View source for Bengali language movement

{{Short description|1948–1956 political movement in East Pakistan}}
{{About|the movement in Bangladesh|the movements in India|Bengali language movements in India}}
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{{EngvarB|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Bengali language movement
| subtitle = 
| partof = [[Independence of Bangladesh]]
| image = 1952 Bengali Language movement.jpg
| caption = Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in [[Dhaka]]
| date = 1948 – 1956
| place = [[East Pakistan]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]])
| coordinates = 
| causes = Decision of the [[central government of Pakistan]] and the [[government of East Bengal]] to make [[Urdu]] the only state language
| methods = *[[Political demonstration]]
*[[Strike action]]
| status = 
| result = *Declaration of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the official state language of Pakistan along with Urdu in 1956
*Losing majority of [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] in [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 1954
| side1 = *[[Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad|State Language Action Committee]]
*[[Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod|All-Parties Central State Language Action Committee]]
*[[Tamaddun Majlish|Pakistan Tamaddun Majlish]]
*[[East Pakistan Renaissance Society]]
*[[Dhaka University Central Students' Union|Dhaka University Central Student's Union]]
*Students of [[Dhaka University]]
*[[Bengalis|Bengali]] civilians
| side2 = * {{flagdeco|Pakistan}} [[Government of Pakistan]]
** {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
* [[Government of East Pakistan]]
** [[Pakistan Police]]
* [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Bihari people]]
* [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]
| side3 = 
| leadfigures1 = Collective leadership
| leadfigures2 = * {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Sir Ghulam Muhammad]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Iskander Mirza]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]]
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Nurul Amin]]
| leadfigures3 = 
| howmany1 = 
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| howmany3 = 
| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
| casualties3 = 
| injuries = 
| fatalities = 
| arrests = 
| damage = 
| detentions = 
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| effect = 
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| notes = 
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}}
{{Culture of Bangladesh}}
{{History of Bangladesh}}

The '''Bengali language movement'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|বাংলা ভাষা আন্দোলন|Bangla bhasha andōlon}}{{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋlaˑ ˈbʱaʃaˑ ˈand̪olɔn|pron}}}} was a political movement in [[East Bengal]]{{efn|Renamed [[East Pakistan]] in 1955. East Bengal was the administrative division of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] corresponding to today's Bangladesh from 1947 to 1955.}} in 1952, advocating the recognition of the [[Bengali language]] as a co-[[lingua franca]] of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. The movement wanted to allow its use in government affairs, the continuation of its use as a medium of education, its use in media, currency and stamps, and to maintain its writing in the [[Bengali alphabet]] and [[Bengali script]].

When the Dominion of Pakistan was formed after the separation of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, when the British left, it was composed of various ethnic and linguistic groups, with the geographically non-contiguous [[East Bengal]] province having a mainly [[ethnicity|ethnic]] [[Bengali people|Bengali]] population. In 1948, the [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Government of the Dominion of Pakistan]] ordained as part of [[Islamization]] of [[East Pakistan]] or [[East Bengal]] that [[Urdu]] will be the sole federal language, alternately Bengali writing in the [[Perso-Arabic script]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |title=Nation and Its Modes of Oppressions in South Asia |date=30 December 2022 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-81044-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dJGZEAAAQBAJ&q=bengali+in+arabic+script |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maloney |first1=Clarence |title=Language and Civilization Change in South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=[[Brill Archive]] |isbn=978-90-04-05741-8 |pages=145, 146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_oUAAAAIAAJ&dq=bengali+in+arabic+script&pg=PA145 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ES"/> or [[Roman script]] ([[Romanisation of Bengali]])<ref name="ES">{{cite book |editor1-last=হোসেন |editor1-first=সেলিনা |editor2-last=বিশ্বাস |editor2-first=সুকুমার |editor3-last=চৌধুরী |editor3-first=শফিকুর রহমান |title=1513. একুশের স্মারকগ্রন্থ' ৮৬ - সম্পাদনায় |date=21 February 1986 |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=[[Bangladesh]] |pages=52–73 |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/lzrut/mjxv/#p=69 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> or [[Arabic]] as the state language of the whole of Pakistan was also proposed,<ref name="বা">{{cite news |last1=প্রিনস |first1=এরশাদুল আলম |script-title=bn:বাংলা হরফের ওপর শয়তানি আছর |url=https://banglanews24.com/opinion/news/bd/555426.details |access-date=3 January 2017 |work=[[banglanews24.com]] |date=20 February 2022|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Michael Edward |last2=Ganguly |first2=Sumit |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-52333-2 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&dq=arabic+state+language+pakistan&pg=PA77 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zein |first1=Subhan |last2=Coady |first2=Maria R. |title=Early Language Learning Policy in the 21st Century: An International Perspective |date=22 September 2021 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-030-76251-3 |page=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmpEEAAAQBAJ&dq=arabic+state+language+pakistan&pg=PA136 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaube |first1=Shibani Kinkar |title=The Idea of Nation and Its Future in India |date=26 October 2016 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-315-41432-4 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6CElDwAAQBAJ&dq=arabic+state+language+pakistan&pg=PA122 |access-date=27 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ES"/> sparking extensive protests among the [[Bengali language|Bengali-speaking]] majority of [[East Bengal]]. Facing rising sectarian tensions and mass discontent with the new law, the government outlawed public meetings and rallies. The students of the [[University of Dhaka]] and other political activists defied the law and organised a protest on 21 February 1952. The movement reached its climax when police killed student demonstrators on that day. The deaths provoked widespread civil unrest. After years of conflict, the central government relented and granted official status to the Bengali language in 1956.

The Language Movement catalysed the assertion of Bengali national identity in East Bengal and later East Pakistan, and became a forerunner to Bengali nationalist movements, including the [[6 Point Movement|6-Point Movement]] and subsequently the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and the [[Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987|Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]]. In Bangladesh, 21 February (''Ekushey February'') is observed as [[Language Movement Day]], a national holiday. The [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] monument was constructed near Dhaka Medical College in memory of the movement and its victims. On 17 September 1999, [[UNESCO]] declared 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]],<ref>Glassie, Henry and Mahmud, Feroz.2008.Living Traditions. Cultural Survey of Bangladesh Series-II. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Dhaka. International Mother Language Day</ref> in tribute to the Language Movement and the ethnolinguistic rights of people around the world.

