the-gay-porn-star-who-plays-borats-son.php |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>}}|TS=[[Tutar Sagdiyev]]|U1=Unnamed Son #1|U2=Unnamed Son #2}}
{{tree chart | |}}
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|style="text-align: left;"|'''Notes:'''
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In 2007, Sacha Baron Cohen stated that the character of Borat, alongside his [[Ali G]] character, would be retired.<ref name="shed">[https://movies.yahoo.com/mv/news/va/20071221/119828847600.html Yahoo Movies: Sacha Baron Cohen to shed Borat persona for good] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226192004/http://movies.yahoo.com/mv/news/va/20071221/119828847600.html |date=26 December 2007 }} Yahoo, 21 December 2007</ref> Borat's last appearances were at ''Night of Too Many Stars: An Overbooked Event for Autism Education 2006'' television special and an online public service announcement  ahead of the 2008 United States elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBCpt4D0SuU|title=Don't Vote (Starring Will Smith, Snoop Dogg, Borat & More)|via=YouTube|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108105551/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBCpt4D0SuU|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2016, to promote the trailer release of his film ''[[Grimsby (film)|Grimsby]]'', Baron Cohen appeared in character as Borat on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/2015/12/10/borat-sacha-baron-cohen-brothers-grimsby-jimmy-kimmel/ |title=Brothers Grimsby: Borat introduces Sacha Baron Cohen's new character on Jimmy Kimmel |last=Lee |first=Chris |date=10 December 2015 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212747/https://ew.com/article/2015/12/10/borat-sacha-baron-cohen-brothers-grimsby-jimmy-kimmel/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He then made an appearance on the show on 7 November 2018 as a part of a guest appearance by Baron Cohen to promote his show ''[[Who Is America?]]''<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/11/07/sacha-baron-cohen-borat-election-day-jimmy-kimmel-live/ |title=Sacha Baron Cohen brings back Borat to canvass for Trump on Election Day |last=Derschowitz |first=Jessica |date=7 November 2018 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=8 November 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212744/https://ew.com/tv/2018/11/07/sacha-baron-cohen-borat-election-day-jimmy-kimmel-live/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, Baron Cohen officially rekindled Borat with the filming of ''[[Borat Subsequent Moviefilm]]'', which was released on 23 October 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13143964/ |title=Borat Subsequent Moviefilm: Delivery of Prodigious Bribe to American Regime for Make Benefit Once Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=2 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026155346/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt13143964/ |url-status=live }}</ref> introducing the character of Borat's daughter [[Tutar Sagdiyev]], portrayed by [[Maria Bakalova]].<ref name="concerned">{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/borat-2-sacha-baron-cohen-rudy-giuliani-scene-maria-bakalova-b1256724.html|title=Sacha Baron Cohen says he was 'concerned' for Maria Bakalova during that Giuliani scene|date=23 October 2020|website=The Independent|access-date=3 November 2020|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212734/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/borat-2-sacha-baron-cohen-rudy-giuliani-scene-maria-bakalova-b1256724.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="daughter">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/who-plays-sacha-baron-cohens-daughter-in-borat-2.html|title=Who Plays Sacha Baron Cohen's Daughter in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm?|first=Chris|last=Lee|date=21 October 2020|website=Vulture|access-date=3 November 2020|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102082949/https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/who-plays-sacha-baron-cohens-daughter-in-borat-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="glamour">{{Cite web|last=Oré|first=Michella|title=Who Plays Borat's Daughter?|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/maria-bakalova-borat-daughter|access-date=25 October 2020|website=Glamour|date=22 October 2020|language=en-us|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212657/https://www.glamour.com/story/maria-bakalova-borat-daughter|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ignrev">{{Cite web|last=Fowler|first=Matt|date=22 October 2020|title=Borat Subsequent Moviefilm Review|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/borat-subsequent-moviefilm-review|access-date=25 October 2020|website=[[IGN]]|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212747/https://www.ign.com/articles/borat-subsequent-moviefilm-review|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="meet">{{Cite web|last=EDT|first=Emma Nolan On 10/22/20 at 12:11 PM|date=22 October 2020|title=Meet Maria Bakalova—Borat's daughter is breakout star of Sacha Baron Cohen's sequel|url=https://www.newsweek.com/maria-bakalova-borat-2-daughter-actress-tutar-1541405|access-date=25 October 2020|website=Newsweek|language=en|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212730/https://www.newsweek.com/maria-bakalova-borat-2-daughter-actress-tutar-1541405|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oscar">{{Cite web|last=Periwal|first=Saahil Agnelo|date=24 October 2020|title='Oscar for Maria Bakalova': Twitter left in awe of Sacha Baron Cohen's Borat 2|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/oscar-maria-bakalova-twitter-left-awe-sacha-baron-cohen-s-borat-2|access-date=25 October 2020|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us|archive-date=26 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226212648/https://www.sportskeeda.com/esports/oscar-maria-bakalova-twitter-left-awe-sacha-baron-cohen-s-borat-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

