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{{Infobox weapon
|name= Berthier rifle
| image= Carbine Berthier M1916 (Swedish Army Museum).png
| image_size = 325
|caption= A Berthier M1916 Carbine on display at the [[Swedish Army Museum]]
|origin= France
|type= [[Bolt-action rifle]]<br />[[Sniper rifles]]
|is_ranged=yes
|service=1890–1960s
|used_by = See [[Berthier rifle#Users|Users]]
|wars= [[World War I]]<br>[[Polish-Soviet War]]<br>[[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]<br>[[Rif War (1920)]]<br>[[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]<br>[[Spanish Civil War]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carbinesforcollectors.com/spanishcivilwar1.html|title=spanishcivilwar1|access-date=10 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124203526/https://carbinesforcollectors.com/spanishcivilwar1.html|archive-date=November 24, 2022}}</ref><br>[[World War II]]<br>[[First Indochina War]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The French Indochina War 1946–54|series=Men-at-Arms 322|first= Martin |last=Windrow|isbn=9781855327894 |date=15 Nov 1998|page=41|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]}}</ref><br>[[Algerian War]]<ref name ="Algeria">{{cite magazine|language=fr|magazine=Gazette des Armes |issue=220 |date=March 1992|title=L'armement français en A.F.N.|pages=12–16|url=http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-220-mars-1992/page-14-15-texte-integral|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217220157/http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-220-mars-1992/page-14-15-texte-integral|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref>
|designer= André Virgile Paul Marie Berthier
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|production_date=
|number= 2,000,000+
|variants=
|weight= {{convert|3.1|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (Mle 1892 Carbine)<br>{{convert|3.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (Mle 1902)<br>{{convert|3.81|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (Mle 1907/15)<br>{{convert|3.25|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (Mle 1892/M16)<br>{{convert|4.195|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (Mle 1907/15-M16)<br>{{convert|3.7|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (Mle 1907/15-M34) 
|length= {{convert|1306|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|945|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Carbines)<br>{{convert|1125|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Mle 1902) <br>{{convert|1075|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Mle 1907/15-M34)
|part_length= {{convert|803|mm|in|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|450|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Carbines)<br>{{convert|635|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Mle 1902) <br>{{convert|570|mm|in|abbr=on}} (Mle 1907/15-M34) 
|width=
|height=
|cartridge= [[8×50mmR Lebel]]<br>[[7.5×54mm French]] (Mle 1907/15-M34)
|caliber= 8mm <br> 7.5mm
|action= [[Bolt action]]
|rate=
|velocity={{convert|701|m/s|ft/s|sp=us|abbr=on}}<br>{{convert|637|m/s|ft/s|sp=us|abbr=on}} (Carbine)<br>{{convert|850|m/s|ft/s|sp=us|abbr=on}} (Mle 1907/15-M34)
|range=
|max_range=
|feed= 3-or 5-round Mannlicher-type en bloc magazine, <br />clip fed (Mle 1907/15-M34) 
|sights=
}}

The '''Berthier rifles''' and '''carbines''' were a family of bolt-action small arms in [[8mm Lebel]], used in the [[French Army]], and [[French Colonial Forces]], from the 1890s to the beginning of World War II (1940). After the introduction of the [[Lebel rifle]] in 1886, the French Army wanted a repeating carbine using the same ammunition as the Lebel to replace their single shot [[carbine]] based on the [[Fusil Gras mle 1874|Gras rifle]]. At the time, many armies based their carbines on their standard rifle model, however the Lebel rifle's tube magazine made it difficult to follow this approach. The Modele 1890 Berthier Cavalry Carbine addressed this issue by combining a modified Lebel action with an [[Clip (firearms)#En bloc|en-bloc clip]] magazine.<ref>{{cite web| title = Modele 1890 Berthier Cavalry Carbine| website = Forgotten Weapons| date = 14 July 2017| url = https://www.forgottenweapons.com/modele-1890-berthier-cavalry-carbine/| access-date = 23 September 2022| url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220713082951/https://www.forgottenweapons.com/modele-1890-berthier-cavalry-carbine/| archive-date = 13 July 2022}}</ref> With its successful cavalry introduction, the Berthier would go on to be produced in many different carbine and full-length rifle versions.