==Background==
The present-day nations of Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]. From the mid-19th century, the [[Urdu]] language had been promoted as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] by political and religious leaders, such as [[Khwaja Salimullah|Sir Khwaja Salimullah]], [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]], [[Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk]] and [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]].<ref name="urducontrov">{{cite web | url = http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper675 | title = Urdu Controversy – is dividing the nation further | access-date = 20 February 2008 | last = Upadhyay | first = R | date = 1 May 2003 | work = Papers | publisher = South Asia Analysis Group | archive-date = 25 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225042954/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/paper675%20 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref name="B2g">{{cite journal
 | last = Rahman | first = Tariq | year = 1997 | title = The Medium of Instruction Controversy in Pakistan | journal = Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 145–154 | doi = 10.1080/01434639708666310 | issn = 0143-4632}}</ref> Urdu is a [[Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan language]] of the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian branch]], closely related to [[Hindi]] and belonging to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages. It developed under [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic Language|Arabic]] and [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] influence on [[apabhramsha]]s (last linguistic stage of the medieval Indian Aryan language [[Pali]]–[[Prakrit]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Halder |first=Shashwati |year=2012 |chapter=Apabhrangsha |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Apabhrangsha |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> in South Asia during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="National Council for Promotion of Urdu language 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/pers_pp/index.htm |title=A Historical Perspective of Urdu |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu]] language |access-date=15 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611133436/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/pers_pp/index.htm |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}</ref> With its [[Perso-Arabic script]], the language was considered a vital element of the Islamic culture for Indian Muslims; [[Hindi]] and the [[Devanagari script]] were seen as fundamentals of [[Hinduism|Hindu culture]].<ref name="urducontrov" />

While Urdu became common among Muslims in northern India, Muslims in [[Bengal]]—then a province in the eastern part of British India—primarily spoke Bengali. Bengali is an [[List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern Indo-Aryan language]] that arose from the eastern [[Middle Indic languages]] around 1000 CE<ref name="bhatta">{{cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=T |editor=Garry, J. |editor2=Rubino, C. |title=Encyclopedia of World's Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the World's Languages) |year=2001 |publisher=HW Wilson |location=New York |isbn=0-8242-0970-2 |chapter=Bangla}}</ref> and developed considerably with a rich literature, history and cultural identity. Unlike many other Indic Languages, Bengali got patronage from the States and Empires in the Middle Ages. During the [[Bengal Renaissance]], the modern Bengali literature developed its stronghold. Bengalis irrespective of religious identity used Bengali language. Supporters of Bengali opposed Urdu even before the [[partition of India]], when delegates from Bengal rejected the idea of making Urdu the lingua franca of Muslim India in the 1937 [[Lucknow]] session of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. The Muslim League was a [[British India]]n political party that became the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a [[Muslim]] state separate from British India.<ref name="tariqcontrov">{{cite journal
 | last = Rahman | first = Tariq |author-link=Tariq Rahman |date=February 1997
 | title = The Urdu-English Controversy in Pakistan | journal = Modern Asian Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 177–207 | issn = 1469-8099
 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X00016978
 | jstor=312861| s2cid = 144261554 }}</ref>

==Early stages of the movement==
[[Image:Partition of India.PNG|thumb|Britain's holdings on the [[Indian subcontinent]] were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: the [[Dominion of India]], the [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Union of Burma]] (now Myanmar), [[Dominion of Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]), and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] (including [[East Bengal]], from 1956 [[East Pakistan]], 1971-today [[Bangladesh]]).]]

After the partition of India in 1947, Bengali-speaking people in [[East Bengal]], the non-contiguous eastern part of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan's 69 million people.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |year=2012 |chapter=Language Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> The Dominion of Pakistan's government, civil services, and military, however, were dominated by personnel from the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan.<ref name="JSToldenburg">{{cite journal
 | last = Oldenburg | first = Philip |date=August 1985
 | title = 'A Place Insufficiently Imagined': Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971
 | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies |publisher = [[Association for Asian Studies]] | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 711–733 | issn = 0021-9118 | doi = 10.2307/2056443
 | jstor=2056443| s2cid = 145152852 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In November 1947, a key resolution at a national education summit in [[Karachi]] advocated Urdu and English as the sole state languages.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jabeen | first1 = Mussarat | last2 = Chandio | first2 = Amir Ali | last3 = Qasim | first3 = Zarina | journal = South Asian Studies: A Research Journal of South Asian Studies | title = Language Controversy: Impacts on National Politics and Secession of East Pakistan | year = 2010 | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 99–124}}</ref> Opposition and protests arose immediately. Students from Dhaka rallied under the leadership of [[Principal Abul Kashem|Abul Kashem]], the secretary of [[Tamaddun Majlish]], a Bengali Islamic cultural organisation. The meeting stipulated Bengali as an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan and as a medium of education in East Bengal.<ref name="umarharv1">{{Harvnb|Umar|1979|p=35}}</ref> However, the [[Pakistan Public Service Commission]] removed Bengali from the list of approved subjects, as well as from currency notes and stamps. The central education minister [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] made extensive preparations to make Urdu the only state language of the Dominion of Pakistan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=227–28}}</ref> Public outrage spread, and many Bengali students met on the University of Dhaka campus on 8 December 1947 to formally demand that Bengali be made an official language. To promote their cause, Bengali students organised processions and rallies in Dhaka.<ref name="Banglapedia" />

Leading Bengali scholars argued why Urdu should not be the only state language. The writer [[Abul Mansur Ahmed]] said if Urdu became the state language, the educated society of East Bengal would become 'illiterate' and 'ineligible' for government positions.<ref name="umarharvmansur">{{Harvnb|Umar|1979|pp=30–32}}</ref> The first [[Rastrabhasa Sangram Parishad]] (National Language Action Committee), an organisation in favour of Bengali as a state language was formed towards the end of December 1947. Professor [[Nurul Huq Bhuiyan]] of the Tamaddun Majlish convened the committee.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref name="Sri">{{cite book |title=Ekusher Shongkolon '80 |year=1980 |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |language=bn |pages=102–103}}</ref> Later, Parliament member [[Shamsul Huq]] convened a new committee to push for Bengali as a state language.

