View source for Big Raven Plateau

{{Short description|Plateau in British Columbia, Canada}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox landform
| name              = Big Raven Plateau
| other_name        = 
| type              = [[Volcanic plateau]]
| photo             = Big Raven Plateau 2023.jpg
| photo_width       = 
| photo_alt         = An overhead view of a barren, rocky plateau with a glaciated mountain in the middle.
| photo_caption     = Satellite image of the Big Raven Plateau
| map               = Canada British Columbia
| map_width         = 
| map_caption       = Location in British Columbia
| map_alt           = Relief map of British Columbia pinpointing the location of the Big Raven Plateau
| relief            = yes
| label             = 
| label_position    = 
| mark              = 
| marker_size       = 
| location          = [[Cassiar Land District]], [[British Columbia]], Canada{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}
| coordinates       = {{coord|57|42|49|N|130|45|06|W|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref        = {{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}
| range             = [[Tahltan Highland]]{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}
| part_of           = [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex|Mount Edziza complex]]{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=32}}
| age               = 7.4 [[Megaannum|Ma]] to less than 20 [[Kiloannum|ka]]{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}}
| formed_by         = [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex|Volcanism]]{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=124}}
| geology           = [[Trachybasalt]], [[trachyte]], [[hawaiite]], [[tristanite]], [[mugearite]], [[comendite]], [[benmoreite]], [[pantellerite]], [[alkali basalt]]{{sfn|Souther|1988}}
| etymology         =  [[Tse'sketco|Big Raven]] (Tse'sketco){{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}{{sfn|Teit|1919|p=198}}
| authority         = [[BC Geographical Names]] office in [[Victoria, British Columbia]]{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}{{sfn|Government of Canada: Geographical Names Board of Canada}}
| length            = Approximately {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}
| width             = Approximately {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}
| elevation         = Above {{convert|3000|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}
| eruption          = Less than 2,000 years ago{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=32, 224}}
| topo              = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|104|G|10}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}
| designation       = [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]]{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}
| free_label_1      = Drained by
| free_data_1       = [[Tsecha Creek]], [[Tennaya Creek]], [[Tenchen Creek]], [[Taweh Creek]], [[Sorcery Creek]], [[Shaman Creek]], [[Sezill Creek]], [[Pyramid Creek (Kakiddi Creek tributary)|Pyramid Creek]], [[Nido Creek]], [[Kadeya Creek]], [[Elwyn Creek]], Cook Creek{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}}
| free_label_2      = Borders on
| free_data_2       = [[Chakima Creek]] valley (south){{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}<br/>[[Walkout Creek]] valley (south){{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}<br/>[[Klastline River]] valley (north){{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}<br/>[[Kakiddi Creek]] valley (east){{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}<br/>[[Mess Creek]] valley (west){{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}
| embedded          = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom =8 |coord={{coord|57|42|49|N|130|45|06|W}}}} Location in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]]
}}
The '''Big Raven Plateau''' is an [[intermontane plateau]] in [[Cassiar Land District]] of northwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada. It lies on the [[Tahltan Highland]] and is surrounded by several valleys, including those of [[Mess Creek]], [[Kakiddi Creek]], [[Chakima Creek]], [[Walkout Creek]] and the [[Klastline River]]. The plateau is drained by many small streams that flow into these neighbouring valleys and, unlike the neighbouring valleys, it is relatively [[barren vegetation|barren of vegetation]]. Stream erosion has resulted in the creation of [[canyon]]s with intervening [[ridge]]s on the eastern and western sides of the Big Raven Plateau. The plateau is in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]], which is one of the largest [[provincial parks in British Columbia]]. Access to the Big Raven Plateau is mainly by aircraft or by a network of [[horse trail]]s from surrounding roads.

The Big Raven Plateau is [[volcanic plateau|volcanic in origin]], consisting mostly of [[basalt]]ic lava flows of the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]] that were erupted in the last 7.5 million years. These lava flows are [[interbedded]] with [[rhyolite]] and [[trachyte]] which are in the form of rock fragments produced and ejected by [[explosive eruption]]s. The dominant feature on the Big Raven Plateau is [[Mount Edziza]], an ice-covered [[stratovolcano]] reaching an elevation of {{convert|2786|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Its composition is more diverse, consisting of [[alkali basalt]], [[hawaiite]], [[trachybasalt]], [[tristanite]], [[mugearite]], [[benmoreite]], trachyte and rhyolite which are in the form of lava flows, [[lava dome]]s and [[breccia]]. The Big Raven Plateau is subdivided into at least 10 [[geological formation]]s, each being the product of a distinct period of volcanic activity.