==History and usage==
The Berthier was originally introduced as a partial replacement for the French 1886 [[Lebel rifle]]. The Lebel, a revolutionary concept at the time of its introduction because of its smokeless high-velocity, small-caliber cartridge, still used a tube-fed magazine and other details carried over from black-powder designs. By 1900, the Lebel was already obsolete in comparison to other newer magazine-fed rifles introduced by Mauser, Lee, and Mannlicher. With its tube-fed magazine, the Lebel was long, ungainly and distinctly muzzle-heavy when loaded, difficult to manufacture, and overly complex in construction. Most notably, the Lebel proved very slow to reload compared to newer rifle designs. On horseback, carbine versions of the Lebel proved almost impossible to reload while on the move, while shortening the barrel to carbine length resulted in feeding problems due to an unreliable tube magazine that were never resolved. Mounted security forces, cavalry units, and artillery units in colonial services were forced to use single shot Mle&nbsp;1874 carbines, most not even converted to fire the modern 8mm&nbsp;Lebel ammunition, against insurrectionist forces who were sometimes better armed than government forces. A replacement for the Lebel was clearly required, at least for mounted troops.
[[File:Berthier Mle 1890.jpg|thumb|Modèle 1890 Berthier]]
Named after its inventor, [[André Virgile Paul Marie Berthier]], a French civilian engineer in the Algerian railways, the Berthier's three-shot vertical-feed Mannlicher-type en bloc magazine could be loaded by clips, greatly increasing reloading speed, a particular convenience for cavalry and other mounted troops. A spring-loaded arm fed cartridges to the breech, and when all cartridges had been loaded, the empty clip fell out by gravity through an opening in the bottom of the magazine. The small 3-shot magazine capacity was adopted after field testing, where the cavalry expressed a preference for a non-protruding magazine that did not interfere with the balance or handling of the rifle. The Berthier carbine was adopted by the French Army on March 14, 1890, and a short rifle version of the Berthier rifle was adopted in 1907. French records indicate that in excess of two million Berthier rifles and carbines were manufactured by the French State manufactures supplemented by civilian industries. Like the Mle&nbsp;1886 lebel, the Berthier lacked a mechanical safety; French training protocols called for soldiers to carry their rifle with loaded magazine but without a round in the chamber until ordered to load rifles by an NCO or officer in charge.  France employed large numbers of colonial troops with limited technological experience, and since colonial combat conditions in North Africa and Indochina were extremely hard on service weapons, carrying with an empty chamber was considered superior to reliance on a mechanical safety, since a rifle with no round in the chamber could never go off, unlike a rifle whose safety was not properly engaged or had malfunctioned due to grit or wear.

At the outbreak of World War I, the Model 1907 Berthier rifle was modified for mass manufacturing, resulting in the Mdle 07/15. The sights, barrel band, and stacking hook were simplified to increase the rate of production. While the original 1907 rifle incorporated a cruciform bayonet, the 07/15 was modified to take the same bayonet as the Lebel, simplifying supply. The turned-down bolt handle was changed to a simpler straight bolt.
[[File:Berthier Mle 1907 15 M16.jpg|thumb|Modèle 1907/15 M16 Berthier]]
During World War I, it was quickly recognized that the Berthier's three-shot magazine was simply too small in comparison to foreign weapons, requiring too-frequent reloading. Additionally, it was found that trench mud and grit could enter the weapon through the opening in the bottom of the magazine. To correct these issues, the Model 1916 Berthier rifle was introduced with a five-round en-bloc clip. The clip discharge opening at the bottom of the protruding magazine was replaced by a spring loaded trapdoor to keep out dirt and debris. This improved 5-shot design was then fitted to existing rifle and carbine-length Berthier models (Mle&nbsp;1907/15, Mle&nbsp;1890M16, 1892M16 and Mle&nbsp;1916 ''mousquetons''). In response to changing combat situations at the front, which had evolved from a war of maneuever into static trench warfare and frequent night raids, many Berthier rifles were also fitted with sights designed specifically for close range or night combat, using radium paint to improve visibility in poor light or darkness.

