View source for Bone State

{{Short description|Former country in Indonesia}}
{{other uses|Bone}}
{{Expand Indonesian|Kesultanan Bone|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = {{lang|bug|ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨅᨚᨊᨛ}}<br>{{native name|bug|Akkarungeng ri Bone}}
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Bone<br /> <small>(House of Royal Buginese Bone)</small>
| common_name            = Bone
| status                 = Dissolved
| status_text            = Part of [[Indonesia]]
| event_start            = 
| life_span              = 14th century–1905; 1931–1950
| year_start             = 14th century
| date_start             = 
| event_end              = Loss of independence to the Dutch
| year_end               = 1905<ref name="South Sulawesi">{{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>
| date_end               = 
| p1                     = 
| flag_p1                = 
| s1                     = Dutch East Indies
| flag_s1                = Flag of the Netherlands.svg
| s2                     = Republic of Indonesia
| flag_s2                = Flag of Indonesia.svg
| image_flag             = Flag of Bone.png
| image_coat             = 
| image_map              = AMH-8027-KB Map of Celebes.jpg
| image_map_caption      = 
| capital                = [[Watampone]]
| common_languages       = [[Bugis language|Bugis]]
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]]
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader           = Sultan, ''Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone''
| leader1                = Manurunge ri Matajang
| year_leader1           = 1300s
| leader2                = Petta Panre Bessie
| year_leader2           = 1358-1424
| leader3                = [[Arung Palakka|Sultan Saaduddin Arung Palakka]]
| year_leader3           = 1672-1696
| leader4                = [[Andi Mappanyukki]]
| year_leader4           = 1931-1946
| era                    = 
| currency               = 
| footnotes              = 
| today                  = [[Indonesia]]<br /> <small> (as [[Bone Regency]])</small>
}}

{{History of Indonesia}}

'''Bone''' (also ''Boni'', or ''Bone Saoraja'') was a [[sultanate]] in the south-west peninsula of what is now [[Sulawesi]] (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day [[Indonesia]]. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the [[Bone Regency]].<ref name="South Sulawesi">{{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}</ref>

Covering an area of {{convert|2600|km2}}{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}, Bone's chief town [[Boni (town)|Boni]], lay {{convert|130|km}} northeast of the city of [[Makassar]], home to the [[Bugis]] people.

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Paleis van de vorstin van Bone op Celebes TMnr 60015648.jpg|thumb|Bola Soba, palace to receive guests; {{circa}} 1900-1920|alt=A black and white picture of a thatched roof building on stilts]]

==History==
Bone was an ''[[adat]]''-based [[Bugis people|Bugis]] kingdom whose origins can be traced back to the early 15th century. Its chronicle (as yet unpublished) provides detailed information on its rulers, starting from La Umasa, who ruled in the early 15th century, through to La Tenrtatta, who died in 1699. Under La Umasa and his nephew La Saliu (Kerrépelua) who succeeded him, Bone expanded from a handful of settlements around the modern capital Watampone to a small kingdom roughly one-third the size of Kabupaten Bone (the present regency).

In the early 16th century the kingdom expanded northwards, fighting with Luwu for control of the mouth of the River Cenrana, a major east coast trade exit. In 1582 Bone entered an alliance with the [[Wajo Kingdom|Wajo]] and [[Soppeng Kingdom|Soppeng kingdom]]s for mutual defence against the rising power of [[Sultanate of Gowa|Gowa]]-[[Kingdom of Tallo|Tallo]]. This alliance became known as ''Tellumpocco'e'' ({{lit}} the Three Summits) or ''LaMumpatue Ri Timurung'' ({{lit}} The burying of the stones at Timurung).<ref name="Bone regency 2019">{{cite web | title=Sejarah Kabupaten Bone | website=Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bone | date=2019-12-05 | url=https://bone.go.id/2019/12/05/sejarah-kabupaten-bone/ | language=id | access-date=2022-04-18 | archive-date=2022-03-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317133446/https://bone.go.id/2019/12/05/sejarah-kabupaten-bone/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:South Sulawesi between Gowa and the Tellumpocco.png|thumb|Geopolitical map of kingdoms in [[South Sulawesi]] in 16th century]]

In 1611, during the reign of the tenth king of Bone We Tenrituppu MatinroE ri Sidenreng, Bone was invaded by the Sultanate of Gowa and pressured to convert to Islam.<ref name ="Noorduyn">{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863842 |title=Makasar and the Islamization of Bima |last=Noorduyn |first=J. |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |year=1987 |volume=143 |issue=2/3 |pages=312–342 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003330 |jstor=27863842 |quote="The Makasarese king understood the meaning of this and began what is known as the Islamic war, in Makasarese bunduq kasallannganga, by which he succeeded in the next four years in forcing the major Buginese kingdoms to accept Islam one by one, Bone as the last in 1611."|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Pamelleri, Riwayat}} Bone State later enjoyed a period of prosperity in the middle of the 17th century.<ref name="Bone regency 2019"/>