==Geography and geomorphology==
===Location===
The Big Raven Plateau is on the [[Tahltan Highland]] east of the Zagoddetchino [[massif]] and west of the mountainous [[Klastline Plateau]] in [[Cassiar Land District]]. Between the Zagoddetchino massif and the Big Raven Plateau is [[Mess Creek]] valley, which extends more than {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=off}} to the south where it separates the [[Boundary Ranges]] of the [[Coast Mountains]] in the west from the [[Spectrum Range]] and [[Arctic Lake Plateau]] in the east. Between the Big Raven and Klastline plateaus is the north–south trending [[Kakiddi Creek]] valley, which includes a number small lakes such as [[Nuttlude Lake]], [[Kakiddi Lake]], Mowchilla Lake and Mowdade Lake. The northern end of the Big Raven Plateau is bounded by the [[Klastline River]] valley whereas the southern end is bounded by two relatively small east–west trending valleys; a [[mountain]] [[ridge]] extends south of the Big Raven Plateau between these valleys.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}

This [[intermontane plateau]] lies at the northern end of the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]], which consists of a group of overlapping [[shield volcano]]es, [[stratovolcano]]es, [[lava dome]]s and [[cinder cone]]s that have formed over the last 7.5 million years.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=124}} Four [[central volcano]]es occur along the north–south trending axis of the volcanic complex; the two youngest central volcanoes, [[Mount Edziza]] and [[Ice Peak]], are on the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1990|pp=124, 125}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}} In addition to the Big Raven Plateau, the volcanic complex also includes the Arctic Lake and [[Kitsu Plateau|Kitsu]] plateaus, as well as the Spectrum Range to the south. All of these landforms are in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]], one of the largest [[provincial parks in British Columbia]] founded in 1972 to showcase the volcanic landscape.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Photo Gallery}}

===Drainage===
As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the Big Raven Plateau is drained entirely by streams within the [[Stikine River watershed]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=32, 33}} The northeastern portion of the Big Raven Plateau is drained by [[Tsecha Creek]], which flows to the northeast.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} Draining the eastern side of the plateau are a series of east-flowing streams choaked with glacial and landslide debris from rapidly eroding [[headwall]]s; from north to south these are [[Pyramid Creek (Kakiddi Creek tributary)|Pyramid Creek]], [[Tenchen Creek]], [[Nido Creek]], [[Tennaya Creek]], [[Sorcery Creek]] and [[Shaman Creek]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} Transportation of the glacial and landslide debris into Kakiddi Creek valley has resulted in the formation of several large [[alluvial fan]]s behind which Nuttlude Lake, Kakiddi Lake, Mowdade Lake and Mowchilla Lake have ponded.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} Nido Creek and Tennaya Creek flow into Nuttlude Lake whereas Sorcery Creek and Shaman Creek flow into Kakiddi Lake.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} Both lakes are expansions of Kakiddi Creek, which flows north into the [[Klastline River]], a [[tributary]] of the Stikine River.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Nuttlude Lake}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Kakiddi Lake}}

[[Elwyn Creek]] and its tributary, [[Kadeya Creek]], drain the northwestern portion of the plateau; Elwyn Creek flows westward whereas Kadeya Creek flows to the northwest.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Elwyn Creek}} Northwest-flowing [[Taweh Creek]] and its tributary, the westward-flowing [[Sezill Creek]], drain the southwestern and western portions of the plateau, respectively.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek}} Elwyn Creek and Taweh Creek are tributaries of Mess Creek, which flows northwestward into the Stikine River.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mess Creek}} The northern end of the Big Raven Plateau is drained by small, unnamed streams which flow north into the Klastline River; these streams are shallowly incised into the plateau.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} At the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau is a [[drainage divide]] between [[Chakima Creek]], flowing east into the Kakiddi drainage, and [[Walkout Creek]] flowing west via [[Raspberry Creek (British Columbia)|Raspberry Creek]] into Mess Creek.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Walkout Creek}}

===Structure===
The Big Raven Plateau is about {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and more than {{convert|910|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} It is roughly oval in structure, largely covered with [[colluvium]] and relatively barren of vegetation, which contrasts with the surrounding valleys.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}} Colluvium on the plateau consists of [[felsenmeer]], [[till]], glacial and [[fluvial]] [[outwash]], as well as [[solifluction]] deposits.{{sfn|Souther|1988}} In contrast to the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau which is relatively smooth and uneroded, the eastern side has undergone extensive erosion, which has resulted in the creation of steep [[spur (topography)|spurs]] with intervening valleys.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} A handful of these spurs are named on the southeastern side of the plateau; from north to south they are [[Idiji Ridge]], [[Sorcery Ridge]] and [[Cartoona Ridge]]. Idiji Ridge extends east from the northern end of [[Tencho Glacier]] and is the namesake of [[Idiji Glacier]], which exists to the northwest. Sorcery Ridge, which shares its name with adjacent Sorcery Creek, extends east from the southern end of Tencho Glacier. Cartoona Ridge lies between Chakima and Shaman creek valleys and shares its name with [[Cartoona Peak]] at the westernmost end of the ridge.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}

The western side of the Big Raven Plateau has been moderately [[dissected plateau|dissected]] by stream erosion, which has resulted in the formation of steep-sided canyons; Elwyn, Sezill and Taweh creek canyons are the most extensive.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} Elwyn and Sezill creek canyons contain [[hot spring]]s with recorded water temperatures of {{Convert|36|C|F|abbr=off}} and {{Convert|46|C|F|abbr=off}}, respectively. Discharge at these hot springs may be linked to shallow [[hydrothermal]] systems driven by residual [[magma]]tic heat as they are adjacent to recently active volcanic centres on the plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=241}} Forming the southwestern edge of the Big Raven Plateau is the [[Mess Creek Escarpment]], which extends at least {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south where it forms the western edge of the Kitsu Plateau.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=32}}