===Dhirendranath Datta's proposal===
[[File:Dhirendranath datta.jpg|thumb|Dhirendranath was the key figure to raise the demand for [[Bangali]] with its [[Bengali script|traditional script]] as a state language in Pakistan assembly.]]
Assembly member [[Dhirendranath Datta]] proposed legislation in the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] to allow members to speak in Bengali and authorise its use for official purposes.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Datta's proposal was supported by legislators Prem Hari Burman, [[Bhupendra Kumar Datta]] and Sris Chandra Chattaopadhyaya of East Bengal, as well as the people from the region.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> Prime minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] and the Muslim League denounced the proposal as an attempt to divide the Pakistani people, thus the legislation was defeated.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref name="swadhinotajuddho">{{cite book |last=Rahman |first=Hasan Hafizur |title=Bangladesher Swadhinota juddher Dolilpotro |year=1982 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information, People's Republic of Bangladesh]] |oclc=416657937}}</ref>

===Fazlur Rahman's proposal ===
Since the partition of the country in 1947, the Union Minister representing East Pakistan [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] campaigned for the implementation of Bengali language written in Arabic script (Bengali language with the "Hurful Qur'an"). At the Nikhil Pakistan Teachers' Conference held in Karachi on 29 December 1948, Fazlur Rahman proposed to write Bengali in Arabic script for the sake of Islamization of the language. East Bengal Provincial Education Department Secretary Fazle Ahmad Karim Fazli was one of the main initiators of the effort to introduce the Arabic alphabet in Bengal. Both Karim Fazli and Fazlur Rahman established a society called 'Hurful Qur'an Samity' with a Maulana named Zulfikar Ali of Chittagong and tried to form a movement to introduce Arabic letters in Bengal through him. Abdul Hakim, the former director of the East-Bengal Education Department said;  "Some funny legends are heard in Dhaka about a Bengali Wazir Sahib's own knowledge of Urdu. He wanted to fulfill his ardent desire to beautify the in order to be admired by the all-powerful Urdu Mahal of the Centre. For this purpose, a sum of Rs. 35,000 per annum for the publication of books was arranged to hand over the central sanction to the aforesaid Provincial Education Secretary."<ref>{{cite web |script-title=bn:আরবি অক্ষরে বাংলা শিক্ষাদানের ষড়যন্ত্র - (স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনের গােড়াপত্তন) |url=https://songramernotebook.com/archives/66029 |website=Songramer Notebook |access-date=7 December 2022 |date=21 July 2019 |title=Site is undergoing maintenance }}</ref> In response, [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] opposed the proposal, fearing further complications, and advocated making Bengali unchanged as the state language of East Bengal and one of the state languages of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Umar |first1=Badruddin |script-title=bn:পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি (East Bengal's language movement and contemporary politics) |date=1970 |publisher=[[Anandhara Prakashan]] |url=https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/fnes/#p=204 |pages = 185–187 |access-date=5 May 2022|language=bn }}</ref>

===Proposal for Romanisation of Bengali===
[[File:Qudrat Khuda.jpg|thumb|right|[[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]] proposed the romanisation of Bengali in the early stage of language movement.]]
During that time, [[romanisation of Bengali]] was also proposed along with other proposals regarding the determination of the state language of Pakistan.<ref name="ES"/><ref name=BAH>[[Bashir Al Helal]], [https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/yztg/#p=584 History of the Language Movement, forthcoming publication, February 1995, pp. 685-692]</ref>  After 1947, many other East Pakistani academics, including [[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]] and Nazirul Islam Mohammad Sufian, supported the idea of writing Bengali in Roman script.<ref name=BAH/> In 1948, Mohammad Ferdous Khan opposed it in his pamphlet "The language problem of today".<ref name=BAH/>

Abul Fazl Muhammad Akhtar-ud-Din supported the Roman alphabet in his article entitled "Bangla Bornomalar Poribortton" (বাংলা বর্ণমালার পরিবর্ত্তন, Changes in the Bengali Alphabet) published in [[Daily Azad]] on 18 April 1949.<ref name=BAH/>

The romanisation proposal continued on even after 1952. In 1957, the East Pakistan Education Commission recommended the use of the revised Roman script in adult education.<ref name=BAH/>

Around 1957–1958, there was a significant demand for the use of Roman letters again.  At that time [[Muhammad Abdul Hye|Muhammad Abdul Hai]] and [[Muhammad Enamul Haque]] opposed it.<ref name=BAH/>

===Agitations of 1948===
Students of the [[University of Dhaka]] and other colleges of the city organised a general strike on 11 March 1948 to protest the omission of Bengali language from official use, including coins, stamps and recruitment tests for the navy. The movement restated the demand that Bengali be declared an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan. Political leaders such as Shamsul Huq, [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Shawkat Ali]], [[M Sirajul Islam]], [[Kazi Golam Mahboob]], [[Oli Ahad]], Abdul Wahed and others were arrested during the rallies.

===Agreement with Khawaja Nazimuddin===
In the afternoon of 11 March, a meeting was held to protest police brutality and arrests. A group of students marching towards the chief minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]]'s house was stopped in front of the [[Dhaka High Court]]. The rally changed its direction and moved in the direction of the Secretariat building. Police attacked the procession injuring several students and leaders, including [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]].<ref name="helal263">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=263–265}}</ref> Continuing strikes were observed the following four days. Under such circumstances, the chief minister Nazimuddin signed an accord with the student leaders agreeing to some terms and conditions, without complying to the demand that Bengali be made a state language.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> On 6 April 1948, in East Bengal Assembly resolution was passed making Bengali an official language of the province by Nazimuddin led Muslim League government of East Bengal.

===Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to Dhaka===
On November 18, 1948, the first Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] visited East Pakistan. On November 27, he addressed a student meeting at the playground of Dhaka University. In that meeting, the demand for Bengali language in the certificate issued by the Dhaka University Central Student Union was again raised, but he refrained from making any comments. In a meeting of the National Language Working Council held under the chairmanship of Ataur Rahman Khan on November 17, [[Aziz Ahmad (novelist)|Aziz Ahmad]], [[Abul Kashem]], [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[Kamruddin Ahmed]], [[Abdul Mannan (politician, born 1929)|Abdul Mannan]], [[Tajuddin Ahmed]] and others drafted a memorandum and sent it to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan. The Prime Minister did not respond to this either.<ref name=VAAncholicItihash-P5-P27>{{cite book |script-title=bn:ভাষা আন্দোলনের আঞ্চলিক ইতিহাস (Bhasha Andolaner Ancholik Itihash, Regional history of language movement) |last1=Malek |first1=Abdul |editor-first1=Abu Muhammad Delwar |editor-last1=Hossain |year=2000 |publisher=Selina Hossain, Director, Research Compendium Department of Folklore, [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=Dhaka |isbn=984-07-4045-8 |pages=5–27 }}</ref><ref name=Islam>{{cite book |last1=Islam |first1=Rafiqul |title=Amar Ekushey O Shohid Minar (আমার একুশে ও শহীদ মিনার, My Ekhushey (21st) and Martyr's Monument)  |year=2000 |publisher=Poroma |location=Dhaka |language=bn |isbn=984-8245-39-1 |pages=62–85 }}</ref>

