View source for Bob Hawke

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991}}
{{distinguish|Bob Hawk|Bob Hawkes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100|AC|GCL}}
| image            = File:Bob Hawke-1983.jpg
| caption          = Official portrait, 1983
| order            = 23rd
| office           = Prime Minister of Australia
| monarch          = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor-general = {{ublist|[[Sir Ninian Stephen]]|[[Bill Hayden]]}}
| deputy           = {{ublist|[[Lionel Bowen]]|Paul Keating|[[Brian Howe (politician)|Brian Howe]]}}
| term_start       = 11 March 1983
| term_end         = 20 December 1991
| predecessor      = [[Malcolm Fraser]]
| successor        = [[Paul Keating]]
| office2          = 13th [[Leaders of the Australian Labor Party#Leader|Leader of the Labor Party]]
| deputy2          = {{ublist|Lionel Bowen|Paul Keating|Brian Howe}}
| term_start2      = [[1983 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|8 February 1983]]
| term_end2        = 19 December 1991
| predecessor2     = Bill Hayden
| successor2       = Paul Keating
| office3          = [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| primeminister3   = Malcolm Fraser
| deputy3          = Lionel Bowen 
| term_start3      = 8 February 1983
| term_end3        = 11 March 1983
| predecessor3     = Bill Hayden
| successor3       = [[Andrew Peacock]]
| parliament5      = Australian
| constituency_MP5 = [[Division of Wills|Wills]]
| term_start5      = [[1980 Australian federal election|18 October 1980]]
| term_end5        = [[1992 Wills by-election|20 February 1992]]
| predecessor5     = [[Gordon Bryant]]
| successor5       = [[Phil Cleary]]
| office6          = [[Australian Labor Party National Executive#Executive leaders|National President of the Labor Party]]
| term_start6      = 7 June 1973
| term_end6       = 2 August 1978
| predecessor6     = [[Tom Burns (Australian politician)|Tom Burns]]
| successor6       = [[Neil Batt]]
| office7          =  [[Australian Council of Trade Unions#Leadership|National President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions]]
| term_start7      = 10 September 1969
| term_end7        = 1 September 1980
| predecessor7     = [[Albert Monk]]
| successor7      = [[Cliff Dolan]]
| birth_name       = Robert James Lee Hawke
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1929|12|9}}
| birth_place      = [[Bordertown, South Australia|Border Town, South Australia]]<!-- called "Border Town" until 1979 -->, Australia
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|2019|5|16|1929|12|9}}
| death_place      = [[Northbridge, New South Wales]], Australia
| resting_place    = [[Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium|Macquarie Park]]
| party            = [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| spouse           = {{ublist|{{marriage|[[Hazel Hawke|Hazel Masterson]]|1956|1994|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Blanche d'Alpuget]]<br/>|1995}}}}
| children         = 4
| father           = [[Clem Hawke]]
| mother           = [[Edith Hawke|Edith Lee]]
| relatives        = [[Bert Hawke]] (uncle)
| education        = {{ublist|[[University of Western Australia]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])|[[University College, Oxford]] ([[Bachelor of Letters|BLitt]]) |[[Australian National University]] (PhD, not completed)}}
| website          = {{URL|www.library.unisa.edu.au/about-the-library/campus-libraries/bob-hawke-prime-ministerial-library/|<!-- Bob Hawke --> Prime Ministerial Library}}
| signature        = Sir Bob Hawke signature.svg
| module           = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Voice of Bob Hawke.ogg|title=Bob Hawke's voice|type=speech|description=Hawke speaking after a meeting with U.S. President [[Ronald Reagan]]<br>23 June 1988}}
}}
{{Bob Hawke sidebar}}
'''Robert James Lee Hawke''' (9 December 1929&nbsp;– 16 May 2019) was an Australian politician and trade unionist who served as the 23rd [[prime minister of Australia]] from 1983 to 1991.  He held office as the [[Australian Labor Party|leader of the Labor Party]] (ALP), having previously served as president of the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] from 1969 to 1980 and president of the [[Australian Labor Party National Executive|Labor Party national executive]] from 1973 to 1978.

Hawke was born in [[Bordertown, South Australia|Border Town]], [[South Australia]].{{efn|Spelt "Border Town" until 1979<ref>{{cite web |last=Casey |first=T.M. |title=GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES ACT, 1969 |url=http://www6.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1979/16/940.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www6.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1979/16/940.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=7 March 2019 |page=940 |date=5 April 1979 |quote=the Geographical Names Board has recommended that the names "Blanche Town", "Border Town", "Farina Town", "Gambier Town", "George-Town" and "Rose Town" be changed to "Blanchetown", "Bordertown", "Farina", "Gambiertown", "Georgetown" and "Rosetown}}</ref>}} He attended the [[University of Western Australia]] and went on to study at [[University College, Oxford]] as a [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]]. In 1956, Hawke joined the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]] (ACTU) as a research officer. Having risen to become responsible for national wage case arbitration, he was elected as president of the ACTU in 1969, where he achieved a high public profile. In 1973, he was appointed as president of the Labor Party.

In 1980, Hawke stood down from his roles as ACTU and Labor Party president to announce his intention to enter parliamentary politics, and was subsequently elected to the [[Australian House of Representatives]] as a [[member of parliament]] (MP) for the [[division of Wills]] at the [[1980 Australian federal election|1980 federal election]]. Three years later, he was elected unopposed to replace [[Bill Hayden]] as [[leader of the Australian Labor Party]], and within five weeks led Labor to a [[landslide victory]] at the [[1983 Australian federal election|1983 election]], and was sworn in as prime minister.<ref name="NAA-2022">{{cite web |title=Robert Hawke: timeline |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/robert-hawke/timeline |access-date=5 June 2022 |work=[[National Archives of Australia]] |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630065231/https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/robert-hawke/timeline |url-status=dead }}</ref> He led Labor to victory a further three times, with successful outcomes in [[1984 Australian federal election|1984]], [[1987 Australian federal election|1987]] and [[1990 Australian federal election|1990 elections]], making him the most electorally successful prime minister in the history of the Labor Party.

The [[Hawke government]] oversaw one of the largest overhauls of Australia's political economy in its history.<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Nine ways Bob Hawke's government changed Australia |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-16/bob-hawke-legacy-nine-things-he-got-done-in-office/6514794}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Greg Combat: Bob Hawke transformed Australia irrevocably for the better |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/may/17/greg-combet-bob-hawke-transformed-australia-irrevocably-and-for-the-better}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Economy - Bob Hawke |url=https://bhpml.omeka.net/exhibits/show/hawkephotographs/economy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Hawke: During office |url=https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/robert-hawke/during-office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bob Hawke modernised Labor, the unions, the economy and the nation |work=ABC News |date=17 May 2019 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-17/bob-hawke-economic-reform-analysis/11123976}}</ref> A defining feature of the Hawke term was the close co-operation between business, the government and trade unions via conferences such as the national economic summit, the tax summit and the accord.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doug |first=McEachern |title=The National Economic Summit: Business and the Hawke government |journal=Ppesydney}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Australian politics explainer: the Prices and Incomes Accord |url=https://theconversation.com/australian-politics-explainer-the-prices-and-incomes-accord-75622}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=ACTU-Labor Accord that helped shape Australia is gone, but not forgotten |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-20/hawke-whitlam-unions-historic-accord-revisited/9462332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia's 23rd Prime Minister |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/prime-ministers/bob-hawke#:~:text=Concerned%20with%20the%20divisiveness%20of,continued%20over%20the%20following%20years.}}</ref> 

Key reforms implemented by the Hawke government included widespread [[deregulation]], dramatic cuts to tariffs as well as business subsidies, the introduction of [[universal healthcare]] under [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]], increased federal expenditure on [[education]], creating [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], floating the [[Australian dollar]], enacting the [[Sex Discrimination Act 1984|Sex Discrimination Act]] to prevent discrimination in the workplace, declaring "[[Advance Australia Fair]]" as the country's national anthem, initiating [[Superannuation in Australia|superannuation pension schemes]] for all workers, negotiating a [[Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty|ban on mining in Antarctica]] and overseeing passage of the [[Australia Act 1986|Australia Act]] that removed all remaining jurisdiction by the [[United Kingdom]] from Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1986/319/pdfs/uksi_19860319_en.pdf|title=The Australia Act 1986|website=legislation.gov.uk|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024160419/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1986/319/pdfs/uksi_19860319_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Instead of supporting the public ownership of government industries, the Hawke government sought to redistribute money from the wealthy to the poor via direct fiscal transfers and training programs to help people find employment. Measures implemented by the Hawke government towards this end included the creation of programs such as Newstart, commonwealth rent assistance and the [[Family Tax Benefit|family tax benefit]] as well as increased progressiveness in taxation. The Hawke government [[privatised]] state-owned enterprises such as Qantas.

In June 1991, Hawke faced a [[June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|leadership challenge]] by the [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]], [[Paul Keating]], but Hawke managed to retain power; however, Keating mounted a [[December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|second challenge]] six months later, and won narrowly, replacing Hawke as prime minister. Hawke subsequently retired from parliament, pursuing both a business career and a number of charitable causes, until his death in 2019, aged 89. Hawke remains his party's longest-serving prime minister, and Australia's [[List of prime ministers of Australia by time in office|third-longest-serving prime minister]] behind [[Robert Menzies]] and [[John Howard]]. He is also the only prime minister to be born in South Australia and the only one raised and educated in Western Australia. Hawke holds the highest-ever [[Opinion poll|approval rating]] for an Australian prime minister, reaching 75% approval in 1984.<ref name="Coorey-2008">{{cite news |last=Coorey |first=Phillip |archive-date= 16 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230816031241/https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-biggest-hammering-in-history-20080520-gdsedo.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |date=20 May 2008 |title=The biggest hammering in history |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/05/19/1211182705614.html |access-date=20 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 May 2019 |title=Hawke PM thrived on love of his people |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/inquirer/hawke-pm-thrived-on-love-of-his-people/news-story/1988bc275c2b57da1c91ab7a0bc3bb55 |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 May 2019 |work=[[The Australian]]}}</ref> Hawke is frequently [[Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia|ranked within the upper tier]] of Australian prime ministers by historians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Prime-ministers-rank-and-file/2004/12/17/1102787277290.html|url-access=registration|title=Prime ministers' rank and file|work=[[The Age]]|date=18 December 2004|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084608/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Prime-ministers-rank-and-file/2004/12/17/1102787277290.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/who-were-australias-best-prime-ministers-we-asked-the-experts-165302 |title=Who were Australia's best prime ministers? We asked the experts|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|first=Paul|last=Strangio|date=2 August 2021|access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816033148/https://theconversation.com/who-were-australias-best-prime-ministers-we-asked-the-experts-165302 |archive-date=16 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Paul|last=Strangio|chapter=Evaluating Prime-Ministerial Performance: The Australian Experience|title=Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives |editor1-first=Paul|editor1-last=Strangio|editor2-first=Paul|editor2-last='t Hart|editor3-first=James|editor3-last=Walter|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-966642-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/ranking-australias-prime-ministers-20100624-z3bn.html|url-access=registration|title=Ranking Australia's prime ministers|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=25 June 2010|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025091144/https://www.smh.com.au/national/ranking-australias-prime-ministers-20100624-z3bn.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and family==