==In other films==
Borat himself was parodied in the critically panned 2007 parody film ''[[Epic Movie]]'' and was played by [[Danny Jacobs (actor)|Danny Jacobs]].

==Criticism and controversy==
{{See also|Da Ali G Show#Controversy}}

===Criticized as unfair smear against Kazakhstan===
There have been arguments that the film's portrayal of the people of [[Kazakhstan]] is unfair and unjustified.

On 19 October 2006, the [[BBC]] reported that Kazakhstan's Deputy Foreign Minister, [[Rakhat Aliyev]], had invited Baron Cohen to visit Kazakhstan to see how inaccurate his portrayals were. In an interview, Aliyev asserted that "His trip could yield a lot of discoveries—that women not only travel inside buses but also drive their own cars, that we make [[Kazakh wine|wine]] from grapes, that Jews can freely attend synagogues and so on."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6066040.stm | work=BBC News | title=Kazakh invite for Borat creator | date=19 October 2006 | access-date=26 April 2010 | archive-date=20 January 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120235544/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6066040.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Denigration of Roma===
Borat's movie has been accused of promoting [[antiziganism]]. The film has been criticised for several scenes portraying Borat's fictional "Kazakh" village which were actually filmed in the impoverished Roma village of [[Glod, Dâmboviţa|Glod]] in [[Romania]]. ''[[USA Today]]'' reports that poverty-stricken villagers were offered between $3.30 and $5.50 to bring animals into their houses and other gag scenes for the movie that some people described as humiliating.<ref>{{cite news| title = Now Romanians say 'Borat' misled them| url = https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-11-14-romanians-borat_x.htm| work = USA Today| publisher = Gannett Co, Inc.| date = 15 November 2006| access-date = 22 December 2006| archive-date = 8 January 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070108195034/http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-11-14-romanians-borat_x.htm| url-status = live}}</ref> The studio contends that participants were paid double the rate recommended by the Romanian film office for extras.  Additionally, Baron Cohen personally donated $5,000 to the village, as well as computers and school supplies.<ref name="abclocal">{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=entertainment&id=4825647|title=NYC Judge Questions Viability Of Villagers' 'Borat' Lawsuit|website=ABC7 New York|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116193006/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=entertainment&id=4825647|archive-date=16 November 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2025}}

Two villagers of Glod hired controversial<ref name=stealing>Fuchs, Mary (24 June 2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20100608082208/http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/06/the_lawyer_who_represented_hol.html Lawyer Edward Fagan is disbarred in N.J. for misusing Holocaust victims' funds]". ''New Jersey Real-Time News''. Retrieved 14 October 2009.</ref> [[Reparation (legal)|reparation]] attorney [[Ed Fagan]] to sue the makers of the film for $30&nbsp;million for human rights abuses. Fagan intended to submit lawsuits in New York and Florida state courts, as well as in [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]]. Fagan said that he hoped to "teach Hollywood a very expensive lesson." The lawsuit was thrown out by U.S. District Judge [[Loretta Preska]] in a hearing in early December 2006 on the ground that the charges were too vague to stand up in court.<ref name="abclocal" /> Fagan planned to refile, but has since been disbarred.<ref name="stealing" />

