View source for Beretta M1934

{{Short description|Italian semi-automatic pistol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name               = Beretta M1934
| image              = [[File:Beretta 34 (6825664724).jpg|300px|center]]
| caption            = Beretta M1934.
| origin             = Kingdom of Italy
| type               = [[Semi-automatic pistol]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1935–1991
| used_by            = ''see [[#Users|users]]''
| wars               = [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]]<br>[[Spanish Civil War]]<br>[[World War II]]<br>[[Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = 
| design_date        = 
| manufacturer       = [[Beretta]]
| production_date    = 1934–1991
| number             = 1,080,000
| variants           = <!-- General specifications -->
| weight             = {{plainlist|
*{{cvt|.763|kg}} (loaded)
*{{cvt|.697|kg}} (empty)
}}
| length             = {{cvt|15.2|cm}}
| part_length        = {{cvt|8.9|cm}}
| crew               = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge          = 9×17mm Corto ([[.380 ACP]])
| caliber            = 
| action             = [[blowback (firearms)|Blowback]]
| rate               = 28 rounds per minute
| velocity           = {{cvt|290|m/s}}
| range              = {{cvt|40|m}}
| max_range          = 
| feed               = 7-round detachable [[box magazine]]
| sights             = Fixed front blade and rear notch
|ref                 = {{sfn|Foss|Gander|1977|page=71}}
}}

The '''Beretta Model 1934''' is an [[Kingdom of Italy|Italian]] compact, [[semi-automatic pistol]] which was issued as the [[service pistol]] of the [[Royal Italian Army]] beginning in 1934. As the standard sidearm of the Italian army it was issued to officers, NCOs and machine gun crews.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.quartermastersection.com/italian/infantry-weapons/737/Mod34Pistol | title=PISTOLA MODELLO 34 - Quartermaster Section }}</ref> It is chambered for the 9mm Corto, more commonly known as the [[.380 ACP]].

==History and usage==
[[Beretta|Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta SpA]] of [[Gardone Val Trompia]] has a history in firearms manufacturing reaching back to 1526, when they were established as a maker of barrels. But it was not until 1915 that, responding to the needs of the military during World War I, they produced their first pistol, the model 1915.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Beretta Model 1934|url=https://www.militaryfactory.com/smallarms/detail.php?smallarms_id=758|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.militaryfactory.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Beretta has become one of the world's largest pistol makers and the model 1934 (M1934) was their most numerous product in the World War II era.<ref name=":0" />

The mod. 34 was the final product of the mod. 1915 evolution, going through its 1919, 1923 and 1931 iterations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Beretta Modello 1934 |url=https://crippaecanali.it/beretta-modello-1934/}}</ref> It was offered in .380 ACP, since it was a popular caliber among several european countries' armies, and since the Italian Army showed a specific interest in the german made Walther PP pistols.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Pettinelli |first=Ruggero |title=La più rara tra le Beretta 34: con sicura all’otturatore! |url=https://www.armietiro.it/la-piu-rara-tra-le-beretta-34-con-sicura-allotturatore |website=Armi e Tiro}}</ref>

The first contract for the pistol was made by the Ministry of the Interior, that bought 5,000 units in  for the Italian [[Polizia di Stato|Police]].<ref name=":2" />

The Italian Army adoption was delayed for another year since the commission for the adoption of the new standard pistol was interested in an extra safety on the frame, as the Walther PP used.<ref name=":3" /> Once the commission realised that the extra safety was redundant and increased the price per unit, they opted to adopt the gun as initially proposed by the Beretta company. The first batch of 150,000 units was delivered between 1937 and 1938, soon followed by several others.<ref name=":2" />

This model was followed by the [[Beretta M1935]], which was similar to the M1934 in most respects, except that it fired a [[.32 ACP]] (7.65&nbsp;mm Browning) cartridge.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Tactical Life Beretta model 1934|date=3 October 2018 |url=https://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/handguns/beretta-model-1934-pistol/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517113637/https://www.tactical-life.com/firearms/handguns/beretta-model-1934-pistol/ |archive-date=17 May 2019 }}</ref>

Pistols made during the [[Era Fascista|Fascist Era]] are marked with their year of manufacture in two forms: the conventional [[Julian date]] in Arabic numerals and the date in the Fascist Era in Roman numerals.<ref name=":1" /> The Fascist calendar commenced on 28 October 1922, so a pistol from 1937 may carry either "XV" or "XVI" as its Fascist year. Pistols taken by the armed forces usually exhibit acceptance marks stamped into the frame on the left just above the grip: "RE" (Regio Esercito) for the army, "RM" (Regia Marina) for the navy, or "RA" (Regia Aeronautica) for the Air Force, in the form of an Eagle wearing a Royal Crown for the Royal air force. Police pistols may be marked "PS" (Pubblica Sicurezza).<ref name=":1" /> The Romanian military, at the time an Axis power, also purchased model 1934 (and 1935) pistols.<ref name=":0" /> The calibre marking appears as 9&nbsp;mm Scurt (short in Romanian) rather than 9&nbsp;mm Corto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwar2.ro/arme/?language=ro&article=274|title=Pistolul Beretta, md. 1934, cal. 9 mm|website=www.worldwar2.ro}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Pettinelli |first=Ruggero |title=Beretta 34 e 35 all’estero |url=https://www.armietiro.it/beretta-34-e-35-allestero-armi-582 |website=Armi e Tiro}}</ref> Romanian Army M1934's differ from Italian M1934's in that the Romanian pistols use the Russian sight picture, where the Italian pistols use the standard sight picture used by Western armies.