Bob Hawke was born on 9 December 1929 in [[Bordertown, South Australia|Border Town]], [[South Australia]],<!-- called "Border Town" until 1979 --><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8PUBuw4idYC&pg=PA259|title=Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard|first=Brian|last=Carroll|date=17 May 2019|publisher=Rosenberg Publishing Pty, Limited|via=Google Books|isbn=9781877058226}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the second child of [[Clem Hawke|Arthur "Clem" Hawke]] (1898–1989), a [[Congregationalist]] minister, and his wife Edith Emily (Lee) (1897–1979)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article120868572 |title=Bob Hawke mourns his father's death |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=64 |issue=19,980 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=24 December 1989 |access-date=17 May 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220052737/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/120868572 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110596548 |title=Hawke's mother |newspaper=[[The Canberra Times]] |volume=54 |issue=16,057 |location=Australian Capital Territory, Australia |date=10 September 1979 |access-date=17 May 2019 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220052851/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110596548 |url-status=live }}</ref> (known as Ellie), a schoolteacher.<ref>{{cite book|last=d'Alpuget|first= Blanche|year=1982|title=Robert J. Hawke: A biography|page=2|publisher=Schwartz|location=Melbourne|isbn=0867530014}}</ref> His uncle, [[Bert Hawke|Bert]], was the Labor [[premier of Western Australia]] between 1953 and 1959.<ref name="Clench-2019">{{cite news |last1=Clench |first1=Sam |last2=Paine |first2=Hannah |date=16 May 2019 |title=Legendary former prime minister Bob Hawke dead at 89 |url=https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/former-prime-minister-bob-hawke-dead/news-story/5f4a4f44a99632c53a0502fd5efaad20 |work=[[News.com.au]] |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516124235/https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/former-prime-minister-bob-hawke-dead/news-story/5f4a4f44a99632c53a0502fd5efaad20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hawke's brother Neil, who was seven years his senior, died at the age of seventeen after contracting [[meningitis]], for which there was no cure at the time.<ref name="Clench-2019"/> Ellie Hawke subsequently developed an almost messianic belief in her son's destiny, and this contributed to Hawke's supreme self-confidence throughout his career.<ref>Davidson, G., ''et al''. (1998), p. 302</ref> At the age of fifteen, he presciently boasted to friends that he would one day become the [[prime minister of Australia]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Iyer |first=Pico |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951966-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106022656/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951966-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Australia: Hawke Swoops into Power, Time/CNN, 14 March 1983 |magazine=Time |date=14 March 1983 |access-date=25 April 2010}}</ref>

At the age of seventeen, Hawke had a serious crash while riding his [[Phelon & Moore#Panther motorcycles|Panther motorcycle]] that left him in a critical condition for several days. This near-death experience acted as his catalyst, driving him to make the most of his talents and not let his abilities go to waste.<ref>D'Alpuget, Blanche (1982). ''Robert J. Hawke: A biography'', p. 31. Schwartz, Melbourne. {{ISBN|0867530014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/hawke/before-office.aspx |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090912181007/http://www.primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/hawke/before-office.aspx |url-status= live |archive-date= 12 September 2009 |title= Australia's Prime Ministers: Robert Hawke |year= 2014 |website= National Archives of Australia |access-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref> He joined the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]] in 1947 at the age of eighteen.<ref>Hurst, J., (1983), p.18</ref><ref>Hawke, Bob (1994), p.19</ref>

==Education and early career==

Hawke was educated at West Leederville State School, [[Perth Modern School]] and the [[University of Western Australia]], graduating in 1952 with Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degrees. He was also president of the university's guild during the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201403276544/features/bob-hawke-qualifies-cheap-coffee-campus |title=Bob Hawke qualifies for cheap coffee on campus &#124; University News : The University of Western Australia |publisher=News.uwa.edu.au |date=27 March 2014 |access-date=19 May 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802134730/http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201403276544/features/bob-hawke-qualifies-cheap-coffee-campus |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, Hawke won a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to attend [[University College, Oxford]], where he began a Bachelor of Arts course in [[philosophy, politics and economics]] (PPE).<ref>Hawke, Bob (1994), p.24</ref> He soon found he was covering much the same ground as he had in his education at the University of Western Australia, and transferred to a [[Bachelor of Letters]] course. He wrote his thesis on wage-fixing in Australia and successfully presented it in January 1956.<ref name="Hawke-1994">Hawke, Bob (1994), p. 28</ref>

In 1956, Hawke accepted a scholarship to undertake doctoral studies in the area of arbitration law in the law department at the [[Australian National University]] in [[Canberra]].<ref name="Hawke-1994"/><ref name="Hurst-1983a"/> Soon after his arrival at ANU, he became the students' representative on the University Council.<ref name="Hurst-1983a"/> A year later, he was recommended to the President of the [[ACTU]] to become a research officer, replacing Harold Souter who had become ACTU Secretary. The recommendation was made by Hawke's mentor at ANU, H. P. Brown, who for a number of years had assisted the ACTU in national wage cases. Hawke decided to abandon his doctoral studies and accept the offer, moving to [[Melbourne]] with his wife [[Hazel Hawke|Hazel]].<ref>Hurst, J., (1983), p. 26</ref>

==Australian Council of Trade Unions==
[[File:Bob Hawke elected President of the ACTU, Paddington Town Hall, Sydney, 10 September 1969 - Uwe Kuessner, Australian Photographic Agency (5757040416).jpg|thumb|left|Hawke is elected President of the ACTU at [[Paddington Town Hall]], Sydney, 10 September 1969]]
Not long after Hawke began work at the ACTU, he became responsible for the presentation of its annual case for higher wages to the national wages tribunal, the [[Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission]]. He was first appointed as an ACTU advocate in 1959. The 1958 case, under previous advocate R.L. Eggleston, had yielded only a five-shilling increase.<ref>Hurst (1983), p. 27</ref> The 1959 case found for a fifteen-shilling increase, and was regarded as a personal triumph for Hawke.<ref>Hurst (1983), p. 31</ref> He went on to attain such success and prominence in his role as an ACTU advocate that, in 1969, he was encouraged to run for the position of ACTU President, despite the fact that he had never held elected office in a trade union.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bramble |first=Tom |title=Trade Unionism in Australia: A History from Flood to Ebb Tide |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107321199}}</ref>

He was elected ACTU President in 1969 on a modernising platform by the narrow margin of 399 to 350, with the support of the left of the union movement, including some associated with the [[Communist Party of Australia]].<ref>Hurst, J., (1983), p. 78</ref> He later credited [[Ray Gietzelt]], General Secretary of the [[FMWU]], as the single most significant union figure in helping him achieve this outcome.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedvoice.org.au/news/vale-ray-gietzelt|title=Vale Ray Gietzelt|work=United Voice|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407162330/http://www.unitedvoice.org.au/news/vale-ray-gietzelt|archive-date=7 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Questioned after his election on his political stance, Hawke stated that "socialist is not a word I would use to describe myself", saying instead his approach to politics was [[pragmatism|pragmatic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/may/16/bob-hawke-obituary|title=Bob Hawke obituary|last=Zinn|first=Christopher|date=2019-05-16|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-05-16|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=16 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516180139/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/may/16/bob-hawke-obituary|url-status=live}}</ref> His commitment to the cause of Jewish [[Refuseniks]] purportedly led to a planned assassination attempt on Hawke by the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], and its Australian operative [[Munif Mohammed Abou Rish]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/palestinian-plot-to-kill-hawke/2006/12/31/1167500010729.html|title=Terrorists plotted Hawke assassination: ASIO|work=The Age|date=31 December 2006|access-date=25 April 2010|location=Melbourne|first=Brendan|last=Nicholson|url-access=registration|archive-date=18 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918054335/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/palestinian-plot-to-kill-hawke/2006/12/31/1167500010729.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bob Hawke 1970.jpg|thumb|upright|Hawke as ACTU President in 1970]]
In 1971, Hawke along with other members of the ACTU requested that South Africa send a non-racially biased team for the [[1971 South Africa rugby union tour of Australia|rugby union tour]], with the intention of unions agreeing not to serve the team in Australia. Prior to arrival, the Western Australian branch of the [[Transport Workers' Union of Australia|Transport Workers' Union]], and the Barmaids' and Barmens' Union, announced that they would serve the team, which allowed the [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] to land in Perth. The tour commenced on 26 June and riots occurred as anti-apartheid protesters disrupted games. Hawke and his family started to receive malicious mail and phone calls from people who thought that sport and politics should not mix. Hawke remained committed to the ban on apartheid teams and later that year, the South African cricket team was successfully denied and no apartheid team was to ever come to Australia again. It was this ongoing dedication to racial equality in South Africa that would later earn Hawke the respect and friendship of [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref>D'Alpuget, Blanche (1982). ''Robert J. Hawke: A biography'', p. 192. Schwartz, Melbourne; {{ISBN|0867530014}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs255.aspx|title=Australia and the issue of apartheid in sport|year=2014|website=National Archives of Australia|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302211702/http://naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs255.aspx|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 September 2011 |title=1971 Springbok tour: When campaigners scored a victory against racism |url=https://solidarity.net.au/aboriginal/1971-springbok-tour-when-campaigners-scored-a-victory-against-racism |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=Solidarity Magazine |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906143754/https://solidarity.net.au/aboriginal/1971-springbok-tour-when-campaigners-scored-a-victory-against-racism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In industrial matters, Hawke continued to demonstrate a preference for, and considerable skill at, negotiation, and was generally liked and respected by employers as well as the unions he advocated for. As early as 1972, speculation began that he would seek to enter the [[Parliament of Australia]] and eventually run to become the [[Leader of the Australian Labor Party]]. But while his professional career continued successfully, his heavy drinking and womanising placed considerable strains on his family life.<ref>Davidson, G., et al. (1998), p. 303</ref>

In June 1973, Hawke was elected as the [[Australian Labor Party|Federal President of the Labor Party]]. Two years later, when the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam government]] was controversially [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|dismissed by the Governor-General]], Hawke showed an initial keenness to enter Parliament at the [[1975 Australian federal election|ensuing election]]. [[Harry Jenkins Sr.|Harry Jenkins]], the MP for [[Division of Scullin|Scullin]], came under pressure to step down to allow Hawke to stand in his place, but he strongly resisted this push.<ref>Obituary "Labor stalwart who would not stand aside for Bob Hawke", ''The Age'', 6 August 2004, p.9</ref> Hawke eventually decided not to attempt to enter Parliament at that time, a decision he soon regretted. After Labor was defeated at the election, Whitlam initially offered the leadership to Hawke, although it was not within Whitlam's power to decide who would succeed him.<ref>Hawke (1994), p.70</ref> Despite not taking on the offer, Hawke remained influential, playing a key role in averting national strike action.<ref>Hurst, J., (1983), p. 198</ref>

During the [[1977 Australian federal election|1977 federal election]], he emerged as a strident opponent of accepting [[Vietnamese boat people]] as refugees into Australia, stating that they should be subject to normal immigration requirements and should otherwise be deported. He further stated only refugees selected off-shore should be accepted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/05/queue-jumpers-and-boat-people-the-way-we-talk-about-refugees-began-in-1977|title='Queue jumpers' and 'boat people': the way we talk about refugees began in 1977|first=Klaus|last=Neumann|publisher=[[Guardian Australia]]|date=5 June 2015|access-date=15 April 2021|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415163924/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/05/queue-jumpers-and-boat-people-the-way-we-talk-about-refugees-began-in-1977|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hawke resigned as President of the Labor Party in August 1978. [[Neil Batt]] was elected in his place.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250360199?searchTerm=%22Neil%20Batt%22%20%22President%22&searchLimits=sortby%3DdateAsc%7C%7C%7Cl-decade%3D197 |title=Papua New Guinea Post-Courier (Port Moresby : 1969 - 1981), 3 August 1978 (p.6) |newspaper=Papua New Guinea Post-Courier |date=3 August 1978 |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126171443/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250360199?searchTerm=%22Neil%20Batt%22%20%22President%22&searchLimits=sortby=dateAsc%7C%7C%7Cl-decade=197 |url-status=live }}</ref> The strain of this period took its toll on Hawke and in 1979 he suffered a physical collapse. This shock led Hawke to publicly announce his alcoholism in a television interview, and that he would make a concerted—and ultimately successful—effort to overcome it. He was helped through this period by the relationship that he had established with writer [[Blanche d'Alpuget]], who, in 1982, published a biography of Hawke. His popularity with the public was, if anything, enhanced by this period of rehabilitation, and opinion polling suggested that he was a more popular public figure than either Labor Leader [[Bill Hayden]] or [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] Prime Minister [[Malcolm Fraser]].