The [[Kingdom of Greece]], fighting alongside the [[Allies of World War I|allies]], received large number of Berthiers during the war,<ref name="Greece"/> especially Mle 07/15 rifles<ref>{{cite web|title= Berthier Mle 07/15 Rifle: Greek Army|url = https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C235829|publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]]|website=awm.gov.au|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411080025/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C235829|archive-date=April 11, 2021}}</ref> and Mle 1892 M16 carbines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Berthier Mousqueton D'Artillerie Model 1892 Carbine: Greek Military Forces|url = https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C236710|publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]]|website=awm.gov.au|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210759/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C236710|archive-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref>

=== After World War I===
Many Model 1916 rifles and carbines were produced too late to see service in World War I, but were used after the war, particularly in colonial service.

The [[Greece|Greek]] [[Army of Asia Minor]] received 10,000 Berthier Mle 07/15 and Mle 1892 M16 to [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|fight against the Turks]].<ref name="Greek-Turk">{{cite book|title=Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22|series=Men-at-Arms 501|first=Philip|last=Jowett|date= 20 Jul 2015|publisher= Osprey Publishing|isbn=9781472806840 |pages=21–22}}</ref>

[[Czechoslovakia]] received large numbers of Mle 07/15 rifles after World War I.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Czechoslovak Weapons of World War II: part 1|first=Paul|last=Scarlata|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Czechoslovak+Weapons+of+World+War+II%3A+part+1%3A+Czechoslovakia+was...-a0501831675|magazine=[[Shotgun News|Firearms News]]|date=August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218164122/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Czechoslovak+Weapons+of+World+War+II:+part+1:+Czechoslovakia+was...-a0501831675|archive-date=December 18, 2022}}</ref>

The [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]] received between 37,500 and 50,000 Berthier rifles and carbines from Poland during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Esdaile, Charles J. |title=The Spanish Civil War: A Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um5uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT284|year=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-85929-8|page=284}}</ref>

===World War II===
Berthier rifles and carbine continued in service during the [[Second World War]] in all branches of French service, including infantry and mounted units. Colonial and Foreign Legion forces in particular continued to use the Mle 1916 Berthier due to a shortage of the new [[MAS-36 rifle|MAS-36]] bolt-action rifle. Despite the advent of the MAS-36, the French Army did not have enough of the new rifles to equip even half of its frontline interior troops. Berthier Model 1916 (original and converted) 5-shot rifles and carbines saw action in both France and Norway. After the fall of France in 1940, the Berthier could be found in service with both Vichy and Free French units. Selected Berthier Mle 1907/15-M16 (Fusil Mle 1916) rifles were fitted with telescopic sights and used, along with scoped Mle 1886/M93 rifles, by marksmen detailed to serve with some French units. In September 1938, the French Army also introduced the ''corps franc'', special formations of infiltration and deep reconnaissance soldiers formed into ''l'equipe'' or assault teams.  These elite reconnaissance and infiltration troops were equipped with a variety of small arms, including a combat knife, a handgun, grenades, and Berthier Mle 1892/M16 carbines.

The Mle 1890M16, 1892M16 and Mle 1916 ''mousquetons'') were again used by [[French Foreign Legion]] and some colonial infantry and cavalry units, including the French [[1er Régiment de Spahis Marocains|Spahis]]. The [[Greek Army]] still fielded Berthier Mle 07/15M16 rifles during the [[Greco-Italian War]], most being used in second-line units.<ref>{{cite book|title=Armies of the Greek-Italian War 1940–41|series=Men-at-Arms 514|first= Phoebus |last=Athanassiou |date=30 Nov 2017|isbn=9781472819178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbw0DwAAQBAJ&q=Berthier|pages=18, 44|publisher=Osprey Publishing}}</ref> The [[Third Reich]] issued many captured Berthier carbines to German occupation forces in France, mainly to Atlantic Wall units, the M34 variant received the German [[German designations of foreign firearms in World War II|identification code]] '''Gewehr 241(f)'''. Some were used by police units fighting partisans in various eastern European countries including security units operating at the rear of German front lines in Soviet Union.