An M1934, serial number 606824, was used by [[Nathuram Godse]] in the 1948 [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]]. The pistol, manufactured in 1937,<ref name=":4" /> was carried by an officer during Italy's [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|invasion of Abyssinia]] and subsequently taken by a British officer as a war trophy. It is not known how it came to India, but Godse was given the unlicensed firearm by a co-conspirator.<ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlWeAwAAQBAJ | title=Let's Kill Gandhi | publisher=Rupa Publications | author=Gandhi, Tushar A. | year=2012 | isbn=9788129128942}}</ref>

==Design ==
Fitted with the characteristic Beretta open slide, the M1934 has a very reliable feeding and extraction cycle; the elongated slot in the top of the slide acts as the ejection port.<ref name=":1" /> It is made with relatively few parts and very simple to maintain.<ref name=":1" /> The M1934 is very robust in construction with a long service life if properly maintained.<ref name=":1" />

9mm Corto (.380 ACP) is less powerful than most other military service pistol cartridges, such as [[9mm Parabellum]] or [[.45 ACP]]. The magazine capacity is only 7 rounds.<ref name=":1" /> When the empty magazine is removed it no longer holds the slide back. The slide will come forward and close the gun unless it is held open by application of the safety, a separate operation, and this slows down the reloading of the pistol.<ref name=":1" />

==Users==
* {{flag|Algeria}}{{sfn|Ezell|1988|page=32}}
* {{flag|Finland}} – 1,400 examples imported from Italy, used by home front troops from 1943.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revolvers & Pistols, part 4 |date=22 April 2018 |url=https://www.jaegerplatoon.net/PISTOLS4.htm}}</ref>
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}} – under designation ''Pistole 671(i)''
* {{Flag|Kingdom of Italy}} – [[Royal Italian Army]]
* {{ITA}} − Widely used by [[Italian Army]] officers and the [[Polizia di Stato]] as late as 1988{{sfn|Ezell|1988|page=218}}
* {{flag|Libya}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_africa/wiw_af_libya|title=World Infantry Weapons: Libya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005200329/https://sites.google.com/site/worldinventory/wiw_africa/wiw_af_libya|archive-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>
* {{flag|Mali}} − [[People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]]<ref name ='SAS 2005'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109192749/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2010|chapter-url= http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2005/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2005-Chapter-06-EN.pdf|chapter=Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones|title=Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=166|isbn=978-0-19-928085-8}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} − [[Romanian Royal Army]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Romanian Army of World War II|author=Mark Axworthy |others=Illustrated by Horia Serbanescu|page=48|isbn=1855321696|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1992}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Yugoslav Partisans flag (1942-1945).svg}} [[Yugoslav Partisans]] − captured pistols<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Yugoslav Part II: World War II small arms: an assortment of small arms from friends and foe alike|first=Paul|last=Scarlata|magazine=Firearms News|date=1 October 2017|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/YUGOSLAV+PART+II%3A+WORLD+WAR+II+SMALL+ARMS%3A+AN+ASSORTMENT+OF+SMALL...-a0510936519}}</ref>
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}} − [[Yugoslav People's Army]]{{sfn|Foss|Gander|1977|page=71}}

==Production==
From 1934 to 1992, about 1,080,000 units were produced globally.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[Beretta M1935]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Ezell |first1=Edward Clinton |title=Small Arms Today: Latest Reports on the World's Weapons and Ammunition |date=1988 |publisher=Stackpole Books and Arms and Armour Press |location=Harrisburg, PA and London, New York, NY, and Sydney |isbn=978-0-8117-2280-3 |edition=2nd |url=https://archive.org/details/smallarmstodayla0000ezel/}}
*{{cite book |last1=Foss |first1=Christopher F |last2=Gander |first2=T. J. |author1-link=Christopher F Foss|title=Infantry Weapons of the World |date=1977 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-684-14861-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/infantryweaponso0000foss_g6r6/}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.beretta.com/ Homepage of Beretta]
*[http://www.berettaweb.com/Beretta%2034/Beretta%2034.htm Beretta 1934 pictures and information in Italian]

{{Beretta firearms}}
{{WWIIItalianInfWeapons}}
{{.38 Caliber}}

[[Category:Beretta pistols|M1934]]
[[Category:Semi-automatic pistols of Italy]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of Italy]]
[[Category:.380 ACP semi-automatic pistols]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1934]]