===Landforms===
[[File:Edziza042909-- 113-16.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The flat-topped summit of a snow-covered mountain with a rocky and snow-covered cliff in the foreground.|The summit crater of [[Mount Edziza]]]]
The Big Raven Plateau is dominated by the ice-covered stratovolcano of Mount Edziza, which rises to an elevation of {{convert|2786|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the middle of the plateau.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=General Information}} Immediately north of Mount Edziza is the [[Desolation Lava Field]], which covers an area of more than {{convert|150|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} and mostly issued from cinder cones near the northern [[trim line]] of Mount Edziza's [[ice cap]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26, 213, 214}} The [[Snowshoe Lava Field]] immediately southwest of Mount Edziza covers an area of about {{convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} and mostly issued from cones on the southwestern flank of Ice Peak.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=214, 228, 229}}

Smaller features on the Big Raven Plateau include Hoia Bluff at the southwestern end of the plateau along Taweh Creek, Kaia Bluff and Cartoona Peak at the southeastern end of the plateau, [[Camp Hill (British Columbia)|Camp Hill]] near the southwestern edge of the plateau, [[Kana Cone]] on the extreme northern side of the plateau, [[Klastline Cone]] on the eastern side of the plateau near the [[river source|head]] of Pyramid Creek, [[Tsekone Ridge]] at the northwestern end of the plateau near the head of Elwyn Creek canyon and [[Ornostay Bluff|Ornostay]] and [[Koosick Bluff|Koosick]] bluffs near the middle of the plateau adjacent to the head of Sezill Creek canyon.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=191, 214}}

====Mount Edziza====
{{Main|Mount Edziza}}
Mount Edziza is a nearly symmetrical volcanic cone containing a nearly flat summit with an ice-filled, {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter [[volcanic crater|crater]].{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=175, 177}} The symmetry of the volcano is broken by several steep-sided lava domes, including [[Sphinx Dome]], [[Glacier Dome]], [[Triangle Dome]] and [[The Pyramid (British Columbia)|The Pyramid]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}} Surrounding the summit crater is a circular ridge breached to the east by active [[cirque]]s where the remains of several [[lava lake]]s are exposed inside the crater.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}} The ridge is partially exposed above the ice cap as a discontinuous series of spires and serrated [[nunatak]]s; spires forming the southern end of the ridge are the highest. Although the eastern side of Mount Edziza has been deeply dissected by [[glacial erosion]], less dissection has taken place on the southern and northwestern flanks of the volcano.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}} Extending northwest from the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza is [[Pillow Ridge]], which is named after its exposures of [[pillow lava]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Pillow Ridge}}

About {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of the summit is Ice Peak, the southern peak of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}} This prominent [[pyramidal peak|pyramid-shaped horn]] has an elevation of {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} and is the glacially eroded remains of an older stratovolcano whose northern flank is buried under the younger edifice of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=32, 33}}{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}} The southern and western flanks of Ice Peak are approximal to those of the original stratovolcano whereas the eastern flank has been almost completely destroyed by headward erosion of glacial valleys.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=33}} At its climax, the stratovolcano had a symmetrical profile and contained a small crater at its summit; the current summit is an erosional remnant etched from the eastern crater rim.{{sfn|Souther|1990|p=125}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=18}}

====Desolation Lava Field====
{{Main|Desolation Lava Field}}
[[File:Big Raven Plateau labelled 2023.jpg|thumb|right|430px|alt=An overhead view of a barren, rocky plateau with a glaciated mountain in the middle.|Satellite image of the Big Raven Plateau showing the locations of Mount Edziza, [[Ice Peak]] and [[Cocoa Crater|Cocoa]] and [[Coffee Crater|Coffee]] craters in the Snowshoe Lava Field]]
The Desolation Lava Field at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau consists of blocky [[basalt]]ic lava flows and wind-sculptured [[volcanic ash|ash]] [[bed (geology)|beds]] that were erupted from at least 10 cinder cones, most of which are clustered near the northern base of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=213, 214, 216}} Lava flows in the Desolation Lava Field range in elevation from more than {{convert|1370|m|ft|abbr=on}} on the plateau to {{convert|820|m|ft|abbr=on}} near the shore of [[Buckley Lake (British Columbia)|Buckley Lake]] and {{convert|670|m|ft|abbr=on}} in the Klastline River valley.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=216}} The largest lava flow is about {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and travelled to the northeast into the Kakiddi Creek and Klastline River valleys where it temporarily blocked both streams.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=217, 222}}

From oldest to youngest, the cinder cones in this [[lava field]] are [[Sleet Cone]], [[Storm Cone]], the three [[Triplex Cones]], [[Sidas Cone]], [[Twin Cone]], [[Moraine Cone]], [[Eve Cone]] and [[Williams Cone]], which range in elevation from {{convert|2135|to|1430|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=214}} Williams Cone is the largest, reaching {{convert|1.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide at its base and rising about {{convert|275|m|ft|abbr=on}} on the northeastern side of Mount Edziza.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=223}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Williams Cone}} Eve Cone contains a bowl-shaped crater at its summit and is one of the most symmetrical and best-preserved cinder cones in Canada, rising about {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the central portion of the Desolation Lava Field.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=223}}{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}}