===Post-war usage===
After World War II, Berthier rifles were retired, except for some rifles held by indigenous units and reserve forces. However, the [[Berthier carbine]] with a five-round clip (Mle&nbsp;1890 M16, 1892&nbsp;M16 and Mle&nbsp;1916 ''mousquetons'') was again utilized by [[French Foreign Legion]] and some overseas colonial infantry and cavalry units, including the French [[1er Régiment de Spahis Marocains|Spahis]], French motorized cavalry units, and frontier border guards. Mdle&nbsp;1916 and later versions of Berthier carbines were retained in some French law enforcement units, e.g. the [[Compagnies Republicaines de Securite]] (CRS) as late as the 1980s.

During the [[Greek Civil War]], partisans were still using Berthier rifles.<ref name="Greece">{{cite magazine|title=Part I of the greek civil war the first battles of the "cold war": partisan groups in Greece were as eager or more to fight each other as the Germans. Even before the Nazis were gone, civil war was underway.|first=Paul|last=Paul|magazine=[[Shotgun News]]|date=20 February 2014| url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Part+I+of+the+greek+civil+war+the+first+battles+of+the+%22cold+war%22%3A...-a0362777359|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927010058/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Part+I+of+the+greek+civil+war+the+first+battles+of+the+%22cold+war%22%3A...-a0362777359|archive-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref>

[[Việt Minh]] forces used both the ''Mle 1902'' and the mousqueton (''Mle 1892'' and ''M16'').<ref name="Viet Minh">{{cite book|title=French Foreign Légionnaire vs Viet Minh Insurgent: North Vietnam 1948–52|series=Combat 36|first=Martin |last=Windrow|date=20 Sep 2018|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9781472828910|pages=12, 25, 42}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Berthier Mle1916 carbine cutaway.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Cutaway in the museum of MAS, showing how a Berthier operates]]
Berthiers were chambered in the same cartridge as the Lebel, the [[8×50mmR Lebel|8x50mm Lebel]], which was the first to be loaded with smokeless powder ([[Poudre B]]). The Berthier used a simplified and smoother version of the Lebel bolt, but the main differences were a great reduction in weight, moving parts, tooling and an increase in operating speed. This is due in no small part to the magazine system, which was redesigned more similar to a Mannlicher-type design, where it was loaded with 3-round (later 5-round) clips, chargers, or packets. Though the Lebel's original capacity of 8 rounds was reduced, the Berthier was more popular due to the efficiency of operation and the increased speed of reloading, which more closely matched the capabilities of foreign rifles such as the Mauser and the Lee-Enfield. The occasional use, outside France, of the term "Mannlicher" to designate weapons of the Berthier system is due to the "en bloc" clip disposition which was borrowed from the real Mannlicher rifles and carbines. Otherwise the Berthier weapons, and particularly their bolts, are not derived from Mannlicher rifles or carbines but rather from the [[Lebel rifle]] system. Like [[Carcano]]s, Berthiers; other than using a Mannlicher-type magazine system, bear no other resemblance to true Mannlichers and should not be addressed as such.

Berthier rifles and carbines do not have any form of applied (mechanical) safety. If the bolt is cocked and closed and the trigger is pulled, the firing pin ''will'' be released. Extreme care must be exercised when handling a loaded Berthier rifle or carbine. To safely unload a Berthier rifle or carbine once a clip has been inserted in the magazine, point the rifle in a safe direction, open the bolt and depress the clip release button located at the front of the trigger guard. The clip should spring up and out of the rifle. If it appears to stick, insert a finger into the opening at the bottom of the magazine and gently push up on the bottom of the follower, pushing the clip release button at the same time. The loaded clip should slide up out of the magazine.