===Informer for the United States===
During the period of 1973 to 1979, Hawke acted as an [[informant]] for the United States government. According to Coventry, Hawke as concurrent leader of the ACTU and ALP informed the US of details surrounding labour disputes, especially those relating to American companies and individuals, such as union disputes with [[Ford Motor Company]] and the [[General strike|black ban]] of [[Frank Sinatra]].<ref name="Coventry-2021">{{cite journal |last=Coventry |first=C. J. |title=The 'Eloquence' of Robert J. Hawke: United States informer, 1973–79 |journal=Australian Journal of Politics & History |year=2021 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=67–87 |doi=10.1111/ajph.12763 |s2cid=237825933 }}</ref> The major industrial action taken against Sinatra came about because Sinatra had made sexist comments against female journalists. The dispute was the subject of the 2003 film ''[[The Night We Called It a Day (film)|The Night We Called It a Day]]''.

{{blockquote|In retaliation, unions grounded Sinatra's private jet in Melbourne, demanding he apologise. The popular view was that Mr Hawke engaged in protracted, boozy negotiations with Ol' Blue Eyes to reach a settlement. The [diplomatic] cables say the US embassy reached a deal with Mr Hawke to end the standoff, no apology was sought from Sinatra and that most of Mr Hawke's time was spent with the singer's lawyer.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jamie |last=Walker |title='Secret notes claimed Hawke 'informed' for US |date=28 June 2021 |work=The Australian |pages=1–2 |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fsecret-notes-claim-bob-hawke-informed-for-us%2Fnews-story%2F84cc958a7093f0764ad5b6d2a2c8c501&memtype=registered&mode=premium |url-access=subscription |access-date=4 February 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716135557/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_WRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Fsecret-notes-claim-bob-hawke-informed-for-us%2Fnews-story%2F84cc958a7093f0764ad5b6d2a2c8c501&memtype=registered&mode=premium |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Hawke was described by US diplomats as "a bulwark against anti-American sentiment and resurgent communism during the economic turmoil of the 1970s", and often disputed with the [[Whitlam government]] over issues of foreign policy and industrial relations. US diplomats played a major role in shaping Hawke's consensus politics and economics.<ref name="Coventry-2021"/> Although Hawke spoke regularly to United States diplomats in the 1970s, there were many other prominent people from trade unions, party organisations and also politicians at that time who secretly gave information.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sparrow |first=Jeff |date=2021-07-02 |title=Secret embassy cables cast the Bob Hawke legend in a different light |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jul/03/secret-embassy-cables-cast-the-bob-hawke-legend-in-a-different-light |access-date=2024-09-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Biographer Troy Bramston rejects the view that Hawke's discussions with diplomats at the US Embassy amounted to Hawke being a "spy" given it was so common for unionists and politicians to share and trade information.<ref>Troy Bramston, Bob Hawke: Demons and Destiny, Viking 2022.</ref>

==Member of Parliament==
Hawke's first attempt to enter Parliament came during the [[1963 Australian federal election|1963 federal election]]. He stood in the seat of [[Division of Corio|Corio]] in [[Geelong]] and managed to achieve a 3.1% swing against the national trend, although he fell short of ousting longtime Liberal incumbent [[Hubert Opperman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 30 NOVEMBER 1963 |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1963/1963repsvic.txt |website=psephos.adam-carr.net}}</ref> Hawke rejected several opportunities to enter Parliament throughout the 1970s, something he later wrote that he "regretted". He eventually stood for election to the [[House of Representatives (Australia)|House of Representatives]] at the [[1980 Australian federal election|1980 election]] for the safe [[Melbourne]] seat of [[Division of Wills|Wills]], winning it comfortably. Immediately upon his election to Parliament, Hawke was appointed to the [[Shadow Cabinet]] by Labor Leader [[Bill Hayden]] as Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations.<ref>Hurst, J., (1983), p. 262</ref>

Hayden, after having led the Labor Party to narrowly lose the 1980 election, was increasingly subject to criticism from Labor MPs over his leadership style. To quell speculation over his position, Hayden called a leadership spill on 16 July 1982, believing that if he won he would be guaranteed to lead Labor through to the next election.<ref>Kelly, P., (1992), p. 24</ref> Hawke decided to challenge Hayden in the spill, but Hayden defeated him by five votes; the margin of victory, however, was too slim to dispel doubts that he could lead the Labor Party to victory at an election.<ref>Hurst, J., (1983), p. 269</ref> Despite his defeat, Hawke began to agitate more seriously behind the scenes for a change in leadership, with opinion polls continuing to show that Hawke was a far more popular public figure than both Hayden and Prime Minister [[Malcolm Fraser]]. Hayden was further weakened after Labor's unexpectedly poor performance at a [[1982 Flinders by-election|by-election]] in December 1982 for the Victorian seat of [[Division of Flinders|Flinders]], following the resignation of the sitting member, former deputy Liberal leader [[Phillip Lynch]]. Labor needed a swing of 5.5% to win the seat and had been predicted by the media to win, but could only achieve 3%.<ref name="Hurst-1983b">Hurst, J., (1983), p. 270</ref>

Labor Party power-brokers, such as [[Graham Richardson]] and [[Barrie Unsworth]], now openly switched their allegiance from Hayden to Hawke.<ref name="Hurst-1983b"/> More significantly, Hayden's staunch friend and political ally, Labor's [[Australian Senate|Senate Leader]] [[John Button (Australian politician)|John Button]], had become convinced that Hawke's chances of victory at an election were greater than Hayden's. Initially, Hayden believed that he could remain in his job, but Button's defection proved to be the final straw in convincing Hayden that he would have to resign as Labor Leader.<ref name="Hurst-1984c">Hurst, J., (1983), p. 273</ref> Less than two months after the Flinders by-election result, Hayden announced his resignation as Leader of the Labor Party on 3 February 1983. Hawke was subsequently elected as Leader unopposed on 8 February,<ref name="NAA-2022" /> and became [[List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition|Leader of the Opposition]] in the process.<ref name="Hurst-1984c"/> Having learned that morning about the possible leadership change, on the same that Hawke assumed the leadership of the Labor Party, Malcolm Fraser called a [[1983 Australian federal election|snap election for 5 March 1983]], unsuccessfully attempting to prevent Labor from making the leadership change.<ref>Hurst, J., (1983), p. 275</ref> However, he was unable to have the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] confirm the election before Labor announced the change.

At the 1983 election, Hawke led Labor to a landslide victory, achieving a 24-seat swing and ending seven years of [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] rule.

With the election called at the same time that Hawke became Labor leader this meant that Hawke never sat in Parliament as Leader of the Opposition having spent the entirety of his short Opposition leadership in the election campaign which he won.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-16/bob-hawke-former-prime-minister-dies-in-quotes/6514806|title=Bob Hawke on the America's Cup, booze, love and infidelity|newspaper=ABC News|date=16 May 2019|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927141100/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-16/bob-hawke-former-prime-minister-dies-in-quotes/6514806|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Prime Minister of Australia (1983–1991)==
{{Main|Hawke government}}

===Leadership style===
<!-- [[File:William Cheung and Bob Hawke.jpg|thumb|[[William Cheung]] and Bob Hawke in traditional Chinese attire in 1983]] -->
After Labor's landslide victory, Hawke was sworn in as the Prime Minister by the Governor-General [[Ninian Stephen]] on 11 March 1983. The style of the [[Hawke government]] was deliberately distinct from the [[Whitlam government]], the Labor government that preceded it. Rather than immediately initiating multiple extensive reform programs as Whitlam had, Hawke announced that [[Malcolm Fraser]]'s pre-election concealment of the budget deficit meant that many of Labor's election commitments would have to be deferred.<ref>Kelly, P., (1992), p.57</ref> As part of his internal reforms package, Hawke divided the government into two tiers, with only the most senior ministers sitting in the [[Cabinet of Australia]]. The Labor caucus was still given the authority to determine who would make up the Ministry, but this move gave Hawke unprecedented powers to empower individual ministers.<ref name="Kelly-1992a">Kelly, P., (1992), p. 30</ref>

After Australia won the [[1983 America's Cup|America's Cup]] in 1983 Hawke said "any boss who sacks anyone for not turning up today is a bum", effectively declaring an impromptu national public holiday.<ref>{{cite magazine |issue=116 |publication-date=September 2013 |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/09/looking-back-the-1983-americas-cup-win/ |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |quote=“I’LL TELL YOU what: any boss who sacks a worker for not turning up today is a bum.” Australians tend to remember these words fondly coming from the mouth of then prime minister Bob Hawke after Australia II won the America’s Cup yacht race, breaking a 132-year winning streak for the USA. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807093257/https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/09/looking-back-the-1983-americas-cup-win/ |date=26 September 2013 |first=Natsumi |last=Penberthy|title=Looking back: The 1983 America's Cup win |magazine=[[Australian Geographic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/sailing/flashback-1983-wild-celebrations-as-australia-ii-wins-america-s-cup-20180926-p50636.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807113952/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/sailing/flashback-1983-wild-celebrations-as-australia-ii-wins-america-s-cup-20180926-p50636.html |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |url-status=live |work=[[The Age]] |quote=Many, including the Prime Minister, Mr Hawke, kept an all-night vigil. Mr Hawke, showered in champagne at the Royal Perth Yacht Club in the early hours, laughingly declared a national holiday. We’d be a nation of zombies anyway, he said.|date=26 September 2018 |orig-date=26 September 1983 |first=Bruce |last=Stannard |title=Flashback 1983: Wild celebrations as Australia II wins America's Cup |via=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/americas-cup-win |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807114324/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/americas-cup-win |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |url-status=live |title=America's Cup win |quote=Any boss who sacks anyone for not turning up today is a bum. |at=Prime Minister Bob Hawke, 27 September 1983 |work=[[National Museum of Australia]]}}</ref>

[[File:BannonHawke.jpg|thumb|left|Hawke presenting a relief cheque to [[John Bannon]], [[Premier of South Australia]] following the 1983 [[Ash Wednesday bushfires]]]]

In particular, the political partnership that developed between Hawke and his [[Treasurer of Australia|Treasurer]], [[Paul Keating]], proved to be essential to Labor's success in government, with multiple Labor figures in years since citing the partnership as the party's greatest ever.<ref>{{cite web |title=CONDOLENCES - Hawke, Hon. Robert James Lee (Bob), AC |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansards/79f1fe78-5449-42d1-be9b-3f40736f1a19/&sid=0004 |website=Hansard |publisher=Parliament of Australia |access-date=19 June 2021 |language=en-AU |date=3 July 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027134521/https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/Hansard_Display?bid=chamber/hansards/79f1fe78-5449-42d1-be9b-3f40736f1a19/&sid=0004 |url-status=live }}</ref> The two men proved a study in contrasts: Hawke was a [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholar]]; Keating left high school early.<ref>Edwards, J.,(1996), p.44</ref> Hawke's enthusiasms were cigars, betting and most forms of sport; Keating preferred [[classical architecture]], [[Gustav Mahler|Mahler]] symphonies and collecting [[British Regency]] and [[First French Empire|French Empire]] antiques.<ref>Edwards, J.,(1996), p.6, p.48</ref> Despite not knowing one another before Hawke assumed the leadership in 1983, the two formed a personal as well as political relationship which enabled the Government to pursue a significant number of reforms, although there were occasional points of tension between the two.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hawke memorial: Keating on a friendship that lasted to the end |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/bob-hawke-memorial-paul-keating-leads-mourners-20190614-p51xpi |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=Australian Financial Review |date=15 June 2019 |language=en |url-access=subscription |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201105902/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/bob-hawke-memorial-paul-keating-leads-mourners-20190614-p51xpi |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Labor Caucus under Hawke also developed a more formalised system of parliamentary [[political faction|factions]], which significantly altered the dynamics of caucus operations.<ref name="Kelly-1992a"/> Unlike many of his predecessor leaders, Hawke's authority within the Labor Party was absolute. This enabled him to persuade MPs to support a substantial set of policy changes which had not been considered achievable by Labor governments in the past. Individual accounts from ministers indicate that while Hawke was not often the driving force behind individual reforms, outside of broader economic changes, he took on the role of providing political guidance on what was electorally feasible and how best to sell it to the public, tasks at which he proved highly successful. Hawke took on a very public role as prime minister, campaigning frequently even outside of election periods, and for much of his time in office proved to be incredibly popular with the Australian electorate; to this date he still holds the highest ever [[Nielsen Corporation|AC Nielsen]] approval rating of 75%.<ref name="Coorey-2008"/>