===Denigration of Jews===
The Borat character has been accused of anti-Semitism. However, Baron Cohen, himself a Jew, has explained that the segments are a "dramatic demonstration of how racism feeds on dumb conformity, as much as rabid bigotry."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://movies.yahoo.com/mv/news/va/20060908/115774501000.html| title = "Borat" satire turns to farce at Toronto festival| access-date = 22 December 2006| date = 8 September 2006| work = Reuters Movie News| agency = Reuters Limited| archive-date = 23 March 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070323100516/https://movies.yahoo.com/mv/news/va/20060908/115774501000.html| url-status = live}}</ref> "Borat essentially works as a tool. By himself pretending to be anti-Semitic, he lets people lower their guard and expose their own prejudice," Baron Cohen explained to ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref name="finally_speaks/page/2">{{cite news| url = https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/sacha_baron_cohen_the_real_borat_finally_speaks/page/2| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061219060600/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/sacha_baron_cohen_the_real_borat_finally_speaks/page/2| archive-date = 19 December 2006| title = The Man Behind The Mustache| access-date = 22 December 2006| last = Strauss| first = Neil| date = 14 November 2006| url-status = dead|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> Baron Cohen, the grandson of a [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] survivor, says he wishes in particular to expose the role of indifference:

{{blockquote|When I was in university, there was this major historian of the [[Third Reich]], [[Ian Kershaw]], who said, "The path to [[Auschwitz]] was paved with indifference." I know it's not very funny being a comedian talking about the Holocaust, but it's an interesting idea that not everyone in Germany had to be a raving anti-Semite. They just had to be apathetic.<ref name="finally_speaks/page/2"/>}}

(The exact line from Kershaw's 1983 book ''Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich'' was that "the road to Auschwitz was built by hate, but paved with indifference".)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QAPmule8mdcC&q=paved Evans, Kershaw ''Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich: Bavaria 1933–1945'', Oxford University Press, 2002, page 277]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/inhitlersshadow00rich <!-- quote=paved. --> Evans, Richard ''In Hitler's Shadow'', New York: Pantheon, 1989 p. 71]</ref><ref>Marrus, Michael ''The Holocaust in History'', Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000 p. 91.</ref>

However, the [[Anti-Defamation League]], a United States–based group that "...combat[s] anti-Semitism and bigotry of all kinds", complained to [[HBO]] after Borat performed his [[country and western]] song "[[In My Country There Is Problem]]". It called on people to "throw the Jew down the well", warning that "you must be careful of his teeth" and that "you must grab him by his money", and was welcomed with applause and participation by some members of an audience in [[Tucson, Arizona]]. The full chorus goes: "Throw the Jew down the well / So my country can be free / You must grab him by his horns / Then we have a big party."<ref>[http://www.adl.org/media_watch/tv/20040809-hbo.htm Letter to Sacha Baron Cohen ("Ali G")] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607154747/http://www.adl.org/media_watch/tv/20040809-hbo.htm |date=7 June 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Mise_00/4898_00.htm Statement On The Comedy Of Sacha Baron Cohen, A.K.A. "Borat"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212080423/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Mise_00/4898_00.htm |date=12 February 2007 }}</ref> Regarding the enthusiastic response to "In My Country There Is Problem", he says, "Did it reveal that they were anti-Semitic? Perhaps. But maybe it just revealed that they were indifferent to anti-Semitism."

In another scene, Borat visits the Serengeti Range ranch in Texas, where the owner of the ranch, Gene Gordon confides that he believes the Holocaust was a necessity for Germany. He further implies that he would have no moral qualms about running a ranch where people can hunt, in Borat's words, "deer...then Jew."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/747876/duluth_newstribune_minn_robin_washington_column_borat_ruse_leads_to/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102035900/http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/747876/duluth_newstribune_minn_robin_washington_column_borat_ruse_leads_to/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2016|first=Sam|last=Savage|title=''Borat'' Ruse Leads to Texas Soul-Searching|work=The Duluth News-Tribune|location=Minnesota|date=29 November 2006|access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref>

