View source for Beta Ursae Minoris

{{short description|Star in the constellation Ursa Minor}}
{{Starbox begin
| name = Kochab
}}
{{Starbox image
 | image=
   {{Location mark
     | image=Ursa Minor constellation map.svg
     | float=center | width=250 | position=right
     | mark=Red circle.svg | mark_width=12 | mark_link=β UMi
     | x%=52.1 | y%=63.7
   }}
 | caption=Location of β Ursae Minoris (circled)
}}
{{Starbox observe
 | epoch    = J2000
 | ra       = {{RA|14|50|42.32580}}<ref name=Leeuwen/>
 | dec      = {{DEC|+74|09|19.8142}}<ref name=Leeuwen/>
 | appmag_v = 2.08<ref name=Johnson/>
 | constell = [[Ursa Minor]]
}}
{{Starbox character
 | class    = K4&nbsp;III<ref name=Morgan1973/>
 | b-v      = +1.47<ref name=Johnson/>
 | u-b      = +1.78<ref name=Johnson/>
 | variable = 
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
 | radial_v = +16.96<ref name=Famaey/>
 | prop_mo_ra  = &minus;32.61<ref name=Leeuwen/>
 | prop_mo_dec = +11.42<ref name=Leeuwen/>
 | parallax = 24.91
 | p_error  = 0.12
 | parallax_footnote = <ref name=Leeuwen/>
 | absmag_v = {{Val|−0.83|0.010}}<ref name=Park2013/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
 | mass     = {{val|1.3|0.3}}<ref name=Tarrant/>
 | radius   = {{val|44.13|0.22}}<ref name=Baines2021/>
 | luminosity  = {{val|454|37|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Baines2021/>
 | temperature = {{val|4008|37|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Baines2021/>
 | metal_fe = {{val|-0.27|0.07}}<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/>
 | gravity  = {{val|1.39|0.06}}<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/>
 | rotation = 625{{snd}}6457<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/> [[day]]s
 | rotational_velocity = {{val|1.7|1.4}}<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/>
 | age_gyr  = {{val|2.95|1.03}}<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names={{odlist |name1=Kochab |name2=Kocab |name3=Kochah |name4=7 Ursae Minoris |name5={{lang|ar-Latn|Al Kaukab al Shamaliyy}} |BD=+74 595 |FK5=550 |PLX=3373.00 |HD=131873 |HIP=72607 |HR=5563 |SAO=8102}}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}
{{Starbox reference|Simbad=bet+UMi|sn=Beta Ursae Minoris}}
{{Starbox end}}
'''Kochab''' {{IPAc-en|'|k|ou|k|æ|b}}, [[Bayer designation]] '''Beta Ursae Minoris''' ('''β Ursae Minoris''', abbreviated '''β UMi''', '''Beta UMi'''),<ref name=Kunitzsch-Smart-2006/><ref name=IAU-CSN/> is the brightest [[star]] in the bowl of the [[Little Dipper]] [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] (which is part of the [[constellation]] of [[Ursa Minor]]), and only slightly fainter than [[Polaris]], the northern [[pole star]] and brightest star in Ursa Minor. Kochab is 16&nbsp;degrees from Polaris and has an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of 2.08.<ref name=Johnson/> The distance to this star from the [[Sun]] can be deduced from the [[parallax]] measurements made during the [[Hipparcos]] mission, yielding a value of {{Convert|130.9|ly|pc|abbr=off}}.<ref name=Leeuwen/>

[[Amateur astronomer]]s can use Kochab as a precise guide for [[equatorial mount]] alignment: The [[celestial north pole]] is located 38&nbsp;[[arcminutes]] away from [[Polaris]], very close to the line connecting Polaris with Kochab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/geocentric|website=US Naval Observatory|title=Geocentric Positions of Major Solar System Objects and Bright Stars|accessdate=August 6, 2022|archive-date=October 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011105223/https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/geocentric|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Nomenclature ==
''β Ursae Minoris'' ([[Latinisation of names|Latinised]] to ''Beta Ursae Minoris'') is the star's [[Bayer designation]].

It bore the traditional name ''Kochab'', which appeared in the [[Renaissance]] and has an uncertain meaning. It may be from {{langx|ar|الكوكب|rtl=yes}} {{lang|ar-Latn|al-kawkab}} or {{langx|he|כוכב|rtl=yes}} {{lang|he-Latn|kōkhāv}}, both of which are broadly used to describe a celestial body and can be translated as 'planet' or 'star'. (The Hebrew term was also applied to the planet [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], especially due to its lack of distinguishing features in comparison to other visible planets.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stieglitz |first=Robert R. |date=April 1981 |title=The Hebrew Names of the Seven Planets |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/372867 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=135–137 |doi=10.1086/372867 |issn=0022-2968|url-access=subscription }}</ref> However, it is more likely derived from {{lang|ar-Latn|Alrucaba}} or {{lang|ar-Latn|Rucaba}}, a name applied to [[Theta Ursae Majoris]].<ref name=Kunitzsch-Smart-2006/>{{rp|page=58}} In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[Working Group on Star Names]] (IAU-WGSN)<ref name=IAU-WGSN/> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The IAU-WGSN's first bulletin, July&nbsp;2016,<ref name=WGSN-B1/> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the IAU-WGSN, which included ''Kochab'' for this star.