==Variants==
===Berthier Mousqueton (carbine)===
The Berthier design began as the "'''Mousquetons Berthier'''" - a series of bolt-action cavalry and artillery carbines with distinctly different actions from the Mle 1886/M93 8mm Lebel rifle. For instance, the Berthier carbine's bolt lugs lock vertically into the receiver instead of horizontally as in the Lebel rifle. Berthier carbines were first issued in 1890 and 1892, and had been designed by André Virgile Paul Marie Berthier, an engineer at the French Algerian Railways, to be used with standard 8mm Lebel ammunition.

The Berthier design was introduced as a replacement for the various aging Mle 1874 Gras single-shot carbines - still standard for French cavalry, artillery, and gendarme forces even after the introduction of the Mle 1886/M93 Lebel. Prior experiments with several carbine versions of the Lebel action proved unacceptably heavy and slow to load while on horseback. While retaining most of the action's strong points, the Berthier carbine improved on the earlier Mle 1886 rifle by using a one-piece stock and a Mannlicher-style, charger-loaded ''en bloc'' 3 shot clip. These Berthier carbines were progressively allocated to all cavalry, artillery and [[gendarmerie]] troops during the 1890s.

After the adoption of the new [[Lebel Model 1886 rifle]], French military authorities attempted to develop a carbine version of the rifle for mounted troops. A prototype carbine was created by simply shortening the existing barrel, forearm, and magazine tube of the Mle 1886 rifle. However, this design was soon rejected for insufficient accuracy, as well as being too slow and cumbersome to reload with single cartridges while on horseback. In response, the French Army held a series of rifle trials in 1887 to select a suitable carbine. One of the prototypes submitted was designed by André Virgile Paul Marie Berthier, a mechanical engineer in the [[Compagnie Bône-Guelma]] (one of the five subsidiary companies of the Algerian Railway System). Berthier's design for the original carbine was adopted in 1890 as the Mle 1890, utilizing a 3-round en-bloc clip. The first Berthier carbine came into production as the "Carabine de Cavalerie Modèle 1890", which was officially adopted for service on March 14, 1890. The main production facilities were the Manufacture d'Armes de St Etienne or MAS and the Manufacture d'Armes de Chatellerault or MAC. The search for a suitable small arm for mounted troops was given greater urgency by the Germans' development of the [[German military rifles|Karabiner Modell 1888]], a carbine variant of the [[Gewehr 1888]]. It was issued to essentially all French artillery and cavalry troops. As the high Command appreciated the performance of the Mle 1890 Berthier carbine, a second version was specifically produced for artillery service, the " Mousqueton Mle 1892" which could mount a short blade bayonet and thus had a re-designed forend stock. However it continued to feature the 3-round [[En-bloc clip]] of the Model 1890 carbine. During the [[First World War]] it became obvious that the 3-round clip was a handicap compared to German short weapons such as the German [[German military rifles#Early carbines|Kar98AZ]] which had a 5-round clip.

The Berthier carbines (and later the rifles) used a lighter, streamlined receiver and a one-piece stock that departed from the Lebel Mle 1886/M93 rifle system. For instance, the locking lugs present on the bolt of Berthier weapons lock into the receiver vertically, instead of horizontally as in the Lebel rifle. Like the Mle 1886/M93, the Berthier carbine was designed for the [[8mm Lebel]] cartridge, but it was loaded by a three-round [[en-bloc clip|en-bloc]] [[Ferdinand Mannlicher|Mannlicher]]-style clip. In line with the usual Mannlicher magazine design, designers included a large opening at the bottom of the magazine well, in part to verify if the carbine was loaded with a charger of cartridges. During World War I, after complaints from combat troops regarding the limited capacity of the 3-round charger and mud ingress into the well opening, the Berthier's magazine was increased to hold a 5-round "en bloc" charger. Furthermore, a hinged metal plate covering the bottom opening of the magazine well was added. The final result was the Mle 1892 M16 5-shot carbine which was well received, but did not appear on the front lines until the summer of 1918. Though inferior overall to Mauser's double-column box magazines, the Berthier weapons had to retain the Mannlicher ''en bloc'' system, as the rimmed and tapered 8mm Lebel cartridge could not feed properly from a Mauser-style box magazine. The Berthier Mle 1892 M16 carbine, with a 5-round charger, had a deserved reputation of solidity and reliability that kept it in service until the early 1960s.