====Snowshoe Lava Field====
{{main|Snowshoe Lava Field}}
The Snowshoe Lava Field at the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau consists of blocky basaltic lava flows that issued from at least 12 separate vents, most of which are associated with a cinder cone.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27, 230}} Nearly all of these vents are adjacent to the lower edges of broad glaciers projecting from Mount Edziza's ice cap and occur at elevations greater than {{convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=228}} Although most of the lava in the Snowshoe Lava Field ponded as thick flows on the gently sloping surface of the Big Raven Plateau, some of it flowed into the upper canyon of Sezill Creek and into the head of Taweh Creek, as well as into the narrow tributary valleys of Walkout and Shaman creeks.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=230}}

[[Tennena Cone]], [[Cocoa Crater]], [[Coffee Crater]], [[Keda Cone]] and [[The Saucer]] are the only named volcanic features in the Snowshoe Lava Field, which are {{convert|2350|to|1920|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Synonyms & Subfeatures}} The oldest named feature, Tennena Cone, is a [[subglacial volcano]] that formed on the upper western flank of Ice Peak during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] between 23,000 and 18,000 years ago, under an expansion of Mount Edziza's ice cap during the [[Younger Dryas]] between 12,900 and 11,600 years ago or during a more recent glacial advance.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26, 230}}{{sfn|Cunha et al.|2011|p=175}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}}{{sfn|Fiedel|2011|p=262}} Cocoa Crater, Coffee Crater and Keda Cone are [[subaerial]] cinder cones whereas The Saucer is a low, nearly circular mound of lava roughly {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=233}}

==Geology==
===Stratigraphy===
The Big Raven Plateau is subdivided into at least 10 [[geological formation]]s, each being the product of a distinct period of volcanic activity.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}} These periods of volcanic activity occurred during five magmatic cycles of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex; each cycle began with the effusion of [[alkali basalt]] and culminated with the eruption of lesser volumes of [[felsic]] magma.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=1, 267, 276}} The two oldest geological formations comprising the Big Raven Plateau are the [[Raspberry Formation|Raspberry]] and [[Armadillo Formation|Armadillo]] formations, which were deposited by volcanic eruptions during the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#First magmatic cycle|first magmatic cycle]] between 7.5 and 6 million years ago. Overlying these two geological formations are the [[Nido Formation|Nido]] and [[Pyramid Formation (British Columbia)|Pyramid]] formations, which were deposited between 6 and 1 million years ago during the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Second magmatic cycle|second magmatic cycle]]. The fifth, sixth and seventh oldest geological formations comprising the Big Raven Plateau are the [[Ice Peak Formation|Ice Peak]], Pillow Ridge and [[Edziza Formation|Edziza]] formations, which were deposited during the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Third magmatic cycle|third magmatic cycle]] between about 1 and 0.8 million years ago. Volcanic eruptions during the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Fourth magmatic cycle|fourth magmatic cycle]] between 0.8 and 0.2 million years ago deposited the [[Klastline Formation|Klastline]] and [[Kakiddi Formation|Kakiddi]] formations whereas the [[Big Raven Formation]], the youngest geological formation comprising the Big Raven Plateau, was deposited during the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Fifth magmatic cycle|fifth magmatic cycle]] in the last 20,000 years.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}}

====Raspberry Formation====
{{Main|Raspberry Formation}}
[[File:Big Raven Plateau.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An overhead view of an oval-shaped, snow-covered plateau with a snow-covered mountain in the middle.|Snow-covered Big Raven Plateau]]
The Raspberry Formation is exposed at the base of prominent escarpments on the western, southwestern and southeastern sides of the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}} It has an elevation of less than {{convert|1310|m|ft|abbr=on}} along the Mess Creek Escarpment and consists of flat-lying basaltic lava flows [[interbedded]] with [[scoria]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=47}} More than {{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}} of Raspberry lava flows are exposed in the Mess Creek Escarpment, most of which were erupted from a shield volcano that formed on a [[Late Miocene]] [[erosion surface]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=6, 47}}{{sfn|Souther et al.|1984|p=342}} These lava flows travelled westward into the ancestral valley of Mess Creek whereas those exposed on and around Cartoona Ridge at the southeastern end of the Big Raven Plateau most likely issued from a smaller volcanic centre northeast of the Raspberry shield.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=6, 47}}{{sfn|Souther et al.|1984|p=342}} A minimum age for the timing of Raspberry [[volcanism]] is 7.4–6.2 million years.{{sfn|Souther et al.|1984|p=343}}

