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{{Short description|Book of the Bible}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Tanakh OT|Nevi'im|prophetic}}
[[File:Stamp seal with Hebrew text of Jeremiah 48-11, probably early centuries AD, terracotta - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago - DSC07746.JPG|thumb|Wine-jar seal (early centuries AD) quoting Jer 48:11 ({{Script/Hebrew|שאנן מואב מנעוריו ושקט הוא אל־שמריו ולא־הורק מכלי אל־כלי ובגולה לא הלך על־כן עמד טעמו בו וריחו לא נמר ס}}; "[[Moab]] has been at rest from youth, like wine left on its [[Sediment|dregs]], not poured from one jar to another— she has not gone into exile. So she tastes as she did, and her [[Aroma of wine|aroma]] is unchanged.")]]
The '''Book of Jeremiah''' ({{Langx|he|ספר יִרְמְיָהוּ}}) is the second of the [[Latter Prophets]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]], and the second of the Prophets in the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Old Testament]].{{Sfn|Sweeney|1998|pp=81–82}} The superscription at chapter [[Jeremiah 1#Superscription|Jeremiah 1:1–3]] identifies the book as "the words of [[Jeremiah]] son of Hilkiah".{{Sfn|Sweeney|1998|pp=81–82}} Of all the prophets, Jeremiah comes through most clearly as a person, ruminating to his scribe [[Baruch ben Neriah|Baruch]] about his role as a servant of [[God]] with little good news for his audience.{{Sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=241}} 

His book is intended as a message to the [[Jews]] during the [[Babylonian exile]], explaining the disaster of exile as God's response to [[Israelites|Israel]]'s pagan worship:{{Sfn|Allen|2008|pp=7, 14}} the people, says Jeremiah, are like an unfaithful wife and rebellious children, their infidelity and rebelliousness made judgment inevitable, although restoration and a new covenant are foreshadowed.{{Sfn|Biddle|2007|p=1074}} Authentic oracles of Jeremiah are probably to be found in the poetic sections of [[Jeremiah 1|chapters 1]] through [[Jeremiah 25|25]], but the book as a whole has been heavily edited and added to by the prophet's followers (including, perhaps, his companion, the scribe Baruch) and later generations of [[Deuteronomist]]s.{{Sfn|Coogan|2008|p=300}} 

It has come down in two distinct though related versions, one in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]], the other known from the [[Septuagint]] Greek translation.{{Sfn|Sweeney|1998|p=82}} The dates of the two (Greek and Hebrew) can be suggested by the fact that the Greek shows concerns typical of the early Persian period, while the [[Masoretic]] (i.e., Hebrew) shows perspectives which, although known in the Persian period, did not reach their realisation until the 2nd century [[BCE]].{{Sfn|Sweeney|2010|p=94}}

== Structure ==
:(Taken from [[Michael D. Coogan]]'s ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament''; other sources will give slightly different divisions)

It is difficult to discern any structure in Jeremiah, probably because the book had such a long and complex composition history.{{sfn|Kugler|Hartin|2009|p=241}} It can be divided into roughly six sections:{{sfn|Coogan|2008|p=299}}
*[[Jeremiah 1|Chapters 1]][[Jeremiah 25|–25]] (The earliest and main core of Jeremiah's message)
*[[Jeremiah 26|Chapters 26]][[Jeremiah 29|–29]] (Biographic material and interaction with other prophets)
*[[Jeremiah 30|Chapters 30]][[Jeremiah 33|–33]] (God's promise of restoration including Jeremiah's "new covenant" which is [[New Covenant#Judaism|interpreted differently in Judaism]] than it is in [[New Covenant#Christianity|Christianity]])
*[[Jeremiah 34|Chapters 34]][[Jeremiah 45|–45]] (Mostly interaction with [[Zedekiah]] and the fall of Jerusalem)
*[[Jeremiah 46|Chapters 46]][[Jeremiah 51|–51]] (Divine punishment to the nations surrounding Israel)
*[[Jeremiah 52|Chapter 52]] (Appendix that retells [[2 Kings]])<ref>{{bibleref2-nb|2 Kings|24:18–25:30|NKJV}}</ref>

