View source for Bill Atkinson

{{Short description|American computer engineer, programmer and photographer (1951–2025)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = 
| name             = Bill Atkinson
| honorific_suffix = 
| image            = Bill Atkinson at 25 years of HyperCard event (cropped).jpeg
| alt              = 
| caption          = Atkinson in 2012
| native_name      = 
| height           = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1951|3|17}}
| birth_place      = [[Ottumwa, Iowa]], U.S.
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|2025|06|05|1951|3|17}}
| death_place      = [[Portola Valley, California]], U.S.
| nationality      = 
| education        = [[University of California, San Diego|UC San Diego]]<br />[[University of Washington]]
| occupation       = {{hlist|Engineer|inventor|[[Nature photography|nature&nbsp;photographer]]}}
| known_for        = {{hlist|[[Apple Lisa]]|[[Macintosh 128K]]|[[QuickDraw]]|[[HyperCard]]}}
| title            = 
| website          = {{URL|billatkinson.com}}
}}

'''William Dana Atkinson'''<ref name="regionspatent" /> (March 17, 1951 – June 5, 2025) was an American [[Computer engineering|computer engineer]], computer [[programmer]] and photographer. Atkinson worked at [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]] from 1978 to 1990. Some of Atkinson's noteworthy contributions to the field of computing include Macintosh [[QuickDraw]] and Lisa LisaGraf (Atkinson independently discovered the [[midpoint circle algorithm]] for fast drawing of circles by using the sum of consecutive odd numbers),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?story=Round_Rects_Are_Everywhere.txt |title=Steve Jobs |first=Walter |last=Isaacson |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2011 |access-date=December 22, 2011}}</ref> [[marching ants]], the [[menu bar]], the [[Lasso tool|selection lasso]], [[MacPaint]] ([[MacPaint#FatBits|FatBits]]), [[HyperCard]], [[Atkinson dithering]], and the PhotoCard application program.

== Early life and education==
Atkinson was born in [[Ottumwa, Iowa]], on March 17, 1951. He grew up in [[Los Gatos, California]], the third child of seven born to anesthesiologist John Atkinson and obstetrician Ethel Dana Atkinson. He had two brothers and four sisters.<ref name="nyt">{{cite web|title=Bill Atkinson, Who Made Computers Easier to Use, Is Dead at 74|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/07/technology/bill-atkinson-dead.html|date=June 7, 2025|last=Markoff|first=John|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 7, 2025}}</ref> He received his undergraduate degree from the [[University of California, San Diego]], where [[Jef Raskin]], who would go on to develop the Apple Macintosh, was one of his professors.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.folklore.org/Joining_Apple_Computer.html | title = Joining Apple Computer | first = Bill | last = Atkinson | date = April 1979 | accessdate = June 7, 2025 | publisher = [[Computer History Museum]] }}</ref> Atkinson continued his studies as a graduate student in neurochemistry at the [[University of Washington]].<ref name="nyt"/>

== Apple ==
Raskin invited Atkinson to visit him at [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]]; [[Steve Jobs]] persuaded him to join the company immediately as employee No. 51, and Atkinson never finished his PhD.<ref name="Isaacson2014" /><ref name="Tri244">{{Triangulation|244|Bill Atkinson}}</ref> Atkinson was the principal designer and developer of the [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) of the [[Apple Lisa]] and, later, one of the first thirty members of the original Apple [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]] development team,<ref name="lemmons198402" /> and was the creator of the [[MacPaint]] application. He also designed and implemented [[QuickDraw]], the fundamental toolbox that the Lisa and Macintosh used for graphics. QuickDraw's performance was essential for the success of the Macintosh GUI. He also was one of the main designers of the Lisa and Macintosh [[user interface]]s. Atkinson also conceived, designed and implemented [[HyperCard]], an early and influential [[hypermedia]] system. HyperCard put the power of computer programming and database design into the hands of non-[[programmer]]s.<ref name="nyt"/> In 1994, Atkinson received the [[EFF Pioneer Award]] for his contributions.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.eff.org/awards/past-winners | title = EFF Awards: Past Winners | accessdate = June 7, 2025 | work = [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] | date = June 28, 2017 }}</ref>

== Career after Apple==
In 1990, Atkinson and two others co-founded Apple spin-off [[General Magic]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |title=Bill and Andy's Excellent Adventure II |url=https://www.wired.com/1994/04/general-magic/ |access-date=June 9, 2025 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]'' magazine wrote:

<blockquote>The obstacles to General Magic's success may appear daunting, but General Magic is not your typical start-up company. Its partners include some of the biggest players in the worlds of computing, communications, and consumer electronics, and it's loaded with top-notch engineers who have been given a clean slate to reinvent traditional approaches to ubiquitous worldwide communications.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.byte.com/art/9402/sec3/art1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970713005548/http://www.byte.com/art/9402/sec3/art1.htm |archive-date=July 13, 1997 |title=Just Like Magic? |work=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] |first1=Tom R. |last1=Halfhill |first2=Andy |last2=Reinhardt |date=February 1994}}</ref></blockquote>