====Armadillo Formation====
{{Main|Armadillo Formation}}
Basaltic lava flows of the 6.3-million-year-old Armadillo Formation are exposed in Kadeya Creek canyon on the northwestern side of the Big Raven Plateau, in Sezill Creek canyon on the western side of the plateau and along the Mess Creek Escarpment on the southwestern side of the plateau where they overlie basaltic lava flows of the Raspberry Formation.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=49, 83, 267}} Armadillo basalt flows form up to {{convert|180|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick units at these locations, which are interbedded with [[pyroclastic fall|air-fall]] [[pumice]] and [[ash flow]]s of [[trachytic]] and [[comenditic]] compositions.{{sfn|Souther et al.|1984|p=344}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=83}} The basalt flows were highly fluid and mobile at the time of their eruption as evidenced by their extreme persistence and relatively narrow thicknesses; individual basalt flows of this geological formation are less than {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick. The source of these lava flows was probably a cluster of vents further to the east called [[Sezill Volcano]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=83}} In contrast, the air-fall pumice and ash flows probably originated from the more than {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter [[Armadillo Peak]] [[caldera]] south of the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1990|pp=124, 125}}{{sfn|Souther et al.|1984|p=344}}

====Nido Formation====
{{Main|Nido Formation}}
The Tenchen Member is the only [[stratigraphic unit]] of the Nido Formation comprising the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}} It consists of basaltic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks which were erupted 4.4 million years ago from three major volcanoes and several smaller eruptive centres; these eruptive centres have since been deeply dissected by erosion.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=93, 94, 267}} A lower unit of alkali basalt with minor [[hawaiite]] is exposed at the southern, southeastern and southwestern ends of the Big Raven Plateau where it is in the form of lava flows, flow [[breccia]] and [[Agglutinate (geology)|agglutinate]]. Alkali basalt and minor hawaiite of the Alpha Peak, Beta Peak and associated [[parasitic cone|satellitic]] eruptive centres are exposed on Sorcery Ridge and Idiji Ridge on the southwestern side of the plateau. They are in the form of lava flows, agglutinate, flow breccia, [[tuff breccia]], [[pillow lava]] and pillow breccia, which are [[interbedding|intercalated]] with gravel.{{sfn|Souther|1988}} Alkali basalt of the Gamma Peak eruptive centre is in the form of lava flows, tuff breccia and pillow lava, which occur in the upper canyon of Elwyn Creek at the northwestern end of the Big Raven Plateau and overlie alkali basalt of the lower unit at the southeastern end of the plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=93}} Cartoona Peak and Kaia Bluff at the southeastern end of the Big Raven Plateau both consist of alkali basalt erupted from the Gamma Peak eruptive centre.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=99, 101}}

====Pyramid Formation====
{{Main|Pyramid Formation (British Columbia)}}
Exposures of the 1.1-million year-old Pyramid Formation are limited only to the northeastern, eastern and southeastern ends of the Big Raven Plateau where it is in the form of rhyolite and trachyte domes, flows and pyroclastic breccia.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=129, 267}} The Pyramid at the northeastern end of the plateau consists of a roughly {{convert|366|m|ft|abbr=on}} high trachyte dome whose base is slightly more than {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=132}} Unlike other domes of the Pyramid Formation which have been either buried under younger lavas or greatly modified by erosion, The Pyramid has only been moderately eroded and is completely isolated from adjacent rocks.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=129, 132}} Sphinx Dome is a partially buried rhyolite dome adjacent to The Pyramid whose southern edge has been largely destroyed by headward stream erosion.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=133, 134}} Isolated remnants of the rhyolitic [[Pharaoh Dome]] occur along the eastern and southeastern ends of the Big Raven Plateau between Tennaya Creek in the north and Cartoona Ridge in the south.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=135}} A series of basaltic lava flows up to {{convert|65|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick overlies a [[pyroclastic surge]] deposit of trachytic composition south and east of The Pyramid, both of which are also part of the Pyramid Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=129}}

====Ice Peak Formation====
{{Main|Ice Peak Formation}}
[[File:Ornostay and Koosick bluffs.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An overhead view of two flat-topped, steep-sided, snow-covered rocky hills on a barren surface.|The [[Ornostay Bluff|Ornostay]] and [[Koosick Bluff|Koosick]] bluffs are part of the Ice Peak Formation]]
The Ice Peak Formation is the most compositionally diverse geological formation of the Big Raven Plateau, having mostly erupted from the Ice Peak stratovolcano about one million years ago.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 267}} Most of the Ice Peak rocks are subdivided into two distinct stratigraphic units called the lower and upper assemblages. The lower assemblage consists of alkali basalt, hawaiite and minor [[mugearite]], [[tristanite]] and [[trachybasalt]] which are in the form of subaerial lava flows and pyroclastic breccia, as well as tuff breccia, pillow lava and pillow breccia that formed in an ice-contact environment. It is widespread throughout the Big Raven Plateau, but is largely buried under [[colluvium]] such as [[glacial till]] and glacial and [[fluvial]] outwash.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}

Alkali basalt, trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, [[benmoreite]] and trachyte of the upper assemblage are in the form of lava flows, domes and pyroclastic breccia. They comprise the summit of Ice Peak and are exposed to the south and northeast along the southeastern and eastern sides of the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}} Ornostay and Koosick bluffs on the western flank of Ice Peak consist of thick lobes of trachyte of the upper assemblage and project onto the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=155}} Both bluffs are similar in composition and owe their thickness from the ponding of trachyte lava against glacial ice.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=155}}{{sfn|Smellie|Edwards|2016|p=43}}