== Summary ==
[[File:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Jeremia treurend over de verwoesting van Jeruzalem - Google Art Project.jpg|250px|right|thumbnail|[[Rembrandt van Rijn]], ''Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem'' ({{Circa|1630|lk=no}})]]

=== Historical background ===
The background to Jeremiah is briefly described in the superscription to the book: Jeremiah began his prophetic mission in the thirteenth year of king [[Josiah]] (about 627 BCE) and continued after the eleventh year of [[King Zedekiah]] (586 BCE), "when Jerusalem went into exile in the fifth month".<ref>{{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|1:3|KJV}}</ref> During this period, Josiah instituted religious reforms; Babylon destroyed Assyria; Egypt briefly imposed [[Vassal state|vassal]] status on [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]; Babylon defeated Egypt and made Judah a [[Yehud (Babylonian province)|Babylonian vassal]] (605 BCE); Judah revolted but was subjugated again by Babylon (597 BCE); and Judah revolted once more.{{sfn|Brettler|2010|p=173}}

The latter revolt was the final one: Babylon [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|destroyed Jerusalem and its Temple]] and exiled its king and many of the leading citizens in 586 BCE, ending Judah's existence as an independent or quasi-independent kingdom and inaugurating the [[Babylonian exile]].{{sfn|Brettler|2010|p=173}}

=== Overview ===
The book can be conveniently divided into biographical, prose, and poetic strands, each of which can be summarised separately.

The biographical material is found in [[Jeremiah 26|chapters 26]][[Jeremiah 29|–29]], [[Jeremiah 32|32]], and [[Jeremiah 34|34]][[Jeremiah 44|–44]], and focuses on the events leading up to and surrounding the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians in 587 BCE; it provides precise dates for the prophet's activities beginning in 609 BCE. The non-biographical prose passages, such as the [[Solomon’s Temple|Temple]] sermon in [[Jeremiah 7|chapter 7]] and the covenant passage in Jeremiah 11:1–17,<ref>{{bibleverse-nb|Jeremiah|11:1–17|KJV}}</ref> are scattered throughout the book and show clear affinities with the [[Deuteronomist]]s, the school of writers and editors who shaped the series of historiographies from the [[Book of Judges]] to the [[Books of Kings]]. While it is unlikely they came directly from Jeremiah, they may well have their roots in traditions about what he said and did.{{sfn|Davidson|1993|pp=345–46}}

The poetic material is found largely in [[Jeremiah 1|chapters 1]][[Jeremiah 25|–25]] and consists of oracles in which the prophet speaks as God's messenger. These passages, dealing with Israel's unfaithfulness to God, the call to repentance, and attacks on the religious and political establishment, are mostly undated and have no clear context. Still, it is widely accepted that they represent the teachings of Jeremiah and are the earliest stage of the book. Allied to them, and also probably a reflection of the authentic Jeremiah, are further poetic passages of a more personal nature, which have been called Jeremiah's confessions or spiritual diary. In these poems, the prophet agonises over the apparent failure of his mission, is consumed by bitterness at those who oppose or ignore him, and accuses God of betraying him.{{sfn|Davidson|1993|pp=345–46}}

== Composition ==
[[File:Aleppo-HighRes2-Neviim6-Jeremiah (page 1 crop).jpg|alt=|thumb|303x303px|A high-resolution scan of the [[Aleppo Codex]] containing the Book of Jeremiah (the sixth book in [[Nevi'im]])]]

=== Texts and manuscripts ===
Jeremiah exists in two versions: a Greek translation of the text in the Septuagint, dating from the last few centuries BCE and found in the earliest [[Christianity|Christian]] manuscripts, and the [[Masoretic]] Hebrew text of traditional [[Judaism|Jewish]] Bibles. The Greek version is shorter than the Hebrew by about one eighth and arranges the material differently. Equivalents of both versions were found among the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]], so it is clear that the differences mark important stages in the transmission of the text.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|1996|p=130}} 

Most scholars hold that the Hebrew text underlying the Septuagint version is older than the Masoretic text, and that the Masoretic text evolved either from this or from a closely related version.{{sfn|Williamson|2009|p=168}}<ref>The Oxford Handbook of the Prophets, Oxford University Press, 2016, edited Carolyn Sharp, author Marvin A Sweeney, p. 456</ref> The shorter version ultimately became canonical in [[Greek Orthodox church]]es, while the longer was adopted in [[Judaism]] and in Western Christian churches.{{sfn|Allen|2008|pp=7–8}}