Bone became the most powerful state of South Sulawesi under [[Arung Palakka|Arung (ruler of) Palakka]], La Tenritatta (1634 or 1635 – 1696) who sided with the Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman against the Makasar kingdom of Gowa-Tallo, which led to the defeat and capture of Makassar in 1669. From this year until 1814 when the British temporarily gained power of the region, Bone was by treaty and in practice the overlord of South Sulawesi, with the exception of Dutch-controlled areas on the west and south coast, including the important port-city of Makassar. When the Dutch returned to Makassar in 1816 they attempted to reduce Bone's status from equal to vassal, a move strongly resisted by Bone's rulers.

Over the course of the 19th century, the power of Bone was reduced as a result of several wars waged against it in [[First Bone War|1824]], [[Second Bone War|1859]], and 1905.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5cBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|title=And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar |date=2005-03-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7457-5 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> Following a military defeat during the [[South Sulawesi expeditions of 1905]], the Bone State lost its independence to the Dutch.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Hari |last=Budiarti |title=Taking and Returning Objects in a Colonial Context: Tracing the Collections Acquired during the Bone-Gowa Military Expeditions |encyclopedia=Colonial Collections Revisited |editor=Pieter J. ter Keurs |location=Leiden |publisher=CNWS Publications |year=2007 |page=128}}</ref> Bone, along with Gowa, became under direct administration.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gibson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5cBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |title=And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar |date=2005-03-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7457-5 |pages=182–3 |language=en}}</ref>

In the late 1920s, the Dutch restored many royal rulers as a way to suppress the tide of nationalist sentiment. Bone was no exception; in 1931, [[Andi Mappanyukki|Mappanyuki]], a scion of both the houses of Gowa and Bone, was restored to his family's ancestral position in Watampone.<ref name=":0" />

In May 1950, the people held demonstrations in Watampone against the royalty and Bone's membership in the [[State of East Indonesia]]. This caused the sultan to join Indonesia.{{sfn|Pamelleri, Riwayat}}

==List of rulers==
Rulers of Bone used the title ''Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone'' (the king who resides in Bone), shortened to ''Arumpone, MangkauE, or ArungE' ri Bone.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Arumpone<ref name="omar">{{Cite thesis |last=Omar |first=Rahilah |date=2003-11-01 |title=The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin |url=https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/output/4212301 |pages=52, 319|language=en}}</ref>
! No
! Monarch
! Gender
! Reign
|-
! 1
| Manurung ri Matajang (Mata Silompoé)
| Male
| 1350 – 1366
|-
! 2
| La Ummasa To'Mulaiyé Panra
| Male
| 1366 – 1398
|-
! 3
| La Saliwu (Kerampelua)
| Male
| 1398 – 1470
|-
! 4
| Wé Benrigau' Daéng Marawa, Mallajang' ri Cina
| Female
| 1470 – 1490
|-
! 5
| Tenrisukki, Mappajungngé
| Male
| 1490 – 1517
|-
! 6
| La Uliyo Botoé, Matinroé ri Itterung
| Male
| 1517 – 1542
|-
! 7
| La Tenrirawe Bongkange, Matinroe ri Guccina 
| Male
| 1542 – 1584
|-
! 8
| La Ica, Matinroé ri Adénenna
| Male
| 1584 – 1595
|-
! 9
| La Patawe, Matinroé ri Bettung
| Male
| 1595 – 1602