===Economic policy===

[[File:Hawke Reagan1985.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Hawke and US President [[Ronald Reagan]] at the [[White House]] in November 1984]]

The Hawke government oversaw significant economic reforms, and is often cited by economic historians as being a "turning point" from a protectionist, agricultural model to a more globalised and services-oriented economy. According to the journalist [[Paul Kelly (journalist)|Paul Kelly]], "the most influential economic decisions of the 1980s were the floating of the Australian dollar and the deregulation of the financial system".<ref name="Kelly-1992b">Kelly, P., (1992), p.76</ref> Although the [[Fraser government]] had played a part in the process of financial deregulation by commissioning the 1981 Campbell Report, opposition from Fraser himself had stalled this process.<ref>Kelly, P., (1992), p.78</ref> Shortly after its election in 1983, the Hawke government took the opportunity to implement a comprehensive program of economic reform, in the process "transform(ing) economics and politics in Australia".<ref name="Kelly-1992b"/>

Hawke and Keating together led the process for overseeing the economic changes by launching a "National Economic Summit" one month after their election in 1983, which brought together business and industrial leaders together with politicians and trade union leaders; the three-day summit led to a unanimous adoption of a national economic strategy, generating sufficient political capital for widespread reform to follow.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hawke: 1983 National Economic Summit established success |url=https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2011/s3400566.htm |access-date=19 June 2021 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2 January 2021 |language=en-AU |archive-date=29 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329090328/https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2011/s3400566.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Among other reforms, the Hawke government [[History of Australian currency|floated the Australian dollar]], repealed rules that prohibited foreign-owned banks to operate in Australia, dismantled the protectionist tariff system, privatised several state sector industries, ended the subsidisation of loss-making industries, and sold off part of the state-owned [[Commonwealth Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22library%2Fpartypol%2F1052410%22|title=ParlInfo – Australian Labor party: record of achievements 1983–1990|access-date=28 July 2015|archive-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111171445/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22library%2Fpartypol%2F1052410%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

The taxation system was also significantly reformed, with income tax rates reduced and the introduction of a fringe benefits tax and a capital gains tax; the latter two reforms were strongly opposed by the Liberal Party at the time, but were never reversed by them when they eventually returned to office in 1996.<ref>Kelly, P., (1992), p. 175</ref> Partially offsetting these imposts upon the business community—the "main loser" from the 1985 Tax Summit according to Paul Kelly—was the introduction of full [[dividend imputation]], a reform insisted upon by Keating.<ref>Kelly, P., (1992), p. 174</ref> Funding for schools was also considerably increased as part of this package, while financial assistance was provided for students to enable them to stay at school longer; the number of Australian children completing school rose from 3 in 10 at the beginning of the Hawke government to 7 in 10 by its conclusion in 1991. Considerable progress was also made in directing assistance "to the most disadvantaged recipients over the whole range of welfare benefits."<ref>[[Ross McMullin]], The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party 1891–1991</ref>

===Social and environmental policy===
Although criticisms were leveled against the Hawke government that it did not achieve all it said it would do on social policy, it nevertheless enacted a series of reforms which remain in place to the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alp.org.au/about/achievements/index.html|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20010717140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/20943/20010718-0000/www.alp.org.au/about/achievements/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2001|title=Achievements of the Federal Labor Government – 1983–1986|publisher=webarchive.nla.gov.au|date=23 August 2006|access-date=22 May 2011}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/bhpml/speeches/Prime/policy.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312101646/http://www.library.unisa.edu.au/bhpml/speeches/Prime/policy.pdf|url-status=dead|title=|archivedate=12 March 2015|website=www.library.unisa.edu.au|accessdate=29 March 2025}}</ref> From 1983 to 1989, the Government oversaw the permanent establishment of [[universal health care]] in Australia with the creation of [[Medicare (Australia)|Medicare]], doubled the number of subsidised childcare places, began the [[Superannuation in Australia|introduction of occupational superannuation]], oversaw a significant increase in school retention rates, created subsidised homecare services, oversaw the elimination of poverty traps in the welfare system, increased the real value of the old-age pension, reintroduced the six-monthly indexation of single-person unemployment benefits, and established a wide-ranging programme for paid family support, known as the Family Income Supplement.<ref name="Whitlam">Whitlam, Wran and the Labor tradition: Labor history essays, volume two By Gough Whitlam, Australian Labor Party, New South Wales Branch</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://john.curtin.edu.au/jcmemlect/wran1986.html |title=Wran/1986 The Great Tradition-Labor Reform from Curtin to Hawke |publisher=John.curtin.edu.au |access-date=22 May 2011 |archive-date=5 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305223804/http://john.curtin.edu.au/jcmemlect/wran1986.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A number of other new social security benefits were introduced under the Hawke-Keating Government. In 1984, for instance, a remote area allowance was introduced for pensioners and beneficiaries residing in special areas of Tax Zone A, and in 1985 a special addition to family allowances was made payable (as noted by one study) “to certain families with multiple births (three children or more) until the children reach six years of age.” The following year, rent assistance was extended to unemployment beneficiaries, together with a young homeless allowance for sickness and unemployment beneficiaries under the age of 18 who were homeless and didn't have parental or custodial support. However, the payment of family allowances for student children reaching the age of 18 was discontinued except in the case of certain families on low incomes.<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Year_Book_Australia_1988_No_71/8eekbvpAU5EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=remote+area+allowance+1984+Tax+Zone+A+Australia&pg=PA382&printsec=frontcover Year Book Australia, 1988, No. 71 By Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1988, P.382]</ref>

During the 1980s, the proportion of total government outlays allocated to families, the sick, single parents, widows, the handicapped, and veterans was significantly higher than under the previous Fraser and Whitlam governments.<ref name="Whitlam"/>

In 1984, the Hawke government enacted the landmark [[Sex Discrimination Act 1984]], which eliminated discrimination on the grounds of sex within the workplace.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sex Discrimination Act 1984 |url=http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sda1984209/s3.html |website=Commonwealth Consolidated Acts |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302130346/http://www6.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/cth/consol_act/sda1984209/s3.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989, Hawke oversaw the gradual re-introduction of some tuition fees for university study, setting up the [[Higher Education Contributions Scheme]] (HECS).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/hefa1988221/ |title=Higher Education Funding Act 1988 |publisher=Austlii.edu.au |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324005521/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/hefa1988221/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Under the original HECS, a fee of {{AUD|1,800|link=yes}}, equivalent to {{AUD|{{Inflation|AU|1800|1989|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation/year|AU}}, was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. A student could defer payment of this HECS amount and repay the debt through the tax system, when the student's income exceeds a threshold level. As part of the reforms, Colleges of Advanced Education entered the university sector by various means. By doing so, university places were able to be expanded. Further notable policy decisions taken during the Government's time in office included the [[HIV/AIDS in Australia|public health campaign]] regarding HIV/AIDS, and Indigenous land rights reform, with an investigation of the idea of a treaty between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and the Government being launched, although the latter would be overtaken by events, notably the [[Mabo v Queensland (No 2)|Mabo court decision]].<ref>For discussion see William Bowtell, ''Australia's Response to HIV/AIDS 1982–2005'', Lowy Institute for International Policy, May 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gardiner-Garden |first=John |title=From Dispossession to Reconciliation |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9899/99Rp27 |website=Australian Parliamentary Library |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519142013/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp9899/99Rp27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Hawke government also drew attention for a series of notable environmental decisions, particularly in its second and third terms. In 1983, Hawke personally vetoed the construction of the [[Franklin Dam]] in [[Tasmania]], responding to a groundswell of protest around the issue.<ref>Kelly, P., (1992), p. 528</ref> Hawke also secured the nomination of the [[Wet Tropics of Queensland]] as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 1987, preventing the forests there from being logged. Hawke would later appoint [[Graham Richardson]] as Environment Minister, tasking him with winning the second-preference support from environmental parties, something which Richardson later claimed was the major factor in the government's narrow re-election at the [[1990 Australian federal election|1990 election]].<ref>Richardson, G., (1994), pp. 276–77</ref> In the Government's fourth term, Hawke personally led the Australian delegation to secure changes to the [[Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty]], ultimately winning a guarantee that drilling for minerals within [[Antarctica]] would be totally prohibited until 2048 at the earliest.<ref>{{cite press release |title=20th Anniversary of the Hawke government's action to protect Antarctica |url=https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2009/20th-anniversary-of-the-hawke-governments-action-to-protect-antarctica/ |website=antarctica.gov.au |publisher=Australian Antarctic Program |access-date=19 June 2021 |language=en |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803012550/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2009/20th-anniversary-of-the-hawke-governments-action-to-protect-antarctica/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hawke later claimed that the Antarctic drilling ban was his "proudest achievement".<ref>{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Nonee |title=Hawke honoured for Antarctic mining fight |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-12-14/hawke-honoured-for-antarctic-mining-fight/1178172 |access-date=19 June 2021 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=14 December 2009 |language=en-AU |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217210611/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-12-14/hawke-honoured-for-antarctic-mining-fight/1178172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Industrial relations policy===
{{further|Prices and Incomes Accord}}
[[File:Bob Hawke in 1980.jpg|thumb|upright|Hawke addresses the Labour Day crowd, 1980]]

As a former ACTU President, Hawke was well-placed to engage in reform of the industrial relations system in Australia, taking a lead on this policy area as in few others. Working closely with ministerial colleagues and the ACTU Secretary, [[Bill Kelty]], Hawke negotiated with trade unions to establish the [[Prices and Incomes Accord]] in 1983, an agreement whereby unions agreed to restrict their demands for wage increases, and in turn the Government guaranteed to both minimise inflation and promote an increased social wage, including by establishing new social programmes such as Medicare.<ref>{{cite web |title=1984–85 – Hawke government – Industrial relations |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/cabinet/by-year/1984-85/industrial-relations.aspx |website=National Archives of Australia |access-date=16 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517023044/http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/cabinet/by-year/1984-85/industrial-relations.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Inflation had been a significant issue for the previous decade prior to the election of the Hawke government, regularly running into double-digits. The process of the Accord, by which the Government and trade unions would arbitrate and agree upon wage increases in many sectors, led to a decrease in both inflation and unemployment through to 1990. Criticisms of the Accord would come from both the right and the left of politics. Left-wing critics claimed that it kept real wages stagnant, and that the Accord was a policy of [[class collaboration]] and [[corporatism]]. By contrast, right-wing critics claimed that the Accord reduced the flexibility of the wages system. Supporters of the Accord, however, pointed to the improvements in the social security system that occurred, including the introduction of rental assistance for social security recipients, the creation of labour market schemes such as NewStart, and the introduction of the Family Income Supplement.<ref>Australia's welfare wars: the players, the politics and the ideologies by Philip Mendes</ref> In 1986, the Hawke government passed a bill to de-register the [[Builders Labourers Federation]] federally due to the union not following the Accord agreements.<ref>{{cite news |title=Australian Council of Trade Unions boss Sally McManus admits she doesn't know about Bob Hawke's deregistration of the BLF |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/australian-council-of-trade-unions-boss-sally-mcmanus-admits-she-doesnt-know-about-bob-hawkes-deregistration-of-the-blf/news-story/e46a8779b1b38e6c615b686f231283bb |work=Herald Sun |year=2017 |url-access=subscription |access-date=9 December 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416040626/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/australian-council-of-trade-unions-boss-sally-mcmanus-admits-she-doesnt-know-about-bob-hawkes-deregistration-of-the-blf/news-story/e46a8779b1b38e6c615b686f231283bb |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Are we in Accord? {{!}} Frank Bongiorno |url=https://insidestory.org.au/are-we-in-accord/ |access-date=9 December 2020 |work=Inside Story |date=27 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092748/https://insidestory.org.au/are-we-in-accord/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite a percentage fall in real money wages from 1983 to 1991, the social wage of Australian workers was argued by the Government to have improved drastically as a result of these reforms, and the ensuing decline in inflation.<ref>Developments in Australian politics by Judith Brett, James A. Gillespie, and Murray Goot</ref> The Accord was revisited six further times during the Hawke government, each time in response to new economic developments. The seventh and final revisiting would ultimately lead to the establishment of the [[Enterprise bargaining agreement|enterprise bargaining]] system, although this would be finalised shortly after Hawke left office in 1991.