===Fusil Mle 1902 and Mle 1907===
After the success of the Berthier carbines or mousquetons, two full-length Berthier rifles were introduced during the years preceding World War I. They were the ''fusil Mle 1902'' ("rifle, model of 1902") and the ''fusil Mle 1907'', which were issued respectively to [[Indochina|Indochinese]] and [[Senegalese Tirailleurs|Senegalese]] [[Tirailleur]] troops. Lighter and easier to handle and load than the Mle 1886/M93 Lebel rifle, the Berthier rifles proved more suitable for offhand shooting and easier to maintain in tropical environments. In comparison to the Mle 1886 Lebel, the Berthier's sights were also wider, higher and more substantial. Like their shorter carbine counterparts, these Berthier rifles also featured a Mannlicher-type 3-round ''en bloc'' clip-loaded magazine and used [[8 mm Lebel]] ammunition. The Mle 1902 and Mle 1907 were made on special order and in small numbers (altogether about 5,000 rifles) by the [[Manufacture d'Armes de Châtellerault]].

===World War I and the Fusil Mle 1907/15===
[[File:Berthier rifle M1934.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Mle 1907/15-M34 Berthier carbine]]
During World War I, a modified version of the 3-round clip ''Mle'' 1907 rifle called ''Fusil Mle 1907/15'' was manufactured in large numbers (altogether 435,000 rifles) and issued to colonial troops, to the French Foreign Legion and to many minor allies (e.g. Russian Legion in France, [[Serbia]], Greece, [[American Expeditionary Forces#African Americans|American Expeditionary Force]] African-American regiments detached to the French Army). It was also issued to some French regular infantry regiments after 1916 in order to bring relief to an endemic shortage of the [[Lebel rifle]] although well over 2 million Lebel rifles had already been produced between 1887 and 1917. Both the MAS ([[Manufacture d'armes de Saint-Étienne]]) and the MAC (Manufacture d'armes de Châtellerault) were the principal state contractors for the Mle 1907/15 rifle. French civilian contractors (''[[Delaunay-Belleville|Automobiles Delaunay-Belleville]]'', ''Établissement Continsouza'' and ''Manufacture Parisienne d'Armes et de Mecanique Generale'') also participated massively in the industrial production of the Mle 1907/15 rifle.

[[Remington UMC]] also contracted to produce a French Army order for 200,000 Mle 1907/15 rifles. Although very well finished, the Remington order was rejected by French Government acceptance inspectors, who alleged that the rifles did not meet French barrel rifling and chamber dimensional standards. The contract was canceled after approximately half of the rifles were manufactured; and those rifles were sold on the private market. Rifles issued to American 'African-American soldiers of the US 93rd Division', were of French manufacture and not US made (B. Canfield, US Weapons of WW1). Many of these rifles subsequently appeared on the surplus market in the United States, often converted for hunting or sporting purposes. These rifles hold special significance to African-American historians. In combat service, most infantrymen found the Berthier rifles and carbines, with their one-piece stocks and fast-loading ''en bloc'' magazine, to be an improvement. However, the limited ammunition capacity of the Berthier Mle 1907/15's magazine (3 rounds) was viewed as a great disadvantage by troops in close contact with the enemy or participating in assaults or trench raids.

In response, French military authorities introduced a modified Berthier rifle in 1916, designated ''Fusil Mle 1907/15-M16 '' but generally called the 1916 rifle (''Fusil Modele 1916''). The new rifle had a re-designed magazine well, which now could hold "en-bloc" clips with a 5-round capacity, though they would still accept the original 3-round chargers. These rifles saw service in all branches of the French army mostly after 1918. They were still used by [[Compagnies Republicaines de Securite]] or C.R.S. until the 1960s for law enforcement purposes. The Mle 1916 Berthier infantry rifle only appeared on the front lines in small numbers during the late summer of 1918. With its greater cartridge capacity, it was better received than the Mle 1907/15 rifle and later became widely issued to infantry troops during the post-war years after their production had intensified. Nevertheless, some commanders continued to lobby for reissuance of the older Mle 1886/M93 Lebel for their infantry troops. After World War I, the [[French Foreign Legion]], which carried the 3-shot Mle 1907-15 during most of its post-1916 combat operations, was re-equipped with the older Mle 1886/M93 Lebel rifle.