An interview with James Broadwater, an [[evangelical Christian]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidate for the [[Congress of the United States|United States' Congress]] from [[Mississippi]], caused Broadwater to receive some hate emails after an episode of ''Da Ali G Show'' aired in which Broadwater stated that all non-Christians (including Jews) will go to Hell. He was told that the interview would be played in foreign countries to teach others about the American political system. Broadwater later posted a letter on his website denouncing ''Da Ali G Show,'' explaining that his statement referred to a theological belief that anyone that "accepts [[Jesus Christ]] as Lord and Saviour will spend eternity in Heaven, while everyone who rejects Him will spend eternity in Hell." Broadwater did not apologise for his comments. Instead, he insisted that "the liberal, anti-God media needs to be brought under the strict control of the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], and that as soon as possible."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webgeordie.co.uk/borat/broadwater.htm|title=The Unofficial Borat Homepage – Behind the Scenes: James Broadwater|website=webgeordie.co.uk|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911165809/http://www.webgeordie.co.uk/borat/broadwater.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the film, Borat continues his anti-Semitic stance. When he mentions his decision to avoid flying while in America, Borat says that his colleague "insists we not fly in case [[9/11 conspiracy theories#Jewish and Israeli involvement|the Jews repeat their attack]] of [[September 11 attacks|9/11]]". Later, he finds himself in a bed & breakfast run by a kind elderly Jewish couple. He tries to "escape", and throws money at two [[woodlice]] that have crawled into his room, apparently believing that the Jewish hosts have [[Shapeshifting|shapeshifted]] into the tiny woodlice. He was amazed that they had managed to look human, and states that one "can hardly see their horns". Borat is completely oblivious to his hosts' religious beliefs or ethnicity when he first meets them, despite how obvious it is: the man wears a [[kippah]] and the woman openly displays her paintings of Jewish people all over the house. Borat does not understand until the woman explicitly states to him: "I'm Jewish."

The film has enjoyed particular success in Israel because Israeli filmgoers understand what Borat is really saying when he is supposedly spouting Kazakh: throughout the film, Borat speaks fluent [[Hebrew]] with some phrases in [[Polish language|Polish]], and his assistant speaks [[Armenian language|Armenian]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1975928,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Secret of Borat's fluent Kazakh – it's Hebrew | author=Staff and agencies | date=20 December 2006 | access-date=26 April 2010 | archive-date=22 January 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122201132/http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1975928,00.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Views on the Iraq War===
On 7 January 2005, after convincing the authorities that he was shooting a documentary film, Baron Cohen managed to infuriate a crowd at a [[rodeo]] in [[Salem, Virginia]]. Even though the crowd first cheered at the beginning of his statements of support for the [[Iraq War]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jahozafat.com/php/sounds/?id=bst&media=MP3S&type=Movies&movie=Borat&quote=canisayfirst.txt&file=canisayfirst.mp3|title=Jahozafat.com – Borat: canisayfirst.mp3|website=jahozafat.com|access-date=6 November 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116081801/http://www.jahozafat.com/php/sounds/?id=bst&media=MP3S&type=Movies&movie=Borat&quote=canisayfirst.txt&file=canisayfirst.mp3|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|My name a Borat. I come from Kazakhstan. Can I say first, we support your [[War on Terror#Criticism|War of Terror]]! May we show our support to our boys in Iraq! May U.S. and A. kill every single terrorist! May [[George W. Bush|George Bush]] drink the blood of every single man, woman and child of Iraq! May you destroy their country so that for the next thousand years not even a single [[lizard]] will survive in their desert!}}

He then went on to sing an out-of-tune rendition of "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" with the lyrics replaced by those of the fictitious "[[Kazakh national anthem]]" "O Kazakhstan" used at the end of the film (composed by [[Erran Baron Cohen]]), beginning with "Kazakhstan, greatest country in the world / All other countries are run by little girls..."

The crowd was not pleased. One witness stated that "if he [Baron Cohen] had been out there a minute longer, I think somebody would have shot him [...] people were booing him, [[Finger (gesture)|flipping him off]]." For his own safety, Baron Cohen was escorted from the venue (much of the event appears in the movie).<ref>[https://archive.today/20120909141906/http://www.roanoke.com/news/roanoke/16655.html "Rodeo in Salem gets unexpected song rendition"], ''The Roanoke Times'', 9 January 2005.</ref> A credible news report about the incident, aired on a local television station, is included in the DVD extras.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Borat Sagdiyev}}
{{wikiquote}}

* [http://www.boratonline.co.uk/ boratonline.co.uk] Semi-official Borat site since 1999 – contains interviews with Dan Mazer and Sacha Baron Cohen
* {{IMDb title|id=0443453|title=Borat}}

{{Sacha Baron Cohen}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagdiyev, Borat}}
[[Category:Comedy film characters]]
[[Category:20th Century Studios characters]]
[[Category:Comedy television characters]]
[[Category:Television characters introduced in 1997]]
[[Category:Fictional interviewers]]
[[Category:Da Ali G Show]]
[[Category:Fiction about incest]]
[[Category:Fictional reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:Fictional television personalities]]
[[Category:Fictional Soviet people]]
[[Category:Fictional Kazakhstani people]]
[[Category:Fictional pagans]]
[[Category:Ethnic humour]]
[[Category:Fiction about antisemitism]]