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Bob and Hazel Hawke 1987.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Hawke with wife [[Hazel Hawke|Hazel]] in Moscow, 1987]] 
Arguably the most significant foreign policy achievement of the Government took place in 1989, after Hawke proposed a south-east Asian region-wide forum for leaders and economic ministers to discuss issues of common concern. After winning the support of key countries in the region, this led to the creation of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC).<ref name="APEC-2019">{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/History|website=apec.org|quote=The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke during a speech in Seoul, Korea, on 30 January 1969. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra, Australia, to establish APEC.|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=4 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304034820/http://apec.org/About-Us/About-APEC/History|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PECC-2016">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pecc.org/resources/regional-cooperation/601-back-to-canberra-founding-apec/file|title=Back to Canberra: Founding APEC|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329012108/https://www.pecc.org/resources/regional-cooperation/601-back-to-canberra-founding-apec/file|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[APEC Australia 1989|first APEC meeting]] duly took place in [[Canberra]] in November 1989; the economic ministers of Australia, [[Brunei]], Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States all attended. APEC would subsequently grow to become one of the most pre-eminent high-level international forums in the world, particularly after the later inclusions of China and Russia, and the [[Keating government]]'s later establishment of the APEC Leaders' Forum.<ref name="APEC-2019"/><ref name="PECC-2016"/>

Elsewhere in Asia, the Hawke government played a significant role in the build-up to the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia|peace process]] for [[Cambodia]], culminating in the Transitional Authority; Hawke's [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Foreign Minister]] [[Gareth Evans (politician)|Gareth Evans]] was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for his role in negotiations.<ref>See Ken Berry,  ''Cambodia From Red to Blue: Australia's Initiative for Peace'' (Allen & Unwin, 1997)</ref> Hawke also took a major public stand after the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]]; despite having spent years trying to get closer relations with China, Hawke gave a tearful address on national television describing the massacre in graphic detail, and unilaterally offered [[Asylum in Australia|asylum]] to over 42,000 Chinese students who were living in Australia at the time, many of whom had publicly supported the Tiananmen protesters. Hawke did so without even consulting his Cabinet, stating later that he felt he simply had to act.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jason |last1=Fang |first2=Alan |last2=Weedon |title=More than 40,000 Chinese were offered asylum in Australia exactly 31 years ago. Here are their stories |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-09/china-tiananmen-square-massacre-bob-hawke-australian-asylum/12332084 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=8 June 2020 |language=en-AU |access-date=22 September 2020 |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008135713/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-09/china-tiananmen-square-massacre-bob-hawke-australian-asylum/12332084 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Hawke government pursued a close relationship with the United States, assisted by Hawke's close friendship with [[United States Secretary of State|US Secretary of State]] [[George Shultz]]; this led to a degree of controversy when the Government supported the US's plans to test ballistic missiles off the coast of Tasmania in 1985, as well as seeking to overturn Australia's long-standing ban on [[uranium]] exports. Although the US ultimately withdrew the plans to test the missiles, the furore led to a fall in Hawke's approval ratings.<ref>{{cite news |title=US rocket plan became Hawke's first setback |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/us-rocket-plan-became-hawkes-first-setback-20121231-2c2ia.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=1 January 2013 |language=en |url-access=registration |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618090342/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/us-rocket-plan-became-hawkes-first-setback-20121231-2c2ia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly after the [[1990 Australian federal election|1990 election]], Hawke would lead Australia into its first overseas military campaign since the [[Vietnam War]], forming a close alliance with [[US President]] [[George H. W. Bush]] to join the [[Coalition of the Gulf War|coalition]] in the [[Gulf War]]. The [[Royal Australian Navy]] contributed several [[destroyer]]s and [[frigate]]s to the war effort, which successfully concluded in February 1991, with the expulsion of [[Iraq]]i forces from [[Kuwait]]. The success of the campaign, and the lack of any Australian casualties, led to a brief increase in the popularity of the Government.

Through his role on the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]], Hawke played a leading role in ensuring the Commonwealth initiated an international boycott on foreign investment into [[South Africa]], building on work undertaken by his predecessor Malcolm Fraser, and in the process clashing publicly with [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], who initially favoured a more cautious approach. The resulting boycott, led by the Commonwealth, was widely credited with helping bring about the collapse of [[apartheid]], and resulted in a high-profile visit by [[Nelson Mandela]] in October 1990, months after the latter's release from a 27-year stint in prison. During the visit, Mandela publicly thanked the Hawke government for the role it played in the boycott.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lennon |first=Troy |title=Australia campaigned for Mandela's freedom |url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/today-in-history/australia-campaigned-for-nelson-mandelas-freedom-but-disappointed-indigenous-australians-by-not-wanting-to-interfere/news-story/8d68228e616b4c7c40806af20dc405b7 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=18 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===Election wins and leadership challenges===
[[File:PMs office at Old Parliament House December 2012.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister's Office preserved from Hawke's time in office in 1988, [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Old Parliament House]]]]

Hawke benefited greatly from the disarray into which the Liberal Party fell after the resignation of Fraser following the 1983 election. The Liberals were torn between supporters of the more conservative [[John Howard]] and the more liberal [[Andrew Peacock]], with the pair frequently contesting the leadership.<ref>{{cite news|title=Peacock's future directions|work=[[The Canberra Times]]|first=Andrew|last=Fraser|date=13 May 1989|page=9}}</ref> Hawke and Keating were also able to use the concealment of the size of the budget deficit by Fraser before the 1983 election to great effect, damaging the Liberal Party's economic credibility as a result.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fraser on the skids?|work=[[Tribune (Australian newspaper)|The Express Tribune]]|date=10 March 1982|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Fraser's parting blow: the budget deficit - requiem for reform?|work=[[Tribune (Australian newspaper)|The Express Tribune]]|first=Peter|last=Ormonde|date=23 March 1983|page=3}}</ref>

However, Hawke's time as prime minister also saw friction develop between himself and the grassroots of the Labor Party, many of whom were unhappy at what they viewed as Hawke's iconoclasm and willingness to cooperate with business interests. Hawke regularly and publicly expressed his willingness to cull Labor's "sacred cows". The [[Labor Left]] faction, as well as prominent Labor backbencher [[Barry Jones (Australian politician)|Barry Jones]], offered repeated criticisms of a number of government decisions. Hawke was also subject to challenges from some former colleagues in the trade union movement over his "confrontationalist style" in siding with the airline companies in the [[1989 Australian pilots' strike]].{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=544}}

Nevertheless, Hawke was able to comfortably maintain a lead as preferred prime minister in the vast majority of opinion polls carried out throughout his time in office. He recorded the highest popularity rating ever measured by an Australian opinion poll, reaching 75% approval in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |last=Coorey |first=Phillip |title=The biggest hammering in history |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/05/19/1211182705614.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |url-access=registration |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=20 May 2008 |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816031241/https://www.smh.com.au/national/the-biggest-hammering-in-history-20080520-gdsedo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After leading Labor to a comfortable victory in the snap [[1984 Australian federal election|1984 election]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://australianpolitics.com/elections/1984/ |title=1984 Federal Election |publisher=AustralianPolitics.com |access-date=2016-07-30 |archive-date=1 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501203340/http://australianpolitics.com/elections/1984 |url-status=live }}</ref> called to bring the mandate of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] back in line with the [[Australian Senate|Senate]], Hawke was able to secure an unprecedented third consecutive term for Labor with a comfortable victory in the [[double dissolution]] election of [[1987 Australian federal election|1987]]. Hawke was subsequently able to lead the nation in the [[Australian Bicentenary|bicentennial]] celebrations of 1988, culminating with him welcoming [[Queen Elizabeth II]] to open the newly constructed [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/from-the-archives-1988-bob-hawke-and-the-queen-a-day-at-the-races-20190517-p51ofs.html|title=From the Archives, 1988: Bob Hawke and the Queen, a day at the races|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|first1=Les|last1=Carlyon|authorlink1=Les Carlyon|first2=Hugo|last2=Kelly|date=17 May 2019|access-date=19 May 2019|url-access=registration|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519185101/https://www.smh.com.au/national/from-the-archives-1988-bob-hawke-and-the-queen-a-day-at-the-races-20190517-p51ofs.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Early 1990s recession|late-1980s recession]], and the accompanying high interest rates, saw the Government fall in opinion polls, with many doubting that Hawke could win a fourth election.<ref>{{cite news|title=When historians reflect on 1990|work=[[The Canberra Times]]|date=31 December 1990|page=8}}</ref> Keating, who had long understood that he would eventually succeed Hawke as prime minister,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawke gives Keating his blessing as likely PM|work=[[The Canberra Times]]|first=Keith|last=Scott|date=30 June 1987|page=1}}</ref> began to plan a leadership change; at the end of 1988, Keating put pressure on Hawke to retire in the new year. Hawke rejected this suggestion but reached a secret agreement with Keating, the so-called "[[Kirribilli Agreement of 1988|Kirribilli Agreement]]", stating that he would step down in Keating's favour at some point after the [[1990 Australian federal election|1990 election]].{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=454}} Hawke subsequently won that election, in the process leading Labor to a record fourth consecutive electoral victory, albeit by a slim margin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Election proves value of Labor machine|work=[[The Canberra Times]]|first=Derek|last=Parker|date=10 May 1990|page=8}}</ref> Hawke appointed Keating as [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|deputy prime minister]] to replace the retiring [[Lionel Bowen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=TAWEB_MRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnation%2Finquirer%2F199091-cabinet-papers-keating-and-hawkes-ambitions-collide%2Fnews-story%2F57494be488b4f7edf128108f8acc21f4&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium&v21=dynamic-cold-control-noscore&V21spcbehaviour=append|title=When ambitions collided|work=[[The Australian]]|date=31 December 2015|accessdate=8 January 2016|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

By the end of 1990, frustrated by the lack of any indication from Hawke as to when he might retire, Keating made a provocative speech to the [[Canberra Press Gallery|Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery]]. Hawke considered the speech disloyal, and told Keating he would renege on the Kirribilli Agreement as a result.{{sfn|Hawke|1994|p=501}} After attempting to force a resolution privately, Keating finally resigned from the Government in June 1991 to [[June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|challenge Hawke for the leadership]].<ref>{{cite news |title=True rivals |author=Gordon, Michael |date=16 July 2010 |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/true-rivals-20100715-10cpx.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=11 March 2018 |url-access=registration |archive-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312022354/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/true-rivals-20100715-10cpx.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His resignation came  soon after Hawke vetoed in Cabinet a proposal backed by Keating and other ministers for mining to take place at [[Coronation Hill]] in [[Kakadu National Park]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Gabrielle |title=Cabinet papers 1990-91: Hawke's fight to keep mining out of Kakadu helped unseat him |newspaper=The Guardian |date=31 December 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jan/01/cabinet-papers-1990-91-hawkes-fight-to-keep-mining-out-of-kakadu-helped-unseat-him |publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited |access-date=4 Nov 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104065021/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jan/01/cabinet-papers-1990-91-hawkes-fight-to-keep-mining-out-of-kakadu-helped-unseat-him |url-status=live }}</ref>  Hawke won the leadership spill, and in a press conference after the result, Keating declared that he had fired his "one shot" on the leadership. Hawke appointed [[John Kerin]] to replace Keating as treasurer.{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=649–651}}