The most successful and long-lived variant of the Berthier system was the short and handy [[Berthier carbine|carbine version]] of the five-shot Mle 1916 Berthier rifle, designated "''''Mousqueton Berthier Mle 1892/M16'''". Contrary to the Mle 1916 Berthier five-shot infantry rifle whose manufacture had barely started during the late summer of 1918, the mass production (''over 800.000 "mousquetons"'') of the Berthier Mle 1916 five-shot carbines had begun much earlier, in May 1917, at the Manufacture d'Armes de Chatellerault (MAC). The Berthier M-16 five-shot carbine immediately proved to be very popular with mounted cavalry, artillery, and reconnaissance troops. It was still in service with some French law enforcement units as late as the 1960s.

After World War I, the French military sought to replace the 8mm Lebel cartridge, which was poorly suited to large-capacity rifle magazines and to automatic or semi-automatic weapons. After considerable delay, a modern [[7.5×54mm French|7.5mm mle 1929]] rimless cartridge was finally introduced for the [[FM 24/29 light machine gun]]. Berthier rifles were converted (''Fusil Mle 1907/15-M34'') or newly manufactured (''Fusil Mle 1934'') to make use of the new round. However, this was merely an interim measure, as the French Army adopted the [[MAS-36]] as its new standard bolt-action rifle. In the end, the production of converted Mle 1907/15-M34 Berthier rifles was limited to approximately 80,000 units.