In 2007, Atkinson began working as an outside developer with Numenta, a startup working on computer intelligence. On his work there Atkinson said, "what Numenta is doing is more fundamentally important to society than the personal computer and the rise of the Internet."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/02/01/8398989/ |title=Jeff Hawkins and the Brain |work=Business 2.0 |publisher=CNN |first=Erick |last=Schonfeld |date=March 6, 2007 |access-date=February 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625063943/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/02/01/8398989/index.htm |archive-date=June 25, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Photography ==
Atkinson later worked as a nature photographer, focusing on close-up photographs of stones that had been cut and polished.<ref>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.wired.com/story/bill-atkinson-apple-engineer-dies/ | title = Bill Atkinson, Macintosh Pioneer and Inventor of Hypercard, Dies at 74 | first = Steven | last = Levy | date = June 7, 2025 | accessdate = June 7, 2025 | magazine = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] }}</ref> His 2004 book ''Within the Stone'' features a collection of his close-up photographs. The detailed images he created were made possible by the accuracy and creative control of the digital printing process that he helped create.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/11.10.04/atkinson-0446.html | title = Stone Secrets | first = Gary | last = Singh | date = November 16, 2004 | accessdate = June 7, 2025 | work = [[Metro Silicon Valley]] }}</ref> He developed a mobile app called PhotoCard that would allow users to take digital images and make [[postcard]]s with personal messages that could then be printed and sent via postal service or over email.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/apple-legend-bill-atkinsons-new-mission-save-the-postcard/ | title = Apple legend Bill Atkinson's new mission: Save the postcard | first = Dan | last = Farber | date = October 10, 2013 | accessdate = June 7, 2025 | work = [[CNet]] }}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
Atkinson was married three times and had two daughters, a stepson, and a stepdaughter.<ref name="nyt" /> He died from pancreatic cancer in [[Portola Valley, California]], on June 5, 2025, at the age of 74.<ref name="appleinsider obit">
{{Cite news
 | last1        = Martin
 | first1       = Charles
 | title        = Bill Atkinson, pioneering early Apple engineer, dies at 74
 | work         = appleinsider 
 | location     = [[Mamaroneck, New York]]
 | publisher    = Quill Media Inc.
 | date         = June 7, 2025
 | url          = https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/06/07/bill-atkinson-pioneering-early-apple-engineer-dies-at-74
 | access-date  = June 7, 2025
 | archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20250607221011/https://appleinsider.com/articles/25/06/07/bill-atkinson-pioneering-early-apple-engineer-dies-at-74
 | archive-date = June 7, 2025
 | url-status   = live
}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Actor [[Nelson Franklin]] portrayed him in the 2013 film ''[[Jobs (film)|Jobs]]'' that covered the early days of Apple under Steve Jobs. The film had drawn criticism for its take on the environment at the company. Atkinson's co-worker Bill Fernandez did not see the film, saying "It seems to me that there’s a lot of fan fiction about Apple Computer and about Steve Jobs, and I think that this is the biggest, flashiest piece of fan fiction that there’s been to date."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/08/steve-wozniak-jobs-review | title = Ask Steve Jobs Experts: Steve Wozniak and Original Apple Employees Have Some Words for Ashton Kutcher's Jobs Biopic | first = Julie | last = Miller | date = August 16, 2013 | accessdate = June 7, 2025 | work = [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] }}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Isaacson2014">{{cite book |isbn=978-1476708690 |first1 = Walter | last1 = Isaacson |title=The Innovators|date=October 7, 2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster }}</ref>
<ref name="lemmons198402">{{cite interview |url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-02/1984_02_BYTE_09-02_Benchmarks#page/n59/mode/2up |title=An Interview: The Macintosh Design Team |work=BYTE |date=February 1984 |access-date=October 22, 2013 |last=Lemmons |first=Phil |pages=58 |volume=9|issue=2}}</ref>
<ref name="regionspatent">{{cite patent |country=US| invent1=William D. Atkinson| number=4622545A| title=Method and apparatus for image compression and manipulation| status=patent| gdate=1986-11-11| fdate=1982-09-30| assign1=Apple Computer, Inc.| url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US4622545A/en}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
* {{IMDb name|0040680}}

{{Apple celeb}}
{{Original Macintosh developer team}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atkinson, Bill}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:American computer programmers]]
[[Category:American nature photographers]]
[[Category:Apple Fellows]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. employees]]
[[Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in California]]
[[Category:Macintosh operating systems people]]
[[Category:Scientists from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:University of California, San Diego alumni]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]