|-
! 10
| I Dangka Wé Tenrituppu, Matinroé ri Sidénréng
| Female
| 1602 – 1611
|-
! 11
| La Tenriruwa Arung Palakka (Sultan Adam Matinroé ri Bantaéng
| Male
| 3 months in 1611
|-
! 12
| Tenripallé To'Akkeppeyang Arung Timurung, Paduka Sri Sultan 'Alauddin Matinroé ri Talloq
| Male
| 1611 – 1626
|-
! 13
| La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri Bukaka
| Male
| 1626 – 1643
|-
! 14
| La Tenriaji To'Senrima,  Arung Awamponé Pawélaié ri Siang
| Male
| 1643 – 1645
|-
! ''13''
| ''La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri Bukaka (restored)''
| ''Male''
| ''1667 – 1672''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The heritage of Arung Palakka : a history of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the seventeenth century |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2019667796/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>
|-
! 15
| [[Arung Palakka|La Tenritatta To'Unru Malampéq-é Gemineqna Daéng Serang Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sa'aduddin Matinroé ri Bontoalaq]]
| Male
| 1672 – 1696
|-
! 16
| La Patau Matanna Tikka Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Idris Azimuddin Matinroé ri Nagauleng
| Male
| 1696 – 1714
|-
! 17
| Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué
| Female
| 1714 – 1715
|-
! 18
| La Paddasajati To'Appawareq Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sulaiman Matinroé ri Béula
| Male
| 1715 – 1718
|-
! 19
| La Pareppa To'Soppéwali, Paduka Sri Sultan Shahabuddin Ismail Matinroé ri Somba Opu
| Male
| 1718 – 1721
|-
! 20
|La Panaongi To'Pawawoi Arung Mampu Karaéng Bisei, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdullah Mansor Matinroé ri Bisei
|Male
| 1721 – 1724
|-
! 21
| ''Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (restored, 2nd reign)''
| Female
| 1724 – 1738
|-
!21
|''Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (3rd reign)''
|Female
|1741 – 1749
|-
! 22
| La Temmassongeq, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdul Razak Jalaluddin Matinroé ri Mallimongeng
| Male
| 1749 – 5 June 1775
|-
! 23
| La Tenritappu, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad as-Saleh Syamsuddin Matinroé ri Rompegading
| Male
| 5 June 1775 – 1812
|-
! 24
| La Mappatunruq, Paduka Sri Sultan Ismail Mokhtajuddin Matinroé ri Lalebbata
| Male
| 1812 – 1823
|-
! 25
| I Maniratu Arung Data, Paduka Sri Sultanah Salehah Mahdi Rajiatuddin Matinroé ri Kessi
| Female
| 1823 – 1835 (12 years)
|-
! 26
| La Mappaseling Arung Panynyiliq, Sultan Adam Najamuddin Matinroé ri Salassana
| Male
| 1835 – 1845
|-
! 27
| La Parénrengi Arung Punyi, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Salleh Muhiyuddin Matinroé ri Adiyang Bénténg
| Male
| 1845 – 1857
|-
! 28
| Pancaitana Bessé Kajuara Tenriawaru Matinroé ri Majennang
| Female
| 1857 – 1860
|-
! 29
| Singkerru Rukka, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Idris Matinroé ri To'Paccing
| Male
| 1860 – 1871 (11 years)
|-
! 30
| I Banrigau' Arung Timurung and Datu Chitta Paduka Sri Sultanah Fatimah Matinroé ri Bolampare'na
| Female
| 1871 – 1895
|-
! 31
| La Pawawoi Arung Sijelling, Karaéng Sigeri Matinroé ri Bandung
| Male
| 1895 – 1905
|-
! 32
| [[Andi Mappanyukki|Andi La Mappanyukki Karaéng Selayar, Paduka Sri Sultan Ibrahim Matinroé ri Gowa]]
| Male
| 1931 – 1946
|-
! 33
| Andi La Paqbénteng Daéng Palawa Arung Pitu and Arung Macégé Matinroé ri Matuju
| Male
| 1946 – 1950
|}

==See also==
* [[Dutch–Bone wars]]

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* For the wars in Boni, see Perelaer, ''De Bonische Expedition'', 1859 (Leiden, 1872) {{in lang|nl}}; and Meyers, in the ''Militaire Spectator'' (1880).
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Boni |volume=4 |pages=205-206}}
* {{cite web |last=Pamelleri |first=Andi |title=Riwayat Kabupaten Bone |trans-title=A Short History of Bone Regency |language=Indonesian |url=http://yuhardin.scriptintermedia.com/bone/Riwayat%20Kabupaten%20Bone%20%20Asal%20Usul%20%20Sejarah.pdf |date=22 April 2006 |access-date=23 August 2011 |ref={{harvid|Pamelleri, Riwayat}} |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830104630/http://yuhardin.scriptintermedia.com/bone/Riwayat%20Kabupaten%20Bone%20%20Asal%20Usul%20%20Sejarah.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=South Sulawesi |language=English |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Celebes |date=16 December 2022}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |title=The Bugis Chronicle of Bone |date=2020 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=978-1-76046-357-1 |editor-last=Macknight |editor-first=C.|location=Acton ACT |doi=10.22459/bcb.2020 |editor-last2=Paeni |editor-first2=M. |editor-last3=Hadrawi |editor-first3=M. |doi-access=free}}

{{coord missing|Indonesia}}

[[Category:Precolonial states of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:History of Sulawesi]]