An isolated occurrence of Ice Peak Formation rocks on the Big Raven Plateau forms Camp Hill, which consists of basaltic tuff breccia, pillow breccia, lava flows and [[tephra]].{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=157}} Lava from Camp Hill extends to the northwest along the southwestern edge of the plateau, but it is almost completely buried under colluvium deposits. Small exposures of this lava occur along the Mess Creek Escarpment and along Taweh Creek valley just south of Hoia Bluff.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}

====Pillow Ridge Formation====
The 0.9-million-year-old Pillow Ridge Formation is limited to Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau. Pillow Ridge consists of alkali basalt that is in the form of tuff breccia, pillow breccia and pillow lava.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=267}}{{sfn|Souther|1988}} The tuff breccia is crudely bedded and comprises much of the lower and central portions of the ridge.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=165}} Overlying the tuff breccia is an outer mantle of tubular pillow lava, which occurs at the northwestern and southeastern ends of Pillow Ridge.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=165}} In contrast, Tsekone Ridge consists of a lower and central unit of tuff breccia and an upper unit of fractured, closely [[joint (geology)|jointed]] pillows and [[lava tube]]s of hawaiitic composition.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=172}} All of the Tsekone Ridge units are cut by vertical north-trending [[dike (geology)|dikes]], which fed the tuff breccia and pillow lava comprising the ridge. Pillow Ridge and Tsekone Ridge are both products of [[subglacial eruption|subglacial volcanism]], but they differ in [[volcanic glass|glass]] alteration and [[vesicular texture]], suggesting they both formed under slightly different conditions.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=172}}

====Edziza Formation====
{{Main|Edziza Formation}}
[[File:Mount Edziza from Mount Glenora2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A glaciated, flat-topped, gently-sloping mountain shadowed by clouds with a much lower barren mountain in the right foreground.|Mount Edziza as seen from Mount Glenora in the northwest]]
The Edziza Formation is a 0.9-million-year-old trachyte formation mainly comprising the younger central stratovolcano of Mount Edziza and satellitic domes.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=33, 175, 267}} The stratovolcano overlies the northern flank of the older Ice Peak stratovolcano and consists of pyroclastic breccia, as well as [[lahar]] and ash flow deposits.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=145, 175}} These rocks are well exposed in {{convert|850|m|ft|abbr=on}} high cliffs along the northern side of [[Tenchen Glacier]] where an active cirque has eroded the eastern side of the volcano.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=175}} Exposed at the head of this cirque is [[hydrothermally altered]] vent breccia of the central conduit, which is overlain by the remains of at least four lava lakes that ponded inside the summit crater.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=175, 185}} Each lava lake has a thickness of around {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} and are represented by at least four distinct cooling units.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=185}}

Satellitic domes of the Edziza Formation include Glacier Dome on the lower northeastern flank of Mount Edziza, Triangle Dome on the upper western flank of Mount Edziza and Nanook Dome on the southwestern rim of the summit crater, the latter of which is the largest dome of the Edziza Formation.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=179, 181}} Glacier Dome was the source of a lava flow that travelled along the northern side of Pyramid Creek valley whereas Nanook Dome may have been the source of one or two of the lava lakes inside the summit crater.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=179, 183}} An unnamed [[pyroclastic cone]] on the northwestern flank of Mount Edziza produced two trachytic lava flows that travelled onto the gently sloping surface of the Big Raven Plateau; they are both largely buried under ash and colluvium deposits.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=177, 179}}

====Klastline Formation====
{{Main|Klastline Formation}}
The Klastline Formation consists of the remains of thick alkali basalt flows that issued from at least three vents on the northern and eastern sides of the Big Raven Plateau 0.62 million years ago.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=191, 267}} A lobe of alkali basalt extends eastward from the northern end of the plateau to Buckley Lake as a series of scattered outcrops; much of the lobe is buried under colluvium deposits and younger lava flows.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=191}} The source of this lobe was probably a pyroclastic cone that has been eroded to a low grassy hill {{convert|1220|m|ft|abbr=on}} in elevation.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=191}} Klastline Cone on the eastern side of the Big Raven Plateau near the head of Pyramid Creek was the main source of Klastline Formation lava flows in the Klastline River valley, which have been reduced to small [[butte]]s and buttresses.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=191}}

====Kakiddi Formation====
{{Main|Kakiddi Formation}}
The 0.3-million-year-old Kakiddi Formation occurs east and west of Tencho Glacier on the southern flank of Ice Peak, consisting mainly of trachyte in the form of pyroclastic rocks and lava flows.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=207, 267}} Punch Cone on the southwestern flank of Ice Peak is a roughly {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, steep-sided ridge composed of agglutinated Kakiddi spatter and breccia from which a largely buried lava flow extends westward onto the gently sloping surface of the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=210}} Erosional remnants of thick Kakiddi lava flows and pyroclastic rocks to the east occur on Ice Peak and in deeply incised valleys on the eastern side of the plateau; lava flow remnants on Ice Peak overlie older volcanic rocks of the Ice Peak Formation. The remnants on Ice Peak originated from a vent near its summit whereas those in the adjacent valleys originated from unknown vents, although Nanook Dome on the summit of Mount Edziza may have been a major source; it consists of similar Edziza Formation trachyte.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=207}} Trachytic lava flows of the Kakiddi Formation erupted more fluidly than those of the Edziza Formation as evidenced by their greater extant on gently sloping [[terrain]].{{sfn|Souther et al.|1984|p=346}}