In [[Chinese astronomy]], {{lang|zh|北極}} {{lang|zh-Latn|Běi Jí}} ('[[Purple Forbidden enclosure|North Pole]]') refers to an asterism consisting of Beta Ursae Minoris, [[Gamma Ursae Minoris]], [[5 Ursae Minoris]], [[4 Ursae Minoris]] and [[Σ 1694]].<ref name=Chen-2005/> Consequently, the [[Chinese star name|Chinese name]] for Beta Ursae Minoris itself is {{lang|zh|北極二}} {{lang|zh-Latn|Běi Jí èr}} ('the Second Star of North Pole'), representing {{lang|zh|帝}} {{lang|zh-Latn|Dì}} ('emperor').<ref name=SpaceMuseum/>

== Properties ==
This is a [[Red giant|red giant star]] with a [[stellar classification]] of K4&nbsp;III.<ref name=Morgan1973/> Kochab has reached a state in its [[stellar evolution|evolution]] where the outer envelope has expanded to 44&nbsp;times the [[radius of the Sun]].<ref name="Baines2021"/> This enlarged atmosphere is radiating 540&nbsp;times as much light from its [[stellar atmosphere|outer atmosphere]] as the Sun, but through a surface more than 1,470&nbsp;times larger than the Sun's surface area, hence at a lower [[effective temperature]] of 4,126&nbsp;[[Kelvin (unit)|K]].<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/> (The Sun's effective temperature is 5,772&nbsp;[[Kelvin (unit)|K]].<ref name=Williams-2013/>) This relatively low heat gives the star the typical orange-hued glow of a [[K-type star]].<ref name=csiro/> It is not known for certain if Kochab is on the [[red giant branch]], fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core, or on the [[horizontal branch]] fusing helium into carbon.<ref name="Kaler-2013-12-20" />

By modelling this star based upon [[evolutionary track]]s, its mass can be estimated as {{val|1.4|0.2|ul=Solar mass}}.<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/> A mass estimate using the [[interferometrically]]-measured radius of this star and its [[astronomical spectroscopy|spectroscopically]]-determined surface gravity yields 2.5 ± 0.9&nbsp;{{solar mass}}.<ref name=Tarrant/> The star is known to undergo periodic variations in luminosity over roughly 4.6&nbsp;days, with the [[astroseismology|astroseismic]] frequencies depending sensitively on the star's mass. From this, a much lower mass estimate of 1.3 ± 0.3&nbsp;{{solar mass}} is reached.<ref name=Tarrant/>

==As the pole star==
From around 2500&nbsp;[[BCE]], as [[Thuban]] became less and less aligned with the [[north celestial pole]], Kochab became one "pillar" of the [[circumpolar star]]s, first with [[Mizar]], a star in the middle of the handle of the Big Dipper (Ursa Major), and later with [[Pherkad]] (in Ursa Minor).<ref name=SpaceToday-2006/> In fact, around the year 2467&nbsp;BCE, the [[true north]] was best determined by drawing a [[plumb line]] between Mizar and Kochab, a fact with which the [[Ancient Egyptians]] were well acquainted, as they aligned the great [[Pyramid of Giza]] with it.<ref name=SpaceToday-2006/> This cycle of the succession of [[pole star]]s occurs due to the [[precession of the equinoxes]]. Kochab and Mizar were referred to by [[Ancient Egyptian astronomy|Ancient Egyptian astronomers]] as '[[The Indestructibles]]' lighting the North.<ref name=SpaceToday-2006/> As precession continued, by the year 1100&nbsp;BCE, Kochab was within roughly 7° of the north celestial pole, with old references over-emphasizing this near pass by referring to Beta Ursae Minoris as "Polaris",<ref name=Kaler-2013-12-20/> relating it to the current pole star, [[Polaris]], which is slightly brighter and will have a much closer alignment of less than 0.5° by 2100&nbsp;CE.<ref name=Kaler-2013-12-20/>

This change in the identity of the pole stars is a result of Earth's [[axial precession]]. After 2000&nbsp;BCE, Kochab and a new star, its neighbor Pherkad, were closer to the pole and together served as twin pole stars, circling the [[North Pole]] from around 1700&nbsp;BCE until just after 300&nbsp;CE. Neither star was as close to the north celestial pole as Polaris is now.<ref name=Benningfield-2015-06-14/> Today, they are sometimes referred to as the "Guardians of the Pole".<ref name=Benningfield-2015-06-14/> 