===Muhammad Ali Jinnah's visit to Dhaka===
[[Image:Quaid-delivering-speech copy2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] on 21 March 1948 told at a public meeting that ''State language of Pakistan is going to be Urdu and no other language.''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jinnah.pk/2009/09/27/national-consolidation/ |title=NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521104719/http://jinnah.pk/2009/09/27/national-consolidation/ |archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref>]]
In the height of civic unrest, [[Governor-General of Pakistan]] [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] arrived in Dhaka on 19 March 1948. On 21 March, at a civic reception at [[Suhrawardy Udyan|Racecourse Ground]], he claimed that the language issue was designed by a "[[fifth column]]" to divide Pakistani Muslims.<ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|p=34}}</ref><ref name="SA9">{{cite web |title=De-Pakistanisation of Bangladesh |url=http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers22%5Cpaper2199.html |author=R. Upadhyay |publisher=Bangladesh Monitor, South Asia Analysis Group |date=7 April 2007 |access-date=16 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611044641/http://www.saag.org/papers22/paper2199.html |archive-date=11 June 2007}}</ref> Jinnah further declared, in English, that "Urdu, and only Urdu" embodied the spirit of Muslim nations and would remain as the state language,<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Uddin|2006|pp=2–4}}</ref><ref name="UStudies">{{cite book |editor1=James Heitzman |editor2=Robert Worden |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |access-date=16 June 2007 |chapter=Pakistan Period (1947–71) |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/14.htm |publisher=Government Printing Office, Country Studies US |year=1989 |isbn=0-16-017720-0}}</ref><ref name="sayeed">{{cite journal |last=Sayeed |first=Khalid Bin |title=Federalism and Pakistan |journal=Far Eastern Survey |publisher=Institute of Pacific Relations |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=139–143 |issn=0362-8949 |date=September 1954 |doi=10.2307/3023818 |jstor=3023818}}</ref> labelling those who disagreed with his views as "Enemies of Pakistan". Jinnah delivered a similar speech at [[Curzon Hall]] of the University of Dhaka on 24 March <ref name="JSToldenburg" /> where Language activist [[Abdul Matin (language activist)|Abdul Matin]] stood up at the chair and shouted, ''No. It can not be''. Other students also supported him during that time.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ekusher Smriticharon '80|year=1980 |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |location=Dhaka |language=Bengali| page=113}}</ref><ref name="Banglabazar Patrika, Magh 30, 1399">''Banglabazar Patrika'', Magh 30, 1399 {February 12, 1993]</ref> Thus at both meetings, Jinnah was interrupted by large segments of the audience. He later called a meeting of a state language committee of action and overruled the contract that was signed by Khawaja Nazimuddin with the student leaders.<ref name="helal263" /> Before Jinnah left Dhaka on 28 March, he delivered a speech on radio reasserting his "Urdu-only" policy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|p=35}}</ref>

=== Proposal for Arabic language ===
{{See also|Arabic in Islam}}
[[Image:Mohammod Sohidullah.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Shahidullah was a central figure in the proposal to make Arabic the state language.]]
[[Muhammad Shahidullah]] believed that Bengalis could learn Urdu at the same time as learning English, he also believed that: "When Arabic becomes the state language of Pakistan, the creation of the state of Pakistan will be justified."<ref>{{cite book |last1=  Hashmi |first1=Taj |title=Fifty Years of Bangladesh, 1971–2021: Crises of Culture, Development, Governance, and Identity |date=22 April 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-97158-8 |pages=61, 75  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EWBsEAAAQBAJ&dq=bengali+written+in+arabic+script&pg=PA61 |language=en|quote=While Fazlur Rahman (1905-1966), a Central Minister from East Bengal, proposed that Bengali be written in Arabic script for the sake of Islamization of the language, Dr Muhammad Shahidullah (1884-  1969), renowned Bengali scholar and a linguist, believed that Bengalis could learn Urdu as they learned English, but he also believed that: "The day Arabic becomes the state language of Pakistan, the creation of the state of Pakistan becomes justified."  84. (Badruddin Umar, Purbo Banglar Bhasha Andolon o Tatkalin Rajniti (Language Movement & Contemporary Politics in East Bengal), Vol 1, Maula Brothers, Dhaka 1970, pp. 180, 256-9, 272.)}}</ref>  Therefore, in December 1949, he assumed the presidency of the East Pakistan Arabic Language Association, approved a draft memorandum to be submitted to the Assembly, where it was requested to government for Arabic to be made the state language of Pakistan and for the provision of 'Darse Koran' or Quran teaching in various centers and mosques of the city.<ref name=pb>{{cite book |last1=Umar |first1=Badaruddin |title= Purbo Banglar Bhasha Andolan O Totkalin Rajneeti (East Bengal's Language Movement and Contemporary Politics) |date=1970 |url=https://doc.liberationwarbangladesh.net/books/fnes/#p=301|publisher  =Ananddhara Prakashan |pages=3–5, 282–284 |access-date=8 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> On January 18, 1950, some students of [[Rajshahi College]] called a meeting to demand that Arabic be made the state language.<ref name=pb/> [[State Bank of Pakistan|3 State Bank]] Governor [[Zahid Husain (banker)|Zahid Hussain]] proposed to make Arabic the state language and this proposal was then supported by Syed Akbar Shah, member of [[Provincial Assembly of Sindh|Sindh Legislative Council]] and Vice-Chancellor of [[University of Sindh|Sindh Arabic University]].<ref name=pb/> On 1 February 1951 at the session of the World Muslim Conference in Karachi, the leader of the Ismaili community [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]] said, if Arabic is made the state language of Pakistan, common communication will be established between the Muslims of the Arab world, North Africa and Indonesia.<ref name=pb/> On February 10, 1951, the Secretary of the Pakistan Buddhist League, Rabindranath Burmi, issued a statement opposing these proposals in favour of Urdu instead of Arabic as state language.<ref name=pb/> These proposals to make Arabic the state language did not gain much support in any part of Pakistan.<ref name  =pb/> However, according to Badruddin Umar, as this demand was related to the question of development of Islamic culture, it indirectly supported the demand of the introduction of Arabic script in Bengali language to some extent in some groups.<ref name=pb/>

===Proposal by Language Committee===
[[File:MohammadAkramKhan.jpg|thumb|East Bengal Language Committee headed by [[Muhammad Akram Khan]] recommended writing Bengali through Arabic characters.]]
Shortly thereafter, the East Bengal Language Committee, presided by [[Mohammad Akram Khan|Maulana Akram Khan]], was formed by the East Bengal government to prepare a report on the language problem.<ref name="ciil-ebooks.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/benling/chapter4.html |title=Chapter 4: Other Activities |last=Mandal |first=Ranita |date=24 June 2002 |work=Muhammad Shahidullah & His Contribution To Bengali Linguistics |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, India |access-date=23 June 2007}}</ref>