=== Composition history===
It is generally agreed that the three types of material interspersed through the book—poetic, narrative, and biographical—come from different sources or circles.{{sfn|Davidson|1993|p=345}} Authentic oracles of Jeremiah are probably to be found in the poetic sections of [[Jeremiah 1|chapters 1]]–[[Jeremiah 25|25]], but the book as a whole has been heavily edited and added to by followers (including perhaps the prophet's companion, the scribe Baruch) and later generations of Deuteronomists.{{sfn|Coogan|2008|p=300}} The date of the final versions of the book (Greek and Hebrew) can be suggested by the fact that the Greek shows concerns typical of the early Persian period, while the Masoretic Hebrew version shows perspectives which, although known in the Persian period, did not reach their realisation until the 2nd century BCE.{{sfn|Sweeney|2010|p=94}}

=== Literary development ===
The Book of Jeremiah grew over a long period of time. The Greek stage, looking forward to the fall of Babylon and aligning in places with Second [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]], had already seen major redaction (editing) in terms of overall structure, the superscriptions (sentences identifying following passages as the words of God or of Jeremiah), the assignment of historical settings, and arrangement of material, and may have been completed by the late-Exilic period (last half of the 6th century BCE); the initial stages of the Masoretic Hebrew version may have been written not long afterwards, although chapter 33:14–26<ref>{{bibleref2-nb|Jeremiah|33:14–26|NKJV}}</ref> points to a setting in post-exilic times.{{sfn|Allen|2008|p=11}}

=== Jeremiah ===
According to its opening verses, the book records the prophetic utterances of the priest [[Jeremiah]], son of Hilkia from the town of Anatot, "to whom the word of [[YHWH]] came in the days of King Josiah" and after. Jeremiah lived during a turbulent period, the final years of the kingdom of Judah, from the death of King Josiah (609 BCE) and the loss of independence that followed, through the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians and the exile of much of its population (587/586).{{sfn|Sweeney|2010|p=86}} The book depicts a remarkably introspective prophet, impetuous and often angered by the role into which he has been thrust, alternating efforts to warn the people with pleas to God for mercy, until he is ordered to "pray no more for this people." He does a number of prophetic symbolic acts, walking about in the streets with a yoke about his neck and engaging in other efforts to attract attention. He is taunted and retaliates, is thrown in jail as a result, and at one point is thrown into a pit to die.

=== Jeremiah and the Deuteronomists ===
The [[Deuteronomist]]s were a school or movement that edited the books of [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]], Judges, [[Books of Samuel|Samuel]], and Kings into a more or less unified history of Israel (the so-called Deuteronomistic History) during the Jewish exile in Babylon (6th century BCE).{{sfn|Knight|1995|pp=65–66}} It is argued{{by whom?|date=September 2024}} that the Deuteronomists played an important role in the production of the book of Jeremiah; for example, there is clear Deuteronomistic language in [[Jeremiah 25|chapter 25]], in which the prophet looks back over twenty-three years of unheeded prophecy. From the Deuteronomistic perspective, the prophetic role implied, more than anything else, concern with law and covenant after the manner of [[Moses]]. On this reading, Jeremiah was the last of a long line of prophets sent to warn Israel of the consequences of infidelity to God; unlike the Deuteronomists, for whom the call for repentance was always central, Jeremiah seems at some point in his career to have decided that further intercession was pointless, and that Israel's fate was sealed.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|1996|pp=132, 135–36}}

=== Jeremiah as a new Moses ===
The book's superscription claims that Jeremiah was active for forty years, from the thirteenth year of Josiah (627 BCE) to the fall of Jerusalem in 587. It is clear from the book's last chapters, however, that he continued to speak in Egypt after the assassination of [[Gedaliah]], the Babylonian-appointed governor of Judah, in 582. This suggests that the superscription is trying to make a theological point about Jeremiah by comparing him to [[Moses]]—whereas Moses spent forty years leading Israel from slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land, Jeremiah's forty years saw Israel exiled from the land and Jeremiah himself ultimately in exile in Egypt.{{sfn|Sweeney|2010|pp=87–88}}