Despite his victory in the June spill, Hawke quickly began to be regarded by many of his colleagues as a "wounded" leader; he had now lost his long-term political partner, his ratings in opinion polls were beginning to fall significantly, and after nearly nine years as prime minister, there was speculation that it would soon be time for a new leader.{{sfn|Edwards|1996|p=435}} Hawke's leadership was ultimately irrevocably damaged at the end of 1991; after [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Leader]] [[John Hewson]] released '[[Fightback! (policy)|Fightback!]]', a detailed proposal for sweeping economic change, including the introduction of a [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|goods and services tax]], Hawke was forced to sack Kerin as treasurer after the latter made a public gaffe attempting to attack the policy.{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=649–651}}{{sfn|Kelly|1992|p=609–14}} Keating duly [[December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill|challenged for the leadership]] a second time on 19 December, arguing that he would be better placed to defeat Hewson; this time, Keating succeeded, narrowly defeating Hawke by 56 votes to 51.{{sfn|Edwards|1996|p=441}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Keating scrapes in|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|first=Peter|last=Hartcher|date=20 December 1991|page=1}}</ref>

In a speech to the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] following the vote, Hawke declared that his nine years as prime minister had left Australia a better and wealthier country, and he was given a standing ovation by those present. He subsequently tendered his resignation to the Governor-General and pledged support to his successor. Hawke briefly returned to the backbench, before resigning from Parliament on 20 February 1992, sparking a [[1992 Wills by-election|by-election]] which was won by the independent candidate [[Phil Cleary]] from among a record field of 22 candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/hawke/after-office.aspx|title=Hawke: After office|work=Prime Ministers of Australia: [[National Archives of Australia]]|publisher=[[Government of Australia]]|date=20 February 1992|access-date=22 May 2011|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626015539/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/hawke/after-office.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Keating would go on to lead Labor to a fifth victory at the [[1993 Australian federal election|1993 election]], although he was defeated by the Liberal Party at the [[1996 Australian federal election|1996 election]].

Hawke wrote that he had very few regrets over his time in office, although stated he wished he had been able to advance the cause of [[Indigenous land rights in Australia|Indigenous land rights]] further. His bitterness towards Keating over the leadership challenges surfaced in his earlier memoirs, although by the 2000s Hawke stated he and Keating had buried their differences, and that they regularly dined together and considered each other friends.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/07/13/2302268.htm |title=Hawke and Keating bury the hatchet |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |date=13 July 2008 |access-date=25 April 2010 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110180307/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-07-13/hawke-and-keating-bury-the-hatchet/2586080 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The publication of the book ''Hawke: The Prime Minister'', by Hawke's second wife, [[Blanche d'Alpuget]], in 2010, reignited conflict between the two, with Keating accusing Hawke and d'Alpuget of spreading falsehoods about his role in the Hawke government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/politics/keating-hits-back-hawke-only-survived-as-pm-with-my-help/story-e6frgczf-1225891811095/story-e6frgczf-1225891811095|title=Paul Keating hits back: 'Hawke only survived as PM with my help'|work=[[The Australian]] |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> Despite this, the two campaigned together for Labor several times, including at the [[2019 Australian federal election|2019 election]], where they released their first joint article for nearly three decades; [[Craig Emerson]], who worked for both men, said they had reconciled in later years after Hawke grew ill.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-election-2019/bob-hawke-and-paul-keating-reunite-for-the-first-time-in-28-years-to-endorse-labor-s-economic-plan-20190507-p51kv2.html | title=Bob Hawke and Paul Keating reunite for the first time in 28 years to endorse Labor's economic plan | newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=7 May 2019 | access-date=16 May 2019 | archive-date=6 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706204823/https://www.smh.com.au/federal-election-2019/bob-hawke-and-paul-keating-reunite-for-the-first-time-in-28-years-to-endorse-labor-s-economic-plan-20190507-p51kv2.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Retirement and later life==

[[File:HawkeSorry.jpg|left|thumb|Hawke at [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] for the [[Apology to Australia's Indigenous peoples|Apology to the Stolen Generations]] in 2008]]

After leaving Parliament, Hawke entered the business world, taking on a number of directorships and consultancy positions which enabled him to achieve considerable financial success. He avoided public involvement with the Labor Party during Keating's tenure as prime minister, not wanting to be seen as attempting to overshadow his successor.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9111648/AUSTRALIA 1994 Year in Review&nbsp;– Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516031759/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9111648/AUSTRALIA |date=16 May 2008 }} ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' online. Retrieved 17 May 2017.</ref> After Keating's defeat and the election of the [[Howard government]] at the [[1996 Australian federal election|1996 election]], he returned to public campaigning with Labor and regularly appearing at election launches. Despite his personal affection for Queen Elizabeth II, boasting that he had been her "favourite Prime Minister", Hawke was an enthusiastic republican and joined the campaign for a Yes vote in the [[1999 Australian republic referendum|1999 republic referendum]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2020/nov/29/the-crown-is-right-that-bob-hawke-was-a-republican-but-aspects-of-his-portrayal-are-preposterous|title=The Crown is right that Bob Hawke was a republican. But aspects of his portrayal are preposterous &#124; Stephen Mills|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 November 2020|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710193350/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/commentisfree/2020/nov/29/the-crown-is-right-that-bob-hawke-was-a-republican-but-aspects-of-his-portrayal-are-preposterous|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/LXmSa1A2EzI| archive-date = 2021-12-11| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LXmSa1A2EzI| title = Bob Hawke - Yes ad | via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2002, Hawke was named to South Australia's [[Economic Development Board (South Australia)|Economic Development Board]] during the [[Rann government]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-09/mayor-welcomes-economic-development-board/2040798?pfm=sm&pfmredir=sm |title=Mayor welcomes economic development board |date=9 September 2004 |work=ABC News |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601021424/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-09-09/mayor-welcomes-economic-development-board/2040798?pfm=sm&pfmredir=sm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://economicdevelopmentboardsa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/2009_Economic-Statement-Full-Report.pdf |title=A report by the Economic Development Board March 2009 |year=2009 |publisher=South Australia Economic Development Board |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134938/http://economicdevelopmentboardsa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/2009_Economic-Statement-Full-Report.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> In the lead up to the [[2007 Australian federal election|2007 election]], Hawke made a considerable personal effort to support [[Kevin Rudd]], making speeches at a large number of campaign office openings across Australia, and appearing in multiple campaign advertisements. As well as campaigning against [[WorkChoices]], Hawke also attacked [[John Howard]]'s record as treasurer, stating "it was the judgement of every economist and international financial institution that it was the restructuring reforms undertaken by my government, with the full cooperation of the trade union movement, which created the strength of the Australian economy today".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/federalelection2007news/hawke-queries-record-of-man-who-buggered-the-economy/2007/10/24/1192941153265.html|url-access=registration|title=Hawke queries record of man who 'buggered' the economy|work=The Age|date=24 October 2007|access-date=25 April 2010|location=Melbourne|first1=Peter|last1=Ker|first2=Michelle|last2=Grattan|authorlink2=Michelle Grattan|archive-date=15 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091215211109/http://www.theage.com.au/news/federalelection2007news/hawke-queries-record-of-man-who-buggered-the-economy/2007/10/24/1192941153265.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2008, after Rudd's victory, Hawke joined former prime ministers [[Gough Whitlam]], [[Malcolm Fraser]] and [[Paul Keating]] in [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]] to witness the long anticipated apology to the [[Stolen Generations]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Dylan|last=Welch|title=Kevin Rudd says sorry|url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/national/prime-minister-kevin-rudd-made-today-an--historic-one-for-australia/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=13 February 2008|access-date=22 February 2008|url-access=registration|archive-date=27 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227233812/http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/prime-minister-kevin-rudd-made-today-an--historic-one-for-australia/2008/02/13/1202760342960.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bob Hawke (8216522868).jpg|thumb|upright|Hawke in 2012]]

In 2009, Hawke helped establish the Centre for Muslim and Non-Muslim Understanding at the [[University of South Australia]]. Interfaith dialogue was an important issue for Hawke, who told ''[[The Adelaide Review]]'' that he was "convinced that one of the great potential dangers confronting the world is the lack of understanding in regard to the Muslim world. Fanatics have misrepresented what Islam is. They give a false impression of the essential nature of Islam."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ward, Amanda|title=World peace and a republic|work=[[Adelaide Review]]|issue=358|date=December 2009|pages=6–7|url=http://www.adelaidereview.com.au/archives.php?subaction=showfull&id=1259130386&archive=1261450745&start_from=&ucat=16&|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222062339/http://www.adelaidereview.com.au/archives.php?subaction=showfull&id=1259130386&archive=1261450745&start_from=&ucat=16&|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|access-date=14 March 2010}}</ref>

In 2016, after taking part in [[Andrew Denton]]'s Better Off Dead podcast, Hawke added his voice to calls for voluntary euthanasia to be legalised.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kelly, Fran|title=Bob Hawke on voluntary euthanasia and 'losing his marbles'|work=[[Radio National Breakfast]]|issue=Thursday 14 April 2016|url=http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/breakfast/bob-hawke-urges-australian-politicians-to-legalise-euthanasia/7323470?WT.mc_id=Innovation_Radio-RN-Breakfast|access-date=17 August 2016|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603042157/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/breakfast/bob-hawke-urges-australian-politicians-to-legalise-euthanasia/7323470?WT.mc_id=Innovation_Radio-RN-Breakfast|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawke labelled as 'absurd' the lack of political will to fix the problem. He revealed that he had such an arrangement with his wife Blanche should such a devastating medical situation occur.<ref>{{cite news|last=Koziol|first=Michael|title=Absurd: Bob Hawke blasts lack of political will to legalise euthanasia|url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/absurd-bob-hawke-blasts-lack-of-political-will-to-legalise-euthanasia-20160413-go5w9u.html|access-date=17 August 2016|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|issue=14 April 2016|date=14 April 2016|ref=euth|url-access=subscription|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807121439/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/absurd-bob-hawke-blasts-lack-of-political-will-to-legalise-euthanasia-20160413-go5w9u.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also publicly advocated for [[nuclear power]] and the importation of international [[spent nuclear fuel]] to Australia for storage and disposal, stating that this could lead to considerable economic benefits for Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-28/we-must-embrace-nuclear-power-bob-hawke-divides-audience/8151346|title=Bob Hawke pushes nuclear power at Woodford Folk Festival|date=28 December 2016|work=ABC News|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225210911/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-28/we-must-embrace-nuclear-power-bob-hawke-divides-audience/8151346|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/01/01/hawke-nuclear-waste-australia_n_8871578.html|title=Bob Hawke Says Nuclear Waste Dump 'A Win-Win' For Australia|last=Butler|first=Josh|date=1 January 2016|work=HuffPost|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228053949/http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/01/01/hawke-nuclear-waste-australia_n_8871578.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In late December 2018, Hawke revealed that he was in "terrible health". While predicting a Labor win in the upcoming [[2019 Australian federal election|2019 federal election]], Hawke said he "may not witness the party's success".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-29/bob-hawke-reveals-terrible-health-labor-to-win-federal-election/10673364|title=Bob Hawke reveals 'terrible health' as he tips Labor to win federal election|date=29 December 2018|publisher=ABC|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229224519/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-29/bob-hawke-reveals-terrible-health-labor-to-win-federal-election/10673364|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2019, the month of the election, he issued a joint statement with Paul Keating endorsing Labor's economic plan and condemning the Liberal Party for "completely [giving] up the economic reform agenda". They stated that "Shorten's Labor is the only party of government focused on the need to modernise the economy to deal with the major challenge of our time: human induced climate change". It was the first joint press statement released by the two since 1991.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bob Hawke and Paul Keating reunite for the first time in 28 years to endorse Labor's economic plan|newspaper=The Canberra Times|date=8 May 2019|access-date=8 May 2019|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6111996/old-foes-bury-the-hatchet-to-endorse-shorten/?cs=14350|url-access=subscription|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813082510/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6111996/old-foes-bury-the-hatchet-to-endorse-shorten/?cs=14350|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2022, Troy Bramston, a journalist for ''[[The Australian]]'' and a political historian, wrote an unauthorised biography of Hawke titled ''Bob Hawke: Demons and Destiny''. Hawke gave Bramston full access to his previously unavailable personal papers and granted a series of interviews for the book. Bramston was the last person to interview Hawke before his death. The book, drawing on extensive Australian and international archives, and interviews with more than 100 people, is regarded as "definitive" and was shortlisted for the [[Australian Political Book of the Year|Australian Political Book of the Year Award]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://auspolbookaward.com.au/award-winners/|title=2022 Award Winners - Australian Political Book of the Year Award |date=December 2022 }}</ref>