===Turkish Forestry Carbine===
In 1949, The Turkish Forest Service began issuing three-shot Berthier carbines, full-length rifles were altered to utilize a Mannlicher-style stock. These rifles, known to collectors as "Turkish Forestry Carbines", were used to protect the [[Caucasian walnut]] forests from [[illegal logging]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Users==
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*{{flag|Ethiopian Empire}}: Many were received as military aid from France. A few have been found with various modifications-some cut-down to carbine length (a similar process applied to other weapons, such as the Lebel), others with improvised magazines or clips affixed in lieu of a standard en-bloc (such as a Lee-Enfield clip).<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm-7z99Xczw |title=No Clip, No Problem! Ethiopian Gunsmithing Solutions (Berthier) |date=July 19, 2023 |publisher=[[Forgotten Weapons]] |access-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721183403/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pm-7z99Xczw |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown |via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=French Berthier Mle 1907/15 Rifle |url=https://www.royaltigerimports.com/product-p/bert0003.htm |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.royaltigerimports.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724041859/https://www.royaltigerimports.com/product-p/bert0003.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCollum |first=Ian |date=2020-12-16 |title=Uniquely Ethiopian Shortened Lebel Rifles |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/uniquely-ethiopian-shortened-lebel-rifles/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]: Standard-issue weapon of the Army, would slowly displace Lebel post-war. Still in service during Invasion of France (both in original caliber and M34 conversion).<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCollum |first=Ian |date=2017-07-24 |title=Model 1907/15 Berthier: The WW1 Standard Infantry Rifle |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/model-190715-berthier-the-ww1-standard-infantry-rifle/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCollum |first=Ian |date=2017-07-26 |title=The Berthier Gets an Upgrade: The Model 1916 |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/the-berthier-gets-an-upgrade-the-model-1916/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCollum |first=Ian |date=2017-08-03 |title=M34: The Berthier Converted to the 7.5mm Rimless Cartridge |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/m34-the-berthier-converted-to-the-7-5mm-rimless-cartridge/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flag|Nazi Germany}}: Captured during the Invasion of France, designated '''Gewehr 241(f)''' (M34), '''Gewehr 304(f)''' (Fusil 1916), and '''Karabiner 553(f)''' (Mousqueton 1916). Some were reissued to [[Volkssturm]] units.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weaver |first=W. Darrin |title=Desperate Measures: The Last-Ditch Weapons of the Nazi Volkssturm. |publisher=Collector Grade Publications. |year=2005 |isbn=0889353727}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Greece}}: Received from France during World War I, remained in service with rear-line troops throughout World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berthier Mle 07/15 Rifle : Greek Army |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C235829 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.awm.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
*{{flag|Second Polish Republic}}: Leftover from World War I alongside the Lebel and Chauchat (via French aid to the [[Blue Army (Poland)|Blue Army]]), would be place by native Mauser designs in the 1930s. Some sold as surplus to Spain.<ref name=":1" />
*{{flag|Romania}}: Received from France during World War 1; remained in service with rear echelon troops, reservists and security units up until the end of World War II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PART I: ROMANIAN WORLD WAR II: SMALL ARMS: PUSTI SI PISTOLUL MITRALIERA. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/PART+I:+ROMANIAN+WORLD+WAR+II:+SMALL+ARMS:+PUSTI+SI+PISTOLUL...-a0598128492 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219182803/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/PART+I%3a+ROMANIAN+WORLD+WAR+II%3a+SMALL+ARMS%3a+PUSTI+SI+PISTOLUL...-a0598128492|archive-date=December 19, 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}}: Received from France during World War I.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babac, Dusan |first=Thomas, Nigel |title=Armies in the Balkans 1914–18. |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=25 July 2001 |isbn=978-1-84176-194-7}}</ref>
*{{flag|Spanish Republic}}: Received 37,400 to 50,000 rifles and carbines from Poland during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Deszczyński |first1=Marek Piotr |title=Eksport Polskiego Sprzętu Wojskowego Do Hiszpanii Podczas Wojny Domowej 1936-1939. |journal=Kwartalnik Historyczny |date=1997 |volume=104 |pages=106–110}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Howson |first1=Gerald |title=Arms for Spain |date=November 1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0312241773 |pages=259–77}}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}: A few were issued to the Home Guard after Dunkirk; due to lack of ammunition they were quickly discarded after other rifles became available.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The guns of "DAD's Army" part 1: Small Arms of the British Home Guard 1940-1944: they probably worried their own government more than they did the Nazis, but they did their part in the dark days when Britain fell under the German shadow. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+guns+of+%22DAD%27s+Army%22+part+1:+Small+Arms+of+the+British+Home+Guard...-a0284472869 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220143826/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+guns+of+%22DAD%27s+Army%22+part+1%3a+Small+Arms+of+the+British+Home+Guard...-a0284472869|archive-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref>
*{{flag|Vietnam}}: Used by the Viet Minh in the [[First Indochina War]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The French Indochina War 1946–54|series=Men-at-Arms 322|first= Martin |last=Windrow|isbn=9781855327894 |date=15 Nov 1998|page=41|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Berthier M16.JPG|M1916 Berthier carbine with a 5-round magazine
Yad-Mordechai-museum-Lebel-carabine.jpg|1892/27 carbine with a 3-round magazine
Serbian troops in trench with 8mm M.1907-15.jpg|Serbian soldiers in trench armed with M1907/15
Milunka savic1916.jpg|Female soldier Milunka Savić with M1907/15
Serbian Infantry with Mle 1907-15.jpg|Serbian soldiers posing with their M1907/15 Berthier
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Canfield, Bruce N. (2000). ''US Infantry Weapons of the First World War''. Andrew Mowbray, Inc. {{ISBN|0-917218-90-6}}, pp.&nbsp;95–98
* Lombard, Claude (1987). ''La manufacture Nationale de Chatellerault''. Brissaud a Poitiers, {{ISBN|2-902170-55-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20221217190116/http://armesfrancaises.free.fr/FR%20Mle%2007-15.html Le fusil de 8 mm modèle 07-15]{{in lang|fr}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://armesfrancaises.free.fr/les%20fusils.html L'armement réglementaire français à travers les âges]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.armeetpassion.com/ Arme et Passion]

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{{WWIUSInfWeaponsNav}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Berthier Rifle}}
[[Category:French World War I small arms]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of France]]
[[Category:Bolt-action rifles of France]]
[[Category:Early rifles]]
[[Category:Carbines]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1915]]