== Themes ==

=== Covenant ===
{{see also|Covenant (biblical)}}
Much of Jeremiah's prophetic preaching is based on the theme of the [[Covenant (biblical)|covenant]] between God and [[Jewish peoplehood|Israel]] (God would protect the people in return for their exclusive worship of him); Jeremiah insists that the covenant is conditional, and can be broken by Israel's apostasy (worship of gods other than [[Yahweh]], the God of Israel). The people, says Jeremiah, are like an unfaithful wife and rebellious children: their infidelity and rebelliousness make judgement inevitable. Interspersed with this are references to repentance and renewal, although it is unclear whether Jeremiah thought that repentance could ward off judgement or whether it would have to follow judgement. The theme of restoration is strongest in [[Jeremiah 31#Verse 32|chapter 31:32]], which looks to a future in which a [[New Covenant]], made with Israel and Judah, will not be broken.{{sfn|Biddle|2007|p=1074}} This is the theme of the "New Covenant" passage at [[Jeremiah 31#The New Covenant|chapter 31:31–34]], drawing on Israel's past relationship with God through the covenant at Sinai to foresee a new future in which Israel will be obedient to God.{{sfn|Davidson|1993|p=347}}

=== The "Confessions" of Jeremiah ===
Scholars from [[Heinrich Ewald]] onwards<ref>Ewald, Heinrich, ''Die Propheten des Alten Bundes, II: Jeremja und Hezeqiel mit ihren''
Zeitgenossen'', first edition 1840, 2nd edition; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1868. (''Commentary on the Prophets of the Old Testament, III: Nahum SSephanya, Habaqquq, 'Zakharja' XII.-XIV., Yeremja, translated by J. Frederick Smith; London: Williams & Norgate, 1878)</ref> have identified several passages in Jeremiah which can be understood as "confessions": they occur in the first section of the book (chapters 1–25) and are generally identified as Jeremiah 11:18–12.6, 15:10–21, 17:14–18, 18:18–23, and 20:7–18.<ref>{{bibleref2|Jeremiah|11:18–12.6|NKJV}}, {{bibleref2-nb|Jeremiah|15:10–21|NKJV}}, {{bibleref2-nb|Jeremiah|17:14–18|NKJV}}, {{bibleref2-nb|Jeremiah|18:18–23|NKJV}}, and {{bibleref2-nb|Jeremiah|20:7–18|NKJV}}</ref><ref>Diamond identifies several other passages also described as "confessions": see Diamond, A. R. (1987), [https://epdf.tips/queue/the-confessions-of-jeremiah-in-context-scenes-of-prophetic-drama-jsot-supplement.html The Confessions of Jeremiah in Context], JSOTSup 45, Sheffield, p. 193</ref> In these five passages, Jeremiah expresses his discontent with the message he is to deliver, but also his steadfast commitment to the divine call despite the fact that he had not sought it out. Additionally, in several of these "confessions", Jeremiah prays that the Lord will take revenge on the wicked, for example, in Jeremiah 12:3.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|12:3|KJV}}</ref>{{sfn|Coogan|2008|p=303}}

Jeremiah's "confessions" are a type of individual [[lament]]. Such laments are found elsewhere in the psalms and the [[Book of Job]]. Like Job, Jeremiah curses the day of his birth (Jeremiah 20:14–18 and Job 3:3–10).<ref>{{bibleref2|Jeremiah|20:14–18|KJV}}{{bibleref2|Job|3:3–10|KJV}}</ref> Likewise, Jeremiah's exclamation "For I hear the whispering of many: Terror is all around!"<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|20:10|KJV}}</ref> matches Psalm 31:13<ref>{{bibleverse|Psalm|31:13|KJV}}</ref> exactly. However, Jeremiah's laments are made unique by his insistence that Yahweh has called him to deliver his messages.{{sfn|Coogan|2008|p=303}} These laments "provide a unique look at the prophet's inner struggle with faith, persecution, and human suffering".{{sfn|Perdue|2006|p=1021}}