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! width="120" align="center"|Preceded by
! width="160" align="center"|[[Pole star]]
! width="120" align="center"|Succeeded by
|-
|align="center"|[[Tau Herculis]]
|align="center"|c. 1800 BC - 300 CE
|align="center"|[[Polaris]]
|}

==Planetary system==
Estimated to be around 2.95&nbsp;billion years old, give or take 1&nbsp;billion years, Kochab was announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1&nbsp;times as [[Mass of Jupiter|massive as Jupiter]] with an orbit of 522&nbsp;days.<ref name=Lee-etal-2014/>
{{OrbitboxPlanet begin
 | name = Kochab
 | table_ref = <ref name=Schneider-exoplanet/>
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
 | exoplanet = b
 | mass = ≥6.1 ± 1.0
 | semimajor = 1.4 ± 0.1
 | period = 522.3 ± 2.7
 | eccentricity = 0.19 ± 0.02
}}
{{Orbitbox end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em|refs=

<ref name="Baines2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Baines |first1=Ellyn K. |last2=Armstrong |first2=J. Thomas |last3=Clark |first3=James H. |last4=Gorney |first4=Jim |last5=Hutter |first5=Donald J. |last6=Jorgensen |first6=Anders M. |last7=Kyte |first7=Casey |last8=Mozurkewich |first8=David |last9=Nisley |first9=Ishara |last10=Sanborn |first10=Jason |last11=Schmitt |first11=Henrique R. |last12=Belle |first12=Gerard T. van |date=November 2021 |title=Angular Diameters and Fundamental Parameters of Forty-four Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer |journal=The Astronomical Journal |language=en |volume=162 |issue=5 |pages=198 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2211.09030 |bibcode=2021AJ....162..198B |issn=1538-3881}}</ref>

<ref name=Kunitzsch-Smart-2006>
{{cite book
 |first1=P.  |last1=Kunitzsch 
 |first2=T.  |last2=Smart 
 |year=2006
 |title=A Dictionary of Modern Star Names: A short guide to 254&nbsp;star names and their derivations
 |edition=2nd, revised
 |publisher=Sky Publishing
 |isbn=1-931559-44-9
}}
</ref>

<ref name=IAU-CSN>
{{cite report
 |title=IAU Catalog of Star Names
 |url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt |format=TXT
 |access-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812092144/http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt
 |archive-date=2016-08-12
}}
</ref>

<ref name=IAU-WGSN>
{{cite web
 |title=Division&nbsp;C WG&nbsp;Star Names
 |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]
 |url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/
 |access-date=22 May 2016  |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172014/https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/
 |archive-date=2016-06-10}}
</ref>

<ref name=WGSN-B1>
{{cite web
 |title=Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names
 |volume=1
 |date=July 2016
 |url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf
 |access-date=28 July 2016 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909203812/http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf
 |archive-date=2016-09-09}}
</ref>