At 1949, Language Committee of the East-Bengal Government conducted a survey among teachers, intellectuals, high civil servants, members of the Legislative Council, according to which, out of 301 respondents, 96 favoured the introduction of the Arabic script, 18 the Roman script and 187 gave opinion in favour of the retention of the Bengali script. Besides, many people did not give any answer.<ref name=BAH/>

The committee produced its report by 6 December 1950; but it was not published before 1958.  Here an effective measure was proposed by the government to solve the language problem, where they recommended writing Bengali through Arabic characters.{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}}<ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}} [[Daily Azad]], 24 May 1950</ref>

==Events of 1952==
[[Image:4th Feb 1952 NobabPureRoad.jpg|thumb|Procession march held on 4 February 1952 at Nawabpur Road, Dhaka]]
[[Image:1952 Bengali Language movement.jpg|thumb|Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in [[Dhaka]]]]
The Urdu-Bengali controversy was reignited when Liaqat Ali Khan's successor, Prime Minister [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], staunchly defended the "Urdu-only" policy in a speech on 27 January 1952.<ref name="helal263" /> On 31 January, the ''[[Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod]]'' (All-Party Central Language Action Committee) was formed in a meeting at the Bar Library Hall of the University of Dhaka, chaired by [[Maulana Bhashani]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|pp=192–193}}</ref> The central government's proposal of writing the Bengali language in [[Arabic script]] by Pakistan's Bengali education minister [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] was vehemently opposed at the meeting. The action committee called for an all out protest on 21 February, including strikes and rallies.<ref name="helal263" /> In an attempt to prevent the demonstration, the provincial government of chief minister Nurul Amin, imposed [[Section 144]] in Dhaka, thereby banning any gathering.<ref name="Banglapedia"/>

According to the earlier decision, students of Dhaka University and other educational institutions gathered at Dhaka University premises on February 4.  The rally protested the proposal to write Bengali in Arabic script and demanded Bengali as the state language.  The students took out a huge demonstration after their assembly.<ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}} [[Daily Azad]], February 5, 1952, p 3</ref><!-- this is not a citation; Daily Azad is the publisher, this lacks an article title -->

On February 11, 1952, a long circular (No. 10) titled 'Rashtra Bhashar Andolan' was promoted to the Secretariat of the Bengali Provincial Organizing Committee before the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]'. In this circular, the Communist Party's statement, line, and organizational duties regarding the language movement are clearly indicated.<ref>পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি, (East Bengal language movement and contemporary politics) Volume III, Badruddin Umar, 1972, page 243</ref>

In accordance with the principles and lines of the State Language Movement laid down in Party Circular No. 10 of the East Bengal Organizing Committee of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] dated February 11, they circulated a cyclostyled manifesto on February 20, which read, "Respond to the call of the All-Union State Language Working Committee. Do strike, hartal, meeting and march across the province on 21st February to demand Bengali as one of the national languages with equal status for all languages."  This brief manifesto calls for, "English shall no longer be the official language;  Want equality of all languages of Pakistan;  [[Bengali language|Bengali]]s, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]s, [[Pathan]]s, [[Sindhis]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]]s, [[Urdu]] speakers etc. have to be given the right to get education in their own mother tongue and conduct government affairs;  We want to make Bengali language one of the national languages.  Instead of English, Urdu, Bengali - the movement to give equal status to all languages in the state.  English made English as the state language in order to continue the imperialist and feudal system of exploitation while keeping the various linguistic communities of Pak-India backward.  The League government also adopted English as the state language for the same purpose;  has kept and wants to make the only child the state language.  Making one language the state language will leave the various linguistic communities of Pakistan backward and will hinder the overall development of Pakistan.  Therefore, all the Bengali, Punjabi, Pathan, Siddhi, Belche, Urdu speaking nations of Pakistan should come together in the movement to give equal status to the different languages of Pakistan and make them the state language."<ref>পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি, (East Bengal language movement and contemporary politics) Volume III, Badruddin Umar, 1972, page 251-252</ref>

===21 February===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Meeting at Amtala on Ekushey February.JPG|thumb|Meeting on the University of Dhaka premises on 21 February 1952]] -->
At nine o'clock in the morning, students began gathering on the University of Dhaka premises in defiance of Section 144. The university vice-chancellor and other officials were present as armed police surrounded the campus. By a quarter past eleven, students gathered at the university gate and attempted to break the police line. Police fired [[tear gas]] shells towards the gate to warn the students.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> A section of students ran into the Dhaka Medical College while others rallied towards the university premises cordoned by the police. The vice-chancellor asked police to stop firing and ordered the students to leave the area. However, the police arrested several students for violating section 144 as they attempted to leave. Enraged by the arrests, the students met around the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and blocked the legislators' way, asking them to present their insistence at the assembly. When a group of students sought to storm into the building, police opened fire and killed a number of students, including [[Abdus Salam (language martyr)|Abdus Salam]], [[Rafiq Uddin Ahmed]], [[Abul Barkat]] and [[Abdul Jabbar (activist)|Abdul Jabbar]].<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{cite news
 | title =Dhaka Medical College Hostel Prangone Chatro Shomabesher Upor Policer Guliborshon. Bishwabidyalayer Tinjon Chatroshoho Char Bekti Nihoto O Shotero Bekti Ahoto
 | language =bn
 | work =The Azad
 | date =22 February 1952
 }}</ref> The Government reported that 3 people died and 69 were injured on that day.<ref>{{cite news|title=RED DANGER SEEN IN EAST PAKISTAN: Bengal Premier Foresees New Trouble, Though Recent Outbreaks Were Curbed|first=Michael|last=James|date=11 March 1952|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|112392067}}</ref> As the news of the killings spread, disorder erupted across the city. Shops, offices and public transport were shut down and a general strike began.<ref name="UStudies" /> At the assembly, six legislators including [[Manoranjan Dhar]], Boshontokumar Das, Shamsuddin Ahmed and [[Dhirendranath Datta]] requested that chief minister [[Nurul Amin]] visit wounded students in hospital and that the assembly be adjourned as a sign of mourning.<ref name="bashir377393">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=377–393}}</ref> This motion was supported by some treasury bench members including [[Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish]], Shorfuddin Ahmed, Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondokar and Mosihuddin Ahmed.<ref name="bashir377393" /> However, Nurul Amin refused the requests.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref name="bashir377393" />