On 16 May 2019, two days before the election, Hawke died at his home in Northbridge at the age of 89, following a short illness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Labor legend Bob Hawke dies aged 89|url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/labor-legend-bob-hawke-dies-aged-89-20190516-p51o89.html|access-date=16 May 2019|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=16 May 2019|url-access=registration|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801070703/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/labor-legend-bob-hawke-dies-aged-89-20190516-p51o89.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bob Hawke, Australia's 23rd prime minister, dies aged 89 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-16/bob-hawke-dies-former-australian-prime-minister-and-labor-leader/6562902 |access-date=16 May 2019 |work=ABC News |date=16 May 2019 |language=en-AU |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514145335/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-05-16/bob-hawke-dies-former-australian-prime-minister-and-labor-leader/6562902 |url-status=live }}</ref> His family held a private cremation on 27 May at [[Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium]] where he was subsequently interred.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/carte-blanche-20130819-2s5rr.html |url-access=registration |title='Carte Blanche' |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=24 August 2013 |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623050147/https://www.smh.com.au/national/carte-blanche-20130819-2s5rr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[state funeral|state memorial]] was held at the [[Sydney Opera House]] on 14 June; speakers included [[Craig Emerson]] as [[master of ceremonies]] and [[Kim Beazley]] reading the eulogy, as well as [[Paul Keating]], [[Julia Gillard]], [[Bill Kelty]], [[Ross Garnaut]], and incumbent Prime Minister [[Scott Morrison]] and Opposition Leader [[Anthony Albanese]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/bob-hawke-s-state-funeral-to-be-held-at-sydney-opera-house-20190524-p51qx6.html|title=Bob Hawke's state funeral to be held at Sydney Opera House|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 May 2019|url-access=registration|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527093136/https://www.smh.com.au/national/bob-hawke-s-state-funeral-to-be-held-at-sydney-opera-house-20190524-p51qx6.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==

[[File:BobandBlanche.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Hawke and his wife, [[Blanche d'Alpuget]], in 2006]]

Hawke married [[Hazel Masterson]] in 1956 at Perth Trinity Church.<ref name="Hurst-1983a">Hurst, J., (1983), p.25</ref> They had three children: Susan (born 1957), Stephen (born 1959) and Roslyn (born 1961). Their fourth child, Robert Jr, died in early infancy in 1963. Hawke was named Victorian Father of the Year in 1971, an honour which his wife disputed due to his heavy drinking and womanising.<ref>d'Alpuget, Blanche (1982). ''Robert J. Hawke: A biography'', p. 197. Schwartz, Melbourne. {{ISBN|0867530014}}.</ref><ref name="Woolford-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/obituary-the-transformation-of-hazel-hawke/news-story/6365a4bbebdf422857464268fb15d3fb|title=The transformation of Hazel Hawke|work=NewsComAu|access-date=25 August 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826010521/https://www.news.com.au/national/obituary-the-transformation-of-hazel-hawke/news-story/6365a4bbebdf422857464268fb15d3fb|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple divorced in 1994, after he left her for the writer [[Blanche d'Alpuget]], and the two lived together in [[Northbridge, New South Wales|Northbridge]], a suburb on the [[North Shore (Sydney)|North Shore]] of Sydney.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carte Blanche|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/carte-blanche-20130818-2s5rr.html|website=Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 August 2013|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822223846/http://www.smh.com.au/national/carte-blanche-20130818-2s5rr.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Woolford-2013"/> The divorce estranged Hawke from some of his family for a period, although they had reconciled by the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-17/bob-hawke-speaks-about-his-final-visit-to-first-wife-hazel-hawke/5892598|title=Bob Hawke speaks about his final visit to first wife Hazel|date=17 November 2014|access-date=25 August 2018|work=ABC News|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825193602/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-11-17/bob-hawke-speaks-about-his-final-visit-to-first-wife-hazel-hawke/5892598|url-status=live}}</ref>
Hawke was a supporter of [[National Rugby League]] club the [[Canberra Raiders]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-17 |title=Ricky remembers the larrikin PM that was always just 'one of us' boys |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6129659/ricky-remembers-the-larrikin-pm-that-was-always-just-one-of-us-boys/ |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Canberra Times |language=en-AU |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420060202/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6129659/ricky-remembers-the-larrikin-pm-that-was-always-just-one-of-us-boys/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Alcoholism and abstinence===

Throughout his life before politics, Hawke was a heavy drinker.<ref name="Hawke-1994"/> Hawke eventually suffered from [[alcohol poisoning]] following the death of his and Hazel's infant son in 1963. He publicly announced in 1980 that he would [[Teetotalism|abstain from alcohol]] to seek election to [[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]], in a move which garnered significant public attention and support.<ref name="Hawke-1994"/> It is popularly stated that Hawke began to drink again following his retirement from politics, although to a more manageable extent; on several occasions, in his later years, videos of Hawke downing beer at [[cricket]] matches would frequently go [[viral video|viral]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nine.com.au/entertainment/viral/bob-hawke-best-beer-moments-remembered-after-his-death/dc5a3532-2ab5-456f-a8e6-247104b8a4e2|title=Bob Hawke's best beer moments remembered after his death|website=nine.com.au|access-date=22 September 2020|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922092231/https://www.nine.com.au/entertainment/viral/bob-hawke-best-beer-moments-remembered-after-his-death/dc5a3532-2ab5-456f-a8e6-247104b8a4e2|url-status=live}}</ref> There is evidence that Hawke did drink alcohol while in office, provided by then vice-president of the United States of America, [[George H. W. Bush]], who later recalled shared drunken behaviour during Hawke's 1983 first official visit to the United States.<ref name="Coventry-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Coventry |first=C. J. |date=2023-07-03 |title=Sedimentary Layers: Bob Hawke's Beer World Record and Ocker Chic |journal=Journal of Australian Studies |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=478–496 |doi=10.1080/14443058.2023.2215790 |issn=1444-3058|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Religious views===

On the subject of [[religion]], Hawke wrote, while attending the 1952 World Christian Youth Conference in India, that "there were all these poverty stricken kids at the gate of this palatial place where we were feeding our face and I just (was) struck by this enormous sense of irrelevance of religion to the needs of people". He subsequently abandoned his Christian beliefs.<ref>{{cite episode|title=Elders Part 5: Bob Hawke|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s2301431.htm|series=Elders with Andrew Denton|series-link=Enough Rope|airdate=11 January 2010|access-date=23 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825235442/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s2301431.htm|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the time he entered politics he was a self-described [[agnostic]].<ref>Blanche d'Alpuget, ''Robert J. Hawke'', 87</ref> Hawke told [[Andrew Denton]] in 2008 that his father's Christian faith had continued to influence his outlook, saying "My father said if you believe in the fatherhood of God you must necessarily believe in the brotherhood of man, it follows necessarily, and even though I left the church and was not religious, that truth remained with me."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s2301431.htm|title=ENOUGH ROPE with Andrew Denton – episode 176: Elders Part 5 – Bob Hawke (14/07/2008)|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=14 July 2008|access-date=31 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825235442/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/enoughrope/transcripts/s2301431.htm|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
{{multiple image
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|image1=Bob Hawke bust.jpg
|caption1=Bust of Hawke in the [[Prime Ministers Avenue]] in the [[Ballarat Botanical Gardens]]
|image2=Bob Hawke College, August 2021 02.jpg
|caption2=[[Bob Hawke College]] in Perth
}}
A biographical television film, ''[[Hawke (film)|Hawke]]'', premiered on the [[Network Ten|Ten Network]] in Australia on 18 July 2010, with [[Richard Roxburgh]] playing the title character. [[Rachael Blake]] and [[Felix Williamson]] portrayed [[Hazel Hawke]] and [[Paul Keating]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mangan|first=John|date=19 July 2009|title=Capturing the life, times and hair of Hawke|url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/capturing-the-life-times-and-hair-of-hawke-20090719-ge7zvx.html|access-date=3 March 2019|work=[[The Age]]|url-access=registration|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043401/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/capturing-the-life-times-and-hair-of-hawke-20090719-ge7zvx.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Enker|first=Debi|date=15 July 2010|title=Nailing the Silver Bodgie|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/nailing-the-silver-bodgie-20100714-10ap8.html|access-date=3 March 2019|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044108/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/nailing-the-silver-bodgie-20100714-10ap8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Roxburgh reprised his role as Hawke in the 2020 episode "[[The Crown (season 4)#ep36|Terra Nullius]]" of the Netflix series ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Idato|first=Michael|date=15 November 2020|title=Bringing the drama down under, ''The Crown'' breaks the spell of a royal moment in time|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/bringing-the-drama-down-under-the-crown-breaks-the-spell-of-a-royal-moment-in-time-20201113-p56ehk.html|access-date=16 November 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url-access=registration|archive-date=15 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115234614/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/bringing-the-drama-down-under-the-crown-breaks-the-spell-of-a-royal-moment-in-time-20201113-p56ehk.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Bob Hawke Gallery in Bordertown, which contains memorabilia from his life, was opened by Hawke in 2002.<ref name="Boisvert-2024">{{Cite news |last=Boisvert |first=Eugene |date=2024-05-10 |title=Bob Hawke's childhood house in Bordertown opens for accommodation and functions |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-10/bob-hawke-childhood-house-opens-as-accommodation/103780282 |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref> Hawke House, the house in Bordertown where Hawke spent his early childhood, was purchased by the Australian Government in 2021 and opened as an accommodation and function space in May 2024.<ref name="Boisvert-2024" /><ref name="ABC News-2019">{{Cite news |date=7 July 2019 |title=Bob Hawke's childhood home in SA to be renovated after Federal Government sets aside $750k |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-07/bob-hawke-childhood-home-bought-by-federal-government/11286228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816034919/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-07/bob-hawke-childhood-home-bought-by-federal-government/11286228 |archive-date=16 August 2023 |access-date=8 February 2021 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU}}</ref> A bronze bust of Hawke is located at the town's civic centre.<ref name="Boisvert-2024" />

In December 2020, the [[First McGowan Ministry|Western Australian Government]] announced that it had purchased Hawke's childhood home in [[West Leederville, Western Australia|West Leederville]] and would maintain it as a state asset. The property will also be assessed for entry onto the [[State Register of Heritage Places]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Piovesan|first=Anthony|date=27 December 2020|title=WA govt pays whopping amount for Bob Hawke's Perth home|url=https://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/west-australia-government-buys-bob-hawkes-childhood-home-for-145-million/news-story/44f5bc51ce837d4e1a427bb82bbc7e6e|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228004855/https://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/west-australia-government-buys-bob-hawkes-childhood-home-for-145-million/news-story/44f5bc51ce837d4e1a427bb82bbc7e6e|archive-date=28 December 2020|access-date=29 December 2020|website=News.com.au|language=en}}</ref>