=== Prophetic gestures ===
Prophetic gestures, also known as sign-acts or symbolic actions, were a form of communication in which a message was delivered by performing symbolic actions.{{sfn|Coogan|2008|p=303}} Not unique to the book of Jeremiah, these were often bizarre and violated the cultural norms of the time.<ref>e.g. {{bibleverse|Ezekiel|4:4–8|HE}}</ref> They served the purposes of both drawing an audience and causing that audience to ask questions, giving the prophet an opportunity to explain the meaning of the behavior. The recorder of the events in the written text (i.e. the author of the text) had neither the same audience nor, potentially, the same intent that Jeremiah had in performing these prophetic gestures.{{sfn|Friebel|1999|p=13}}

The following is a list—not exhaustive—of noteworthy sign-acts found in Jeremiah:{{sfn|Friebel|1999|pp=88–136}}
* Jeremiah 13:1–11: The wearing, burial, and retrieval of a linen waistband.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|13:1–11|HE}}</ref>
* Jeremiah 16:1–9: The shunning of the expected customs of marriage, mourning, and general celebration.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|16:1–9|HE}}</ref>
* Jeremiah 19:1–13: the acquisition of a clay jug and the breaking of the jug in front of the religious leaders of Jerusalem.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|19:1–13|HE}}</ref>
* [[Jeremiah 27]][[Jeremiah 28|–28]]: The wearing of an oxen yoke and its subsequent breaking by a false prophet, [[Hananiah]].
* Jeremiah 32:6–15: The purchase of a field in Anathoth for the price of seventeen silver [[shekel]]s.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|32:6–15|HE}}</ref>
* Jeremiah 35:1–19: The offering of wine to the [[Rechabites]], a tribe known for living in tents and refusing to drink wine.<ref>{{bibleverse|Jeremiah|35:1–19|HE}}</ref>

== Later interpretation and influence ==
[[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 140.png|thumb|right|The Call of Jeremiah is depicted in this 1860 woodcut by [[Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld]].]]

=== Judaism ===
[[File:Book_of_Jeremiah_in_Mongolian_Script%2C_1840.jpg|thumb|Book of Jeremiah in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] translation, 1840.]]
The influence of Jeremiah during and after the Exile was considerable in some circles, and three additional books, the [[Book of Baruch]], [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]], and the [[Letter of Jeremiah]], were attributed to him in [[Second Temple Judaism]]—Judaism in the period between the building of the Second Temple in about 515 BCE and its [[Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)|destruction]] in 70 CE. in the Greek [[Septuagint]], they stand between Jeremiah and the [[Book of Ezekiel]], but only Lamentations is included in modern Jewish and Protestant Bibles (the Letter of Jeremiah appears in [[Catholic Bible]]s as the sixth chapter of Baruch).{{sfn|Redditt|2008|pp=132–33}} Jeremiah is mentioned by name in [[Books of Chronicles|Chronicles]] and the [[Book of Ezra]], both dating from the later [[Yehud medinata|Persian period]], and his prophecy that the [[Babylonian exile]] would last 70 years was taken up and reapplied by the author of the [[Book of Daniel]] in the 2nd century BCE.

=== Christianity ===
The understanding of the [[early Christians]] that [[Jesus]] represented a "[[new covenant]]"<ref>see {{bibleverse|1 Corinthians|11:25|KJV}} and {{bibleverse|Hebrews|8:6–13|KJV}}</ref> is based on [[Jeremiah 31:31–34]], in which a future Israel will repent and give God the obedience he demands.{{sfn|Davidson|1993|p=347}} The [[Gospel]]s' portrayal of Jesus as a persecuted prophet owes a great deal to the account of Jeremiah's sufferings in [[Jeremiah 37|chapters 37]][[Jeremiah 44|–44]], as well as to the "[[Songs of the Suffering Servant]]" in [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]].{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|1996|p=134}}