<ref name=SpaceToday-2006>
{{cite web
 |title=The planet Earth: Ancient astronomy calendars, navigation, predictions
 |year=2006
 |website=Space Today, Online
 |url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/AncientAstronomy.html
 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003021949/http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/AncientAstronomy.html
 |archive-date=2020-10-03
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Kaler-2013-12-20>
{{cite web
 |first=James B.  |last=Kaler  |author-link=James B. Kaler
 |title=Kochab (Beta Ursae Minoris)
 |date=20 December 2013
 |website=Stars
 |publisher=University of Illinois
 |department=Astronomy
 |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/kochab.html
 |access-date=2018-04-28 |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625004815/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/kochab.html
 |archive-date=2018-06-25
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Benningfield-2015-06-14>
{{cite AV media
 |first=Damond  |last=Benningfield 
 |date=14 June 2015
 |title=Kochab
 |medium=radio program  |format=.mp3
 |website=[[StarDate]]
 |publisher=[[University of Texas]]
 |department=[[McDonald Observatory]]
 |url=http://stardate.org/radio/program/2015-06-14
 |access-date=14 June 2015 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080408/http://stardate.org/radio/program/2015-06-14
 |archive-date=2015-09-04
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Lee-etal-2014>
{{cite journal
 |first1=B.-C. |last1=Lee       |first2=I.    |last2=Han      
 |first3=M.-G. |last3=Park      |first4=D.E.  |last4=Mkrtichian
 |first5=A.P.  |last5=Hatzes    |first6=K.-M. |last6=Kim     
 |date=June 2014
 |title=Planetary companions in K&nbsp;giants β&nbsp;Cancri, μ&nbsp;Leonis, and&nbsp;β Ursae Minoris
 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
 |volume=566  |number=A67  |pages=7
 |doi-access=free  |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201322608
 |bibcode=2014A&A...566A..67L  |arxiv=1405.2127
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Schneider-exoplanet>
{{cite encyclopedia
 |first=Jean  |last=Schneider
 |title=Planet β&nbsp;Umi&nbsp;b
 |url=https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/beta_umi_b--2272/
 |access-date=8 March 2017  |url-status=live
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312042102/http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/beta_umi_b/
 |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]]  |archive-date=2017-03-12
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Leeuwen>
{{cite journal
 |last=van&nbsp;Leeuwen  |first=F.
 |date=November 2007
 |title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
 |volume=474  |number=2  |pages=653–664
 |bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V  |arxiv=0708.1752
 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357  |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=Park2013>
{{cite journal 
 |last1=Park  |first1=Sunkyung
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 |last3=Lee   |first3=Jeong-Eun
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 |title=Wilson-Bappu effect: Extended to surface gravity
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 |volume=146  |number=4  |page=73
 |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/146/4/73  |doi-access=free
 |bibcode=2013AJ....146...73P  |arxiv=1307.0592
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Johnson>
{{cite journal
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 |first3=R.I. |last3=Mitchell     |first4=W.Z. |last4=Wisniewskj
 |year=1966
 |title=UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars
 |journal=[[Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory]]
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=Morgan1973>
{{cite journal
 |first1=W.W.  |last1=Morgan 
 |first2=P.C.  |last2=Keenan 
 |date=September 1973
 |title=Spectral Classification
 |journal=[[Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
 |volume=11  |pages=29–50
 |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333  |bibcode=1973ARA&A..11...29M
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Famaey>
{{cite journal
 |first1=B. |last1=Famaey      |first2=A. |last2=Jorissen 
 |first3=X. |last3=Luri        |first4=M. |last4=Mayor    
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 |first7=C. |last7=Turon  
 |date=12 January 2005
 |title=Local kinematics of K and M&nbsp;giants from CORAVEL / Hipparcos / Tycho-2 data: Revisiting the concept of superclusters
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 |bibcode=2005A&A...430..165F  |arxiv=astro-ph/0409579
}}
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<ref name=Tarrant>
{{cite journal
 |first1=N.J. |last1=Tarrant    |first2=W.J. |last2=Chaplin   
 |first3=Y.   |last3=Elsworth   |first4=S.A. |last4=Spreckley 
 |first5=I.R. |last5=Stevens   
 |date=June 2008
 |title=Oscillations in ß Ursae Minoris: Observations with SMEI
 |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
 |volume=483  |number=3  |pages=L43–L46
 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809738  |doi-access=free
 |bibcode=2008A&A...483L..43T  |arxiv=0804.3253
}}
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{{cite journal
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}}
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{{cite journal
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}}
</ref>-->

<ref name=SIMBAD>
{{cite SIMBAD
 |title=bet UMi
 |access-date=2012-01-11
}}
</ref>



<ref name=csiro>
{{cite web
 |title=The colour of stars
 |date=21 December 2004
 |work=Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education
 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]]
 |url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html
 |access-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead
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 |archive-date=2012-03-18
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Chen-2005>
{{cite book
 |author=zh:陳久金 [Chen, Jiujin]
 |date=December 2005
 |script-title=zh:中國星座神話
 |trans-title=Chinese Constellation Myths
 |place=Taiwan
 |publisher=台灣書房出版有限公司 [Taiwan Book Publishing Co. Ltd.]
 |isbn=978-986-7332-25-7
 |lang=zh
}}{{page needed|date=April 2019}}
</ref>

<ref name=SpaceMuseum>
{{cite web
 |title=研究資源 – 亮星中英對照表
 |trans-title=Research resources – Chinese-English star name comparison table
 |website=香港太空館
 |trans-website=Hong Kong Space Museum
 |lang=zh, en
 |url=http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/Research/StarName/e_research_chinengstarzone_b.htm#PrupleForbiddenEnclosure
 |access-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=Williams-2013>
{{cite web
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 |date=1 July 2013
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 |publisher=U.S. [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]]
 |department=[[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]]
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 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200549/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html
 |archive-date=15 July 2010
}}
</ref>

}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Thuban]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pole Star]]|years=[[1900 BC]]–[[500 BC]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Polaris]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sky|14|50|42.3|+|74|09|20|126}}
{{Stars of Ursa Minor|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beta Ursae Minoris}}
[[Category:Bayer objects|Ursae Minoris, Beta]]
[[Category:K-type giants]]
[[Category:Ursa Minor]]
[[Category:Northern pole stars]]
[[Category:Stars with proper names|Kochab]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Ursae Minoris, 07]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|072607]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|5563]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|131873]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects]]
[[Category:Planetary systems with one confirmed planet]]