On the same day, the East Bengal Organizing Committee of the [[East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|East Pakistan Communist Party]] circulated a cyclostyled manifesto entitled "To build a united East Bengal Tumdal United Movement against the barbaric killings of the tyrant [[Amin ministry|Nurul Amin government]]", calling on all institutions and the multi-lingual public of Pakistan, regardless of party affiliation.  Support is invited for the following demands:
* Leaving chair by Nazim Nurul Amin Sarkar 
* Want to make Bengali one of the national languages immediately
* We want the punishment of the killer, we want a private commission of inquiry, we want full compensation for the dead and injured.
* Seek immediate release of all political prisoners,
* Demand withdrawal of Security Act, Section 144 and all repressive laws.<ref>পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রাজনীতি, (East Bengal language movement and contemporary politics) Volume III, Badruddin Umar, 1972, page 316-317</ref>

===22 February===
Disorder spread across the province as large processions ignored [[section 144]] and condemned the actions of the police.<ref name="helal263" /> More than 30,000 people congregated at Curzon Hall in Dhaka. During the continued protests, police actions led to the death of four more people. This prompted officers and clerks from different organisations, including colleges, banks and the radio station, to boycott offices and join the procession.<ref name="UStudies" /> Protesters burned the offices of two leading pro-government news agencies, the ''Jubilee Press'' and the ''Morning News''.<ref>{{cite news
 | title =Banglake Pakistaner Onnotomo Rashtrabhasa Korar Jonno Purbobongo Babostha Porishoder Shoparesh. Shukrobar Shohorer Obosthar Aaro Obonoti: Shorkar Kortrik Shamorik Bahini Tolob. Police O Shenader Gulite Charjon Nihoto O Shotadhik Ahoto: Shatghontar Jonno Curfew Jari. Shohidder Smritir Proti Sroddha Gyaponarthay Shotosfurto Hartal Palan
 | language =bn
 | work =The Azad
 | date =23 February 1952}}</ref> Police fired on a major ''janaza'', or mourning rally, as it was passing through [[Nawabpur Road]]. The shooting killed several people including activist [[Sofiur Rahman]] and a nine-year-old boy named Ohiullah.<ref name="Banglapedia" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|p=483}}</ref>

===Continued unrest===
[[Image:22 Feb 1952 DURoad.jpg|thumb|22 February rally after ''[[Islamic funeral|janaja]]'' at Dhaka Medical College on the University Dhaka road, Dhaka]]
Through the night of 23 February, students of Dhaka Medical College worked on the construction of a ''Shaheed Smritistombho'', or Monument of Martyrs. Completed at dawn on 24 February, the monument had a handwritten note attached to it with the words ''"Shaheed Smritistombho"''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/its-true-3041 |title=Its True! |date=21 February 2015 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Inaugurated by the father of the slain activist Sofiur Rahman, the monument was destroyed on 26 February by police.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shaheed_Minar |title=Shaheed Minar |last=Rafique |first=Ahmed |website=Banglapedia |access-date=29 January 2018}}</ref> On 25 February, industrial workers in the town of [[Narayanganj]] observed a general strike.<ref>{{Harvnb|Umar|2004|p=218}}</ref> A protest followed on 29 February whose participants faced severe police beating.<ref name="umarnarayan">{{Harvnb|Umar|1979|pp=417–418}}</ref>

The government censored news reports and withheld exact casualty figures during the protests. Most pro-government media held [[Hindus]] and [[East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist)|communists]] responsible for encouraging the disorder and student unrest.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=515–523}}</ref> The families of Abul Barkat and Rafiq Uddin Ahmed tried to charge the police with murder, but the charges were dismissed by the police. On 8 April government report on the incidents failed to show any particular justification for police firings on the students.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=546–552}}</ref>

===Reaction in West Pakistan===
Although the Language Movement is considered to have laid the foundations for [[ethnic nationalism]] in many of the Bengalis of East Bengal and later East Pakistan, it also heightened the cultural animosity between the authorities of the two wings of Pakistan.<ref name="B2g" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Uddin|2006|pp=120–121}}</ref><ref name="BH">{{cite web
 |title = History of Bangladesh
 |url = http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/history.html
 |publisher = Discovery Bangladesh
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070609211143/http://www.discoverybangladesh.com/history.html
 |archive-date= 9 June 2007
 |access-date = 21 June 2007
}}</ref> In the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan, the movement was seen as a sectional uprising against Pakistani national interests.<ref name="AS">{{cite journal
 | last = Rahman | first = Tariq |author-link=Tariq Rahman |date=September 1997 | title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan | journal = Asian Survey |publisher=University of California Press
 | volume = 37 | issue = 9 | pages = 833–839 | issn = 0004-4687
 | doi = 10.2307/2645700
 | jstor=2645700}}</ref> The rejection of the "Urdu-only" policy was seen as a contravention of the [[Islamic culture|Perso-Arabic culture]] of Muslims and the founding ideology of Pakistan, the [[two-nation theory]].<ref name="B2g" /> Some of the most powerful politicians from the [[Dominion of Pakistan#Territory|western wing]] of Pakistan considered Urdu a product of Indian Islamic culture, but saw Bengali as a part of "Hinduized" Bengali culture.<ref name="JSToldenburg" /> Most stood by the "Urdu only" policy because they believed that only a single language, one that was not indigenous to Pakistan, should serve as the national language. This kind of thinking also provoked considerable opposition in the western wing, wherein there existed several linguistic groups.<ref name="JSToldenburg" /> As late as in 1967, military dictator Ayub Khan said, "East Bengal is ... still under considerable Hindu culture and influence."<ref name="JSToldenburg" />

==Aftermath==
[[File:Rally on 21Feb1954 Abdul Hamid and Bangabandhu.jpg|thumb|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (centre) and [[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani]] (left) marching barefoot to pay tribute at [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] (Martyrs' monument) in Dhaka on 21 February 1954]]
[[File:21feb1956 Shaheed Minar Dhaka.png|thumb|Maulana Bhashani after the foundation stone laying program for Shaheed Minar by Abul Barkat's family members on 21 February 1956]]
The ''Shorbodolio Kendrio Rashtrobhasha Kormi Porishod'', with support from the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]], decided to commemorate 21 February as ''Shohid Dibosh''. On the first anniversary of the protests, people across East Bengal wore black badges in solidarity with the victims. Most offices, banks and educational institutions were closed to observe the occasion. Student groups made agreements with college and police officials to preserve law and order. More than 100,000 people assembled at a public meeting held in Dhaka, where community leaders called for the immediate release of Maulana Bhashani and other political prisoners.<ref name="Banglapedia" /> However, Pakistani politicians such as [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] aggravated sectional tensions by declaring that anyone who wanted Bengali to become an official language would be considered an "enemy of the state". Bengali students and civilians disobeyed the restrictions to celebrate the anniversary of the protests. Demonstrations broke out on the night of 21 February 1954 with various halls of the University of Dhaka raising black flags in mourning.<ref>{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=594–609}}</ref>