== See also ==
* [[Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet]]
* [[Jeremiad]]
{{clear}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
 |last      = Allen
 |first     = Leslie C.
 |title     = Jeremiah: A Commentary
 |publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
 |year      = 2008
 |url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=kj5vKhTWhRUC&q=commentary+Jeremiah
 |isbn      = 9780664222239
}}
*{{Cite journal |author-last=Arena |author-first=Francesco |date=September 2020 |title=False Prophets in the Book of Jeremiah: Did They All Prophesy and Speak Falsehood? |editor-last=Lemche |editor-first=Niels Peter |editor-link=Niels Peter Lemche |journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=187–200 |doi=10.1080/09018328.2020.1807104 |s2cid=221866227 |issn=1502-7244 }}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    =Bandstra
|first                                    =Barry L.
|title                                    =Reading the Old Testament: an introduction to the Hebrew Bible
|publisher                                    =Wadsworth
|year                                    =2004
|url                                    =https://books.google.com/books?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&q=Bandstra,+Barry+L+%282004%29.+Reading+the+Old+Testament:+an+introduction+to+the+Hebrew+Bible&pg=PA489
|isbn                                    =9780495391050
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last          = Biddle
 |first         = Mark E.
 |chapter       = Jeremiah
 |editor1-last  = Coogan
 |editor1-first = Michael D.
 |editor2-last  = Brettler
 |editor2-first = Mark Zvi
 |editor3-last  = Newsom
 |editor3-first = Carol Ann
 |title         = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version
 |publisher     = Oxford University Press
 |year          = 2007
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&q=Jeremiah+Book+Of+
 |isbn          = 9780199743919
}}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    =Blenkinsopp
|first                                    =Joseph
|title                                    =A history of prophecy in Israel
|publisher                                    =Westminster John Knox Press
|year                                    =1996
|url                                    =https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&q=The+book+of+Ezekiel+seems+to+have+gone+through+difficult+times&pg=PA166
|isbn                                    =9780664256395
}}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    = Brettler
|first                                    = Marc Zvi
|title                                    = How to read the Bible
|publisher                                    = Jewish Publication Society
|year                                    = 2010
|url                                    = https://books.google.com/books?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&q=How+to+read+the+Bible++Marc+Zvi+Brettler
|isbn                                    = 978-0-8276-0775-0
}}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    =Brueggemann
|first                                    =Walter
|title                                    =Reverberations of faith: a theological handbook of Old Testament themes
|publisher                                    =Westminster John Knox
|year                                    =2002
|url                                    =https://books.google.com/books?id=dBJQ71RIpdMC&q=theological+handbook+of+Old+Testament+themes
|isbn                                    =9780664222314
}}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    =Coogan
|first                                    =Michael D.
|title                                    =A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context
|publisher                                    =Oxford University Press
|year                                    =2008
|url                                    =https://books.google.com/books?id=2rxBAQAAIAAJ
|isbn                                    =9780195332728
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last          = Davidson
 |first         = Robert
 |chapter       = Jeremiah, Book of
 |editor1-last  = Metzger
 |editor1-first = Bruce M.
 |editor2-last  = Coogan
 |editor2-first = Michael D.
 |title         = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
 |publisher     = Oxford University Press
 |year          = 1993
 |url           = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195046458
 |url-access    = registration
 |isbn          = 9780199743919
}}
* {{Cite book
 |last          = Diamond
 |first         = A. R. Pete
 |chapter       = Jeremiah
 |editor1-last  = Dunn
 |editor1-first = James D. G.
 |editor2-last  = Rogerson
 |editor2-first = John William
 |title         = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
 |publisher     = Eerdmans
 |year          = 2003
 |chapter-url   = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible+Jeremiah&pg=PA616
 |isbn          = 9780802837110
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last      = Friebel
 |first     = Kelvin G.
 |title     = Jeremiah's and Ezekiel's Sign-Acts: Rhetorical Nonverbal Communication
 |publisher = Continuum
 |year      = 1999
 |url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=au_cuTgfm9sC&q=Jeremiah%27s+and+Ezekiel%27s+Sign-Acts
 |isbn      = 9781850759195
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last          = Knight
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 |chapter       = Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists
 |editor1-last  = Mays
 |editor1-first = James Luther
 |editor2-last  = Petersen
 |editor2-first = David L.
 |editor3-last  = Richards
 |editor3-first = Harold