The Australian Government pledged $5 million in July 2019 to establish a new annual scholarship—the Bob Hawke John Monash Scholarship—through the General Sir John Monash Foundation.<ref name="ABC News-2019"/> [[Bob Hawke College]], a high school in [[Subiaco, Western Australia]] named after Hawke, was opened in February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bell|first=Frances|date=30 January 2020|title=New $70 million Perth high school named after Bob Hawke prepares to welcome its first students|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-27/bob-hawke-college-set-to-welcome-first-perth-students-next-week/11903136|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213063532/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-27/bob-hawke-college-set-to-welcome-first-perth-students-next-week/11903136|archive-date=13 February 2020|access-date=29 December 2020|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|language=en-AU}}</ref>

In March 2020, the [[Australian Electoral Commission]] announced that it would create a new [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|Australian electoral division]] in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] named in honour of Hawke. The [[Division of Hawke]] was first contested at the [[2022 Australian federal election|2022 federal election]], and is located in the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], near the seat of [[Division of Wills|Wills]], which Hawke represented from 1980 to 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://thewest.com.au/politics/liberal-backbenchers-seat-to-be-abolished-ng-s-2054107|title = Bob Hawke honoured with Vic seat name|date = 19 March 2021|access-date = 20 March 2021|archive-date = 19 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210319050932/https://thewest.com.au/politics/liberal-backbenchers-seat-to-be-abolished-ng-s-2054107|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Honours==
'''Orders'''

* {{Flagicon|AUS}} '''1979''': [[Companion of the Order of Australia]] (AC), "For services to trade unionism and industrial relations"<ref>{{cite web| title=It's an Honour| work=Government of Australia| url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/881975| access-date=3 September 2007| archive-date=29 January 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129123025/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/881975| url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Foreign honours'''

* {{Flagicon|Thailand}} '''1989''': [[Order of the White Elephant|Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/tony-abbotts-bunyip-aristocracy-arise-lord-clive-and-lady-gina-20140325-35g7i.html |title=Tony Abbott's Bunyip Aristocracy: arise, Lord Clive and Lady Gina |first=Tony |last=Wright |date=25 March 2014 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042813/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/tony-abbotts-bunyip-aristocracy-arise-lord-clive-and-lady-gina-20140325-35g7i.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Great Britain}} '''1999''': [[Freedom of the City of London]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/23-Hawke-Web.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://static.moadoph.gov.au/ophgovau/media/images/apmc/docs/23-Hawke-Web.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Prime facts 23 |access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|PNG}} '''2008''' [[Order of Logohu|Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu]]<ref>[http://www.solomontimes.com/news.aspx?nwID=3346 "Former Australian Prime Minister Named PNG Chief"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219214440/http://www.solomontimes.com/news.aspx?nwID=3346 |date=19 February 2012 }}, ''Solomon Times'', 8 January 2009</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} '''2012''' [[Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun]]<ref name="USyd-2016"/>

===Awards===

*{{Flagicon|AUS}}'''August 1978''': [[Australian Rostrum|Rostrum Award of Merit]], for "excellence in the art of public speaking over a considerable period and his demonstration of an effective contribution to society through the spoken word"<ref>Report on Anniversary Dinner 2 August 1978</ref>
* {{Flagicon|AUS}} '''August 2009''': [[Australian Labor Party]] Life membership, Bob Hawke became only the third person to be awarded life membership of the Australian Labor Party, after [[Gough Whitlam|Gough]] and [[Margaret Whitlam]]. During the conferring, Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] referred to Hawke as "the heart and soul of the Labor Party".<ref>{{Cite news| title = ALP faithful pour love on hero Hawke| work = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]]| accessdate = 16 November 2021| date = 1 August 2009| url = https://www.smh.com.au/national/alp-faithful-pour-love-on-hero-hawke-20090801-e4y9.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116091258/https://www.smh.com.au/national/alp-faithful-pour-love-on-hero-hawke-20090801-e4y9.html |archive-date=16 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Western Australia}} '''March 2014''': [[University of Western Australia Student Guild]] Life membership<ref>{{cite news| title=Bob Hawke qualifies for cheap coffee on campus| work=news.uwa.edu.au/| url=http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201403276544/features/bob-hawke-qualifies-cheap-coffee-campus| access-date=22 September 2016| date=27 March 2014| archive-date=2 August 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802134730/http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201403276544/features/bob-hawke-qualifies-cheap-coffee-campus| url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Fellowships'''

* {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[University College, Oxford]]<ref name="Naa-2019">{{cite web |url=http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/cabinet/by-year/1990-1991/index.aspx |title=1990 and 1991 – Hawke government |publisher=[[National Archives of Australia]] |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043723/http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/cabinet/by-year/1990-1991/index.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Honorary degrees'''

* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Nanjing University]], Honorary doctorate<ref name="Naa-2019"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.australiachinarelations.org/content/hawke-governments-china-policy-0 |title=The Hawke Government's China Policy |newspaper=Uts Acri |date=15 June 2015 |publisher=Australia-China Relations Institute |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619052158/https://www.australiachinarelations.org/content/hawke-governments-china-policy-0 |url-status=live |author1=Admin }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|GBR}} [[University of Oxford]], Honorary Doctor of Civil Law<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/world/oxford-honours-hawke-20030704-gdvznp.html |title=Oxford honours Hawke |agency=Australian Associated Press |date=4 July 2003 |work=[[The Age]] |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043427/https://www.theage.com.au/world/oxford-honours-hawke-20030704-gdvznp.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], Honorary doctorate<ref name="Naa-2019"/><ref name="UniSA-2007"/>
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Rikkyo University]], Honorary Doctor of Humanities<ref name="Naa-2019"/>
* {{Flagicon|New South Wales}} [[Macquarie University]], Honorary Doctor of Letters<ref name="Naa-2019"/><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.mq.edu.au/newsroom/2013/09/18/honorary-doctorate-awarded-to-bob-hawke/ |title=Honorary Doctorate Awarded to Bob Hawke |date=18 September 2013 |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216121540/https://www.mq.edu.au/newsroom/2013/09/18/honorary-doctorate-awarded-to-bob-hawke/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|New South Wales}} [[University of New South Wales]], Honorary doctorate<ref name="Naa-2019"/><ref name="UniSA-2007"/>
* {{Flagicon|South Australia}} [[University of South Australia]], Honorary doctorate<ref name="Naa-2019"/><ref name="UniSA-2007"/>
* {{Flagicon|Western Australia}} [[University of Western Australia]], Honorary Doctor of Letters<ref name="Naa-2019"/><ref name="UniSA-2007"/>
* {{Flagicon|New South Wales}} [[University of Sydney]], Honorary Doctor of Letters<ref name="USyd-2016">{{cite web |url=http://sydney.edu.au/secretariat/senate-committees/honorary-awards/Citations/2016/Citation_The_Hon_Bob_Hawke_AC_CGL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819050412/http://sydney.edu.au/secretariat/senate-committees/honorary-awards/Citations/2016/Citation_The_Hon_Bob_Hawke_AC_CGL.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-19 |url-status=live |title=The Honourable Bob Hawke AC CGL |date=9 December 2016 |publisher=[[University of Sydney]] |access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

===Other===

* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[University of South Australia]], the [[Hawke Centre]]<ref>{{cite web | title=The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre | website=[[UniSA]] | url=https://unisa.edu.au/connect/hawke-centre/ | access-date=29 March 2022 | archive-date=29 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329100401/https://unisa.edu.au/connect/hawke-centre/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and the Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library<ref name="UniSA-2007">{{cite web| title=Bob Hawke biography| work=[[UniSA]]| url=http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/library/Biogs/bh_biog.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831190150/http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/library/Biogs/bh_biog.asp| url-status=dead| archive-date=31 August 2007| access-date=15 December 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Library| work=UniSA| url=http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/library/default.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819031409/http://www.unisa.edu.au/hawkecentre/library/default.asp| url-status=dead| archive-date=19 August 2006| access-date=3 September 2007}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|1980s|1990s|Australia|South Australia|Organized Labour|Biography|Politics|University of Oxford|Beer|Socialism}}
*[[Hawke–Keating government]]
*[[First Hawke Ministry]]
*[[Second Hawke Ministry]]
*[[Third Hawke Ministry]]
*[[Fourth Hawke Ministry]]
*[[Political families of Australia]]
{{clear}}

==Footnotes ==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anson |first=Stan |title=Hawke: An Emotional Life |publisher=Macphee Gribble |year=1991}}
* {{cite book |last1=Blewett |first1=Neal |author-link=Neal Blewett |last2=Grattan |first2=Michelle |author-link2=Michelle Grattan |date=2000 |title=Australian Prime Ministers |location=Sydney |publisher=[[New Holland Publishers]] |isbn=1-86436-756-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Geoffrey |date=1990 |title=The Oxford History of Australia: The Middle Way: 1942–1988}}
* {{cite book |last=Bramston |first=Troy | title=Bob Hawke: Demons and Destiny |publisher=Viking |year=2022 |isbn=9780143788096}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bramston |first1=Troy |last2=Ryan |first2=Susan | title=The Hawke Government : A Critical Retrospective |publisher=Pluto |year=2003 |isbn=1-86403-264-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/robertjhawke00blan |last=d'Alpuget |first=Blanche |author-link=Blanche d'Alpuget |date=1984 |title=Robert J. Hawke, a biography |publisher=Schwartz in conjunction with Landsdowne Press |isbn=0-86753-001-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=d'Alpuget |first=Blanche |author-link=Blanche d'Alpuget |date=2011 |title=Hawke: The Early Years |publisher=Melbourne University Publishing |isbn=978-0-522-85800-6}}
* {{cite book |first=Blanche |last=d'Alpuget |author-link=Blanche d'Alpuget |title=Bob Hawke: The Complete Biography |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1-76085-326-6 |date=2019}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Graham |last2=Hirst |first2=John |last3=MacIntyre |first3=Stuart |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-553597-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=John |title=Keating, The Inside Story |publisher=Penguin |year=1996 |isbn=0-14-026601-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hawke |first=Bob |title=The Hawke Memoirs |publisher=Heinemann |year=1994 |isbn=0-85561-502-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hurst |first=John |title=Hawke PM |publisher=Angus & Robertson |year=1983 |isbn=0-207-14806-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaensch |first=Dean |title=The Hawke-Keating Hijack |publisher=Allen and Unwin |year=1989 |isbn=0-04-370192-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Jaensch |first1=Dean |first2=Max |last2=Teichmann |date=1992 |title=The Macmillan Dictionary of Australian Politics}}
* {{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Paul |date=1984 |title=The Hawke ascendency: a definitive account of its origins and climax, 1975–1983 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |isbn=978-0-207-14727-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/hawkeascendencyd0000kell }}
* {{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Paul |title=The End of Certainty: The story of the 1980s |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1992 |isbn=1-86373-227-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Macklin |first=Robert |date=2017 |title=Dragon and Kangaroo: Australia and China's Shared History from the Goldfields to the Present Day |url=https://www.amazon.com/Dragon-Kangaroo-Australia-China%C2%92s-Goldfields-ebook/dp/B07257SMK3/ |pages=273–286 |publisher=Hachette Australia |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929230654/https://www.amazon.com/Dragon-Kangaroo-Australia-China%C2%92s-Goldfields-ebook/dp/B07257SMK3 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mills |first=Stephen |title=The Hawke Years |publisher=Viking |year=1993 |isbn=0-670-84563-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Richardson |first=Graham |title=Whatever It Takes |publisher=Bantam |year=1994 |isbn=1-86359-332-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bob Hawke}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111027034345/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951966-2,00.html "Hawke Swoops into Power"]&nbsp;– ''Time'', 14 March 1983
*[https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/robert-hawke Robert Hawke] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214095341/https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/robert-hawke |date=14 February 2022 }}&nbsp;– Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518090728/http://www.hawkecentre.unisa.edu.au/ Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre]
*{{C-SPAN|2089}}

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{{Prime Ministers of Australia}}
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{{ACTU Presidents}}
{{Australian Labor Party}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawke, Bob}}
[[Category:Bob Hawke| ]]
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