===United Front in 1954===
Political tensions came to a held as elections to the provincial assembly of East Bengal were held in 1954. The ruling Muslim League denounced the opposition [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] coalition, which—led by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]] and the Awami League—wanted greater provincial autonomy. Several United Front leaders and activists were arrested.<ref name="Helal601603">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=600–603}}</ref> A meeting of parliament's Muslim League members, chaired by prime minister [[Muhammad Ali Bogra]], resolved to give official recognition to Bengali. This decision was followed by a major wave of unrest as other ethnic groups sought recognition of other regional languages. Proponents of Urdu such as [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]] condemned any proposal to grant official status to Bengali. He led a rally of 100,000 people to protest against the Muslim League's decision.<ref name="Pakspace">{{cite web| url = http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/chronicle/1954.htm| title = UF elections victory| work = Chronicles of Pakistan| access-date = 11 December 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120118214900/http://www.therepublicofrumi.com/chronicle/1954.htm| archive-date = 18 January 2012}}</ref> Consequently, the implementation failed and the United Front won a vast majority of seats in the legislative assembly, while the representation of the Muslim League was reduced to a historic low.<ref name="UStudies" /><ref name="Pakspace" />

The [[Third Huq ministry|First United Front ministry]] ordered the creation of the [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] to promote, develop, and preserve Bengali language, literature, and heritage.<ref name="Banglapedia2">{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |year=2012 |chapter=Bangla Academy |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Academy |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> However, the United Front rule was temporary, as [[Governor General of Pakistan|Governor General]] [[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Ghulam Muhammad]] cancelled the government and started Governor's rule on 30 May 1954.<ref name="Helal601603" /> The United Front again formed the ministry on 6 June 1955 after the governor's regime ended. The Awami League did not participate in this ministry though.<ref name="bashir608613">{{Harvnb|Al Helal|2003|pp=608–613}}</ref>

Following the return of the United Front to power, the anniversary on 21 February 1956 was observed for the first time in a peaceful atmosphere. The Government supported a major project to construct a new Shaheed Minar. The session of the constituent assembly was stopped for five minutes to express condolence for the students slain in the police shootings. Major rallies were organised by Bengali leaders and all public offices and businesses remained closed.<ref name="bashir608613" /><ref>{{cite news
 | title =Gambhirjopurno Poribeshay Shaheed Dibosh Utjapon
 | work =Weekly Notun Khobor
 | language =bn
 | date =26 February 1956}}</ref>

===Constitutional status as a state language===
[[File:Emblem of Pakistan (1954-1972).svg|thumb|[[State emblem of Pakistan]] was adopted with Bengali translation of the national motto [[Faith, Unity, Discipline]].]]
With the defeat of the Muslim League in the East Bengal assembly elections, the central government became flexible in recognising Bengali as the state language of Pakistan along with Urdu. At least a few thousand people protested in the National Assembly on April 22 against the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTANIS IN RIOT ON LANGUAGE ISSUE|date=23 April 1954|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|113105078}}</ref>

On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the Muslim League's support, to grant official status to Bengali.<ref name="Pakspace" /> Bengali was adopted as an official language of Pakistan along with Urdu in the article 214(1) when the first [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution of Pakistan]] was enacted on 29 February 1956.<ref name="bashir608613" /> [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]] raised the language related clauses of the constitution in Parliament. According to the clauses, Bengali language was given equal recognition as state language like Urdu. In Parliament and the Legislative Assembly, besides Urdu and English, there was an opportunity to speak in Bengali. The constitution also provided opportunities for higher education in Bengali.<ref>{{cite news|title=PAKISTANIS MAKE BENGALI OFFICIAL: East Zone Tongue Is Raised to Status Equal to Urdu, the Western Language|first=John|last=Callahan|date=8 May 1954|newspaper=New York Times}} {{ProQuest|112939727}}</ref>

However, the military government formed by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] made attempts to re-establish Urdu as the sole national language. On 6 January 1959, the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution's policy of two state languages.<ref name="lambert">{{cite journal
|last = Lambert |first = Richard D.
|title = Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan |journal = Far Eastern Survey |publisher= Institute of Pacific Relations |volume = 28
|issue = 4 |date=April 1959 |issn = 0362-8949 | pages =49–58
|doi = 10.2307/3024111
|jstor = 3024111}}</ref>

=== Standard Bengali Movement ===
The Bengali language movement and the banning of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s works by the central government of Pakistan led to a movement by the intellectuals of Dhaka that led to an increase in the use of [[West Bengali dialect|Central Standard Bengali]] in the city in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/dhaka-360/2017/11/15/565707|script-title=bn:ঢাকার ভাষা, ঢাকাইয়া ভাষা, নাকি অন্য ভাষা|trans-title=The language of Dhaka, the language of Dhaka, or another language|language=bn|first=Abul Hasan|last=Rubel|date=15 November 2017|access-date=28 September 2022|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]}}</ref>

===Independence of Bangladesh===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of [[West Pakistan]] at the expense of [[East Pakistan]]. Despite forming the majority of the national population, the East Pakistani population continued to be under-represented in the civil and military services, and received a minority of state funding and other government help. Due to regional economic, social, and political imbalances, sectional divisions grew,<ref>{{Harvnb|Uddin|2006|pp=120, 126}}</ref> and the Bengali ethnic nationalist Awami League invoked the [[Six point movement|6-point movement]] for greater provincial autonomy. One demand was that East Pakistan be called ''Bangladesh'' (Land/Country of Bengal), which subsequently led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="B2g" /><ref name="JSToldenburg" />