 |title         = Old Testament Interpretation
 |publisher     = T&T Clark
 |year          = 1995
 |url           = https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&q=Old+Testament+Interpretation+Mays+Peterson+Richards
 |isbn          = 9780567292896
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last1     = Kugler
 |first1    = Robert
 |last2     = Hartin
 |first2    = Patrick
 |title     = The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey
 |publisher = Eerdmans
 |year      = 2009
 |url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&q=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin
 |isbn      = 9780802846365
}}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    =Perdue
|first                                   =Leo G.
|chapter                                 =Jeremiah
|editor1-last                            =Attridge                         
|editor1-first                           =Harold W.
|title                                   =HarperCollins Study Bible
|publisher                               =HarperCollins
|year                                    =2006
}}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    =Redditt
|first                                    =Paul L.
|title                                    =Introduction to the Prophets
|publisher                                    =Eerdmans
|year                                    =2008
|url                                    =https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&q=Introduction+to+the+Prophets++By+Paul+L.+Redditt
|isbn                                    =9780802828965
}}
*{{Cite book
|last                                    =Sweeney
|first                                    =Marvin A.
|title                                    =The Prophetic Literature
|publisher                                    =Abingdon Press
|year                                    =2010
|url                                    =https://books.google.com/books?id=kgvsheE1xFEC&q=The+Prophetic+Literature%3A+Interpreting+Biblical+Texts+Series
|isbn                                    =9781426730030
}}
*{{Cite book
 |last        = Sweeney
 |first       = Marvin A.
 |chapter     = The Latter Prophets
 |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&q=The+Latter+Prophets+Isaiah%2C+Jeremiah%2C+Ezekiel+Marvin+A.+Sweeney&pg=PA69
 |editor      = Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham
 |title       = The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues
 |publisher   = Westminster John Knox Press
 |year        = 1998
 |isbn        = 9780664256524
}}
*{{cite journal
 |last1        = Williamson
 |first1       = H. G. M.
 |year         = 2009
 |title        = Do We Need A New Bible? Reflections on the Proposed Oxford Hebrew Bible
 |journal      = Biblica
 |volume       = 90
 |pages        = 168
 |publisher    = Pontifical Biblical Institute
 |url          = http://www.bsw.org/Biblica/Vol-90-2009/Do-We-Need-A-New-Bible-Reflections-On-The-Proposed-Oxford-Hebrew-Bible/13/article-p168.html
 |access-date  = 14 January 2012
 |archive-date = 8 December 2015
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155528/http://www.bsw.org/biblica/vol-90-2009/do-we-need-a-new-bible-reflections-on-the-proposed-oxford-hebrew-bible/13/article-p168.html
 |url-status   = dead
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|display=Jeremiah|d=Q131590|c=Category:Book of Jeremiah|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Jeremiah (Bible)|q=Book of Jeremiah|species=no}}
*Hebrew text:
** [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1101.htm ירמיהו ''Yirmiyahu'' – Jeremiah] ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]])
*Translations into English
**[[Judaism|Jewish]] translations:
***[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et1101.htm Jeremiah at Mechon-Mamre] (Jewish Publication Society translation)
**[[Christianity|Christian]] translations:
***[http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Jeremiah+1 ''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org]
*** [https://web.archive.org/web/20061011002610/http://www.anova.org/sev/htm/hb/24_jeremiah.htm Jeremiah at The Great Books] (New Revised Standard Version) (via Internet Archive)
** {{librivox book | dtitle=Bible: Jeremiah| stitle=24: Jeremiah}} Various versions
*[[Wikisource]] texts
** ''[[wikisource:he:ירמיהו כט ניקוד|Book of Jeremiah]]''&nbsp;{{smaller|([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]])}}
** [[wikisource:el:Ιερεμίας|Septuagint]]&nbsp;{{smaller|([[Septuagint|Greek]])}}
** [[wikisource:la:The Old Testament (Vulgate)/Ieremias|Vulgate]]&nbsp;{{smaller|([[Latin Psalters|Latin]])}}
**[[wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Jeremiah|Wycliffe]]{{\}}[[wikisource:Bible (King James)/Jeremiah|King James]]{{\}}[[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Jeremiah|American Standard]]{{\}}[[wikisource:Bible (World English)/Jeremiah|World English Bible]]&nbsp;{{smaller|([[English Bible translations|English]])}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[Major prophet]]s|||}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] | rows = 2 }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Tanakh|Hebrew Bible]] }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[Christianity|Christian]]<br>[[Old Testament]] }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Book of Lamentations|Lamentations]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{Book of Jeremiah|state=expanded}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeremiah, Book Of}}
[[Category:Book of Jeremiah| ]]
[[Category:6th-century BC books]]
[[Category:Nevi'im| 06]]
[[Category:Septuagint]]
[[Category:Texts assigned to Jeremiah]]
[[Category:Phoenicians in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Major prophets]]