====Big Raven Formation====
{{Main|Big Raven Formation}}
[[File:Tennena Cone.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A black cone-shaped mountain rising over glacial ice in the foreground|[[Tennena Cone]] in the Snowshoe Lava Field from the northwest]]
Alkali basalt and hawaiite of the Big Raven Formation is widespread at the northern and southern ends of the Big Raven Plateau; the largest occurrence at the northern end is the Desolation Lava Field whereas the largest occurrence at the southern end is the Snowshoe Lava Field.{{sfn|Souther|1988}} A [[radiocarbon date]] of 1340 ± 130 years has been obtained from [[willow]] twigs preserved within tephra from Williams Cone, the youngest pyroclastic cone in the Desolation Lava Field.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=223, 224}} Kana Cone is an isolated nested pyroclastic cone on the extreme northern slope of the plateau and is the northernmost occurrence of Big Raven Formation alkali basalt and hawaiite.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=214, 225}} It was the source of lava flows that forced the Klastline River against the northern valley wall.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=224}}

The [[Walkout Creek centres]] on the extreme southern slope of the Big Raven Plateau consist of the remains of two small cinder cones and associated alkali basaltic lava flows on the northern side of Walkout Creek valley.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=214, 234}} [[Cinder Cliff]], [[Icefall Cone]] and [[Ridge Cone]] are three isolated occurrences of Big Raven Formation alkali basalt on the eastern flank of Mount Edziza, the latter two of which are on the high eastern rim of Ice Peak and have been significantly modified by [[slump (geology)|slumping]], [[rockfall]]s and glaciation.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=214, 226, 228}} The Big Raven Formation also includes the [[Sheep Track Member]], a [[pyroclastic fall]] deposit of unconsolidated comenditic trachyte pumice obscuring much of the surficial details of the Snowshoe Lava Field.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=228}}

===Basement===
As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the Big Raven Plateau is underlain by the [[Stikinia]] [[terrane]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=32}}{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|p=1287}} This is a [[Paleozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]] [[suite (geology)|suite]] of volcanic, [[sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] and [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] rocks that [[Accretion (geology)|accreted]] to the [[continental margin]] of North America during the [[Jurassic]].{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|p=1281}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=39}} The rocks of this terrane are exposed along the western side of the plateau in Mess Creek valley, the southern side of the plateau in Walkout and Chakima creek valleys, at the extreme northern end of the plateau as [[Inliers and outliers (geology)|inliers]] and along the eastern side of the plateau where they comprise the lower units of Idiji Ridge, Sorcery Ridge and other neighbouring ridges.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}

Also underlying the Big Raven Plateau are [[Cretaceous]] and [[Paleocene]] [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]], [[arkose]]s, [[sandstone]]s, [[siltstone]]s, [[shale]]s and minor [[coal]] of the [[Sustut Group]], which are exposed along the western side of the plateau. [[Eocene]] [[leucogranite]] of the [[Elwyn Creek#Geology|Elwyn Creek Pluton]] is exposed in Elwyn Creek canyon at the northwestern end of the Big Raven Plateau, as are Eocene rhyolite, [[dacite]] and [[andesite]] pyroclastic breccias and andesite lava domes and flows.{{sfn|Souther|1988}} All of these Eocene rocks are part of the Sloko Group and were emplaced by the youngest documented magmatic event before the Mount Edziza volcanic complex started erupting in the Late Miocene.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=43}}

==Name and etymology==
The name of the plateau became official on January 2, 1980, and was adopted on the [[National Topographic System]] map 104G after being submitted to the [[BC Geographical Names]] office by the [[Geological Survey of Canada]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}{{sfn|Geographical Names Data Base: Big Raven Plateau}} It is named after [[Tse'sketco|Big Raven]], a deity in [[Tahltan]] mythology whose name translates to {{lang|tht|Tse'sketco}} in the [[Tahltan language]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}{{sfn|Teit|1919|p=198}} Several features on the plateau also have names with Tahltan roots that were adopted simultaneously on 104G for [[geology]] reporting purposes, including Keda Cone, Sidas Cone, Kana Cone, Hoia Bluff, Kaia Bluff and Tsekone Ridge.{{sfn|Souther|1988}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Keda Cone}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Sidas Cone}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Kana Cone}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Hoia Bluff}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Kaia Bluff}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tsekone Ridge}}

==Accessibility==
[[File:MEVC panorama.jpg|thumb|right|350px|alt=A gently sloping surface rising above vegetated slopes with mountains in the background and foreground.|Panoramic view of the Big Raven Plateau; [[Eve Cone]] is visible as a small dark hill to the centre-right]]
The closest roads to the Big Raven Plateau are the [[Stewart–Cassiar Highway]] to the east and the Telegraph Creek Road to the northwest, both of which extend within {{Convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the plateau.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Mussio|2018|pp=88, 89}} Extending from these roads are [[horse trail]]s that provide access to the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=31}} From Telegraph Creek, the Buckley Lake Trail extends about {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast along Mess Creek and Three Mile Lake. It then traverses about {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast along Dagaichess Creek and Stinking Lake to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Klastline River Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route, the latter of which climbs up onto the gently sloping northern side of the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=88}}