==Cultural impact and celebration==
===Bangladesh===
[[File:International Mother Language Day Celebration.PNG|thumb|right|[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]], or the Martyr's monument, located near [[Dhaka Medical College]] commemorates those who died during the protests on 21 February 1952.]]
The Language Movement had a major cultural impact on Bengali society. It has inspired the development and celebration of the Bengali language, literature and culture. 21 February, celebrated as [[Language Movement Day]] or ''Shohid Dibosh'' (Martyrs' Day), is a major national holiday in Bangladesh. A month-long event called the [[Ekushey Book Fair]] is held every year to commemorate the movement. ''[[Ekushey Padak]]'', one of the highest civilian awards in Bangladesh, is awarded annually in memory of the sacrifices of the movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Sanjida |year=2012 |chapter=National Awards |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=National_Awards |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Songs such as [[Abdul Gaffar Choudhury]]'s ''[[Ekusher Gaan]]'', set to music by Shaheed [[Altaf Mahmud]], as well as plays, works of art and poetry played a considerable role in rousing the people's emotions during the movement.<ref name="cultureimp">{{cite book |last=Aminzade |first=Ronald |author2=Douglas McAdam |author3=Charles Tilly |date=17 September 2001 |chapter=Emotions and Contentious Politics |title=Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8PNEOZRRt8C&q=bangladesh+language+movement |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge]] |page=42 |isbn=0-521-00155-2 |access-date=24 June 2007}}</ref> Since the events of February 1952, poems, songs, novels, plays, films, cartoons, and paintings were created to capture the movement from the varied point of views. Notable artistic depictions include the poems ''Bornomala, Amar Dukhini Bornomala'' and ''February 1969'' by [[Shamsur Rahman (poet)|Shamsur Rahman]], the film ''[[Jibon Theke Neya]]'' by [[Zahir Raihan]], the stage play ''Kobor'' by [[Munier Chowdhury]] and the novels ''Ekushey February'' by Raihan and ''Artonaad'' by [[Shawkat Osman]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Rafiqul |title=Amar Ekushey O Shaheed Minar |year=2000 |publisher=Poroma |location=Dhaka |language=bn |isbn=984-8245-39-1 |pages=62–85}}</ref>

Two years after the first monument was destroyed by the police, a new ''[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]]'' (Monument of Martyrs) was constructed in 1954 to commemorate the protesters who died. Work on a larger monument designed by the architect [[Hamidur Rahman (artist)|Hamidur Rahman]] began in 1957 with the support of the United Front ministry, and was approved by a planning committee chaired by [[University of Dhaka]] Vice-Chancellor [[Mahmud Husain]] and College of Fine Arts principal [[Zainul Abedin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=The Wastes of Time |date=1996 |publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture |oclc=41452432}}</ref> Hamidur Rahman's model consisted of a large complex in the yard of the Dhaka Medical College Hostel. The design included a half-circular column symbolising a mother with her martyred sons standing at the dais in the centre of the monument. Although the imposition of martial law in 1958 interrupted the work, the monument was completed and inaugurated on 21 February 1963 by [[Abul Barkat]]'s mother, Hasina Begum. Pakistani forces demolished the monument during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, but the Bangladeshi government reconstructed it in 1973.<ref>{{cite book |last=Imam |first=Jahanara |author-link=Jahanara Imam |title=Ekattorer Dingulee |year=1986 |publisher=Shondhani Prokashani |location=Dhaka |language=bn |isbn=984-480-000-5 |page=44}}</ref> [[Ekushey Television]], one of the oldest privately owned television channels in Bangladesh, was named after the date of the event.<ref name="moreover">{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Afsan|date=1999|title=Move over BTV|url=https://www.himalmag.com/more-over-btv/|newspaper=Himal Magazine|access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref>

===India===
Apart from Bangladesh, there was also a movement in the Indian state of [[Assam]] to give equal status to the Bengali language. On May 19, 1961, at [[Silchar railway station]], 11 Bengalis were martyred by police firing while demanding the recognition of Bengali as a state language. Later, Bengali was granted the status of a semi-official language in three districts of Assam where the Bengali-speaking population is predominant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Gautam |date=2008-03-20 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} Jharkhand {{!}} Court route for language status |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/jharkhand/story_9294570.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118171741/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080520/jsp/jharkhand/story_9294570.jsp |archive-date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2012-01-18 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]] in India celebrate 21 February as Language Movement Day.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-21|title=Tripura, Bangladesh celebrate international mother language day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/tripura-bangladesh-celebrate-international-mother-language-day/articleshow/11981174.cms |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-21 |title=This day, that year: When they gave away their lives for mother tongue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/blogs/this-day-that-year-when-they-gave-away-their-lives-for-mother-tongue/ |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Worldwide: International Mother Language Day===
Bangladesh officially sent a proposal to UNESCO to declare 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]]. The proposal was supported unanimously at the 30th General Conference of UNESCO held on 17 November 1999.<ref name="UN1">{{cite web|url=http://www.pmo.gov.bd/21february/imld_back.htm|title=International Mother Language Day – Background and Adoption of the Resolution|work=Government of Bangladesh|access-date = 21 June 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070520205804/http://www.pmo.gov.bd/21february/imld_back.htm| archive-date=20 May 2007}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Bengali language activists|Bengali language activists]]
* [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)]]
* [[Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)]]
* [[Tamaddun Majlish]]
* [[Women in the Bengali language movement]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
* {{Cite book | last = Al Helal | first = B | author-link = Bashir Al Helal | year = 2003 | title = Bhasha Andoloner Itihas (History of the Language Movement) | publisher = [[Agamee Prakashani]], Dhaka | isbn = 984-401-523-5 | language = bn}}
* {{Cite book | last = Umar | first = Badruddin | author-link= Badruddin Umar| year = 1979 | script-title = bn:পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তৎকালীন রজনীতি | title = Purbo-Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265835 | location = Dhaka | publisher = Agamee Prakashani | language = bn}}
* {{Cite book | last = Umar | first = Badruddin | year = 2004 | title = The Emergence of Bangladesh: Class Struggles in East Pakistan (1947–1958) | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-579571-7}}
* {{Cite book | last = Uddin | first = Sufia M. | year = 2006 | title = Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation | publisher = The University of North Carolina Press | place = Chapel Hill | isbn = 0-8078-3021-6}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author = Anwar S. Dil | title = Bengali language movement to Bangladesh | publisher = Ferozsons | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-969-0-01577-8}}
* {{cite book | author = Robert S. Stern | title = Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh | publisher = Praeger Publishers | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-275-97041-3}}
* {{cite book | author = Syed Manzoorul Islam | title = Essays on Ekushey: The Language Movement 1952 | publisher = [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] | year = 1994 | isbn = 984-07-2968-3}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|Language movement}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002011317/https://mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/bengali_heritage/bangla_language_movement.htm Notable Contributors to the Language Movement]
* [http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/Articles/fatemolla/makers_of_history.htm The Makers of History: International Mother Language Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015213851/http://www.mukto-mona.com/new_site/mukto-mona/Articles/fatemolla/makers_of_history.htm |date=15 October 2016 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement Language movement at Banglapedia]
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[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]
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