To the east, the roughly {{Convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} long Klastline River Trail begins at the community of [[Iskut]] on the Stewart–Cassiar Highway.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=89}} It extends northwest and west along the Klastline River for much its length.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|pp=88, 89}} The trail enters Mount Edziza Provincial Park at about {{Convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} where Kakiddi Creek drains into the Klastline River.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=89}} After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, the Klastline River Trail traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about {{Convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} and then crosses the river north of the Big Raven Plateau.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|pp=88, 89}} From there, the Klastline River Trail traverses west for about {{Convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Buckley Lake Trail and Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route.{{sfn|Mussio|2018|p=88}}

The Big Raven Plateau can also be accessed by float plane or helicopter, both of which are available for charter at the communities of Iskut and [[Dease Lake]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=31}} Buckley Lake to the northwest, Nuttlude Lake to the east and Kakiddi Lake, Mowchilla Lake and Mowdade Lake to the southeast are large enough to be used by float-equipped aircraft.{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=31}} Landing on Buckley Lake and Mowchilla Lake with a private aircraft requires a letter of authorization from the [[BC Parks]] Stikine Senior Park Ranger. Alpine Lakes Air and BC Yukon Air are the only air charter companies permitted to provide access to this area via aircraft.{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}

==See also==
*[[List of plateaus in British Columbia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite map|url=https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502071600/https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg|title=Telegraph Creek, Cassiar Land District, British Columbia|scale=1:250,000|map=A 502|edition=3|type=Topographic map|publisher=[[Department of Energy, Mines and Resources]]|year=1989|language=en,fr|archive-date=May 2, 2021|ref={{harvid|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=7967|name=Big Raven Plateau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930220310/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/7967.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Big Raven Plateau}}}}
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*{{cite bcgnis|id=17404|name=Hoia Bluff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001013425/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/17404.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Hoia Bluff}}}}
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*{{cite bcgnis|id=2964|name=Kaia Bluff|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930221817/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/2964.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Kaia Bluff}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=2976|name=Kakiddi Lake|access-date=August 3, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Kakiddi Lake}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=3009|name=Kana Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624224633/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/3009.html|archive-date=June 24, 2022|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Kana Cone}}}}
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*{{cite bcgnis|id=2256|name=Mount Edziza|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043934/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/2256.html|archive-date=May 15, 2018|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Mount Edziza}}}}
*{{cite web|url=https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123120553/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-date=January 23, 2023|title=Mount Edziza Provincial Park|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}}}
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*{{cite bcgnis|id=17876|name=Nuttlude Lake|access-date=August 8, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Nuttlude Lake}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=16786|name=Pillow Ridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001004911/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/16786.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Pillow Ridge}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=19508|name=Sidas Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607192457/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/19508.html|archive-date=June 7, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Sidas Cone}}}}
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*{{cite book|editor-last1=Wood|editor-first1=Charles A.|editor-last2=Kienle|editor-first2=Jürgen|last1=Souther|first1=Jack G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C|title=Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada|chapter=Volcanoes of Canada|year=1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-43811-X}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|last2=Armstrong|first2=R. L.|author-link2=Richard Lee Armstrong|last3=Harakal|first3=J.|title=Chronology of the Peralkaline, Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, Northern British Columbia, Canada|journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]]|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|volume=95|issue=3|pages=337–349|year=1984|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<337:COTPLC>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1984GSAB...95..337S |issn=0016-7606|ref={{harvid|Souther et al.|1984}}}}
*{{cite web|title=Stikine Volcanic Belt: Mount Edziza|work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=April 1, 2009|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_edziza_e.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608034953/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_edziza_e.php|archive-date=June 8, 2009|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=18502|name=Taweh Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001050520/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/18502.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek}}}}
*{{cite journal|title=The Raven Cycle|journal=[[Journal of American Folklore]]|publisher=[[American Folklore Society]]|volume=32|issue=124|pages=198–227|first1=James A.|last1=Teit|editor-last1=Boas|editor-first=Franz|year=1919|doi=10.2307/534980|jstor=534980}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=23851|name=Tsekone Ridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009184622/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23851.html|archive-date=October 9, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tsekone Ridge}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=15905|name=Walkout Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031160725/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15905.html|archive-date=October 31, 2020|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Walkout Creek}}}}
*{{cite bcgnis|id=22171|name=Williams Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609204708/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/22171.html|archive-date=June 9, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Williams Cone}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Big Raven Plateau}}

{{Mount Edziza volcanic complex}}
{{Plateaus and highlands of British Columbia}}

[[Category:Big Raven Plateau| ]]
[[Category:Miocene volcanism]]
[[Category:Pliocene volcanism]]
[[Category:Pleistocene volcanism]]
[[Category:Holocene volcanism]]