View source for Bedug

{{Short description|Large double-headed drum}}
{{Infobox instrument|image = Bedug at Istiqlal Mosque.jpg|caption = A ''bedug'' in [[Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta|Istiqlal mosque]], [[Jakarta]].|background = percussion|classification = [[Membranophone]]|name = |hornbostel_sachs = 211.212.1|hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Cylindrical drum]]|developed = [[Nusantara (archipelago)|maritime Southeast Asia]]|names = Beduk, Bedhug}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Model van een Sundanees islamitisch bedehuis TMnr H-247-7.jpg|thumb|Model of a [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] [[mosque]] with ''bedug'' hung horizontally at lower right, front part of the building. To its left a [[slit drum]] is hung vertically.]]
The '''''bedug'''''{{efn|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]<!--see info provided from official regulatory board in Malaysia: https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=beduk--> {{langx|ms|beduk|italic=yes}}; {{langx|jv|bedhug|italic=yes}}; {{langx|su|dulag|italic=yes}}}} is one of the [[drum]]s used in the [[gamelan]]. It is also played in [[mosque]]s in [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Beduk|url=http://www.jkkn.gov.my/ms/beduk-1|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=National Arts and Cultural Department|publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Arts Malaysia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214101256/http://jkkn.gov.my/ms/beduk-1 |archive-date=2017-02-14 }}</ref> to signal [[Salah|prayer]] times.<ref name=rasmussen /><ref name=muhaimin /> The hitting of the instrument is particularly done according to a rhythm that goes in an increasingly rapid (or ''[[Tempo#Terms for change in tempo|accelerando]]'') pace.<ref name=":0" />

== Overview ==

A ''bedug'' is a large double-headed drum<ref name=rasmussen /> with [[water buffalo#Meat and skin products|water buffalo]] or [[cow]] [[leather]] on both ends.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=muhaimin>{{Cite book
  | last =  Muhaimin
  | first = Abdul Ghoffir  
  | title = The Islamic traditions of Cirebon: ibadat and adat among Javanese Muslims
  | publisher = ANU E Press
  | year = 2006
  | location = 
  | pages = 
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YNrreNggR1YC
  | doi = 
  | id = 
  | isbn = 978-1-920942-30-4}}</ref>

Unlike the more frequently used ''[[kendang]]'', the ''bedug'' is suspended from a frame and played with a [[percussion mallet|padded mallet]]. The ''bedug'' is as large as or larger than the largest ''kendang'' and generally has a deeper and duller sound. The drum has pegs holding the two identical heads in place, similar to the [[Japan]]ese ''[[taiko]]'', and its pitch is not adjustable.

== Usage ==
[[file:Beduk.JPG|thumb |200px|left|''Bedug'' at the [[Samarinda]] Islamic Center mosque.]]
The ''bedug'' is not used in most gamelan performances, although it is included in some [[Yogyakarta]] ''kendang'' styles. It is used in special ensembles such as the ''[[gamelan sekaten]]'', where it takes the place of the ''[[kempul]]''.<ref>Lindsay, Jennifer. ''Javanese Gamelan''. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1979. {{ISBN|0-19-580413-9}}. Page 47.</ref> In some pieces it is played along with the ''kendang'', especially to accompany [[javanese dancing|dancing]].

The ''bedug'' is commonly used in [[mosque]]s in [[Java]] among [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Sundanese people]] to precede the ''[[adhan]]'' as a sign of the  [[salat|prayer]]<ref>{{Cite book
  | last =  George
  | first = Kenneth M.  
  | title = Picturing Islam: Art and Ethics in a Muslim Lifeworld
  | publisher = John Wiley and Sons
  | year =  2010
  | location = 
  | pages = 77
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UXDXRTD8fVUC
  | doi = 
  | id = 
  | isbn =978-1-4051-2957-2}}</ref> or during [[islamic holidays|Islamic festivals]].<ref name=rasmussen>{{Cite book
  | last = Rasmussen
  | first = Anne K.  
  | title = Women, the Recited Qur'an, and Islamic Music in Indonesia
  | publisher = University of California Press
  | year = 2010
  | location = 
  | pages = 
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=59HZxqM5dCcC
  | doi = 
  | id = 
  | isbn = 978-0-520-25549-4}}</ref> For example, the sound of a ''bedug'' is used to signal the end of the day-long fast during [[Ramadan]] and sometimes it is used to signal time for [[Suhoor]] during Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.expat.or.id/info/lebaran.html|title=Celebrating the Fasting month of Ramadan and Lebaran in Indonesia|website=Expat.or.id|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> When used to signal time for [[Friday prayer]], the ''bedug'' is beaten in a different way than for ordinary prayers.<ref name=muhaimin/>

The ''bedug'' is also used to celebrate ''[[Lebaran#Takbiran|takbiran]]'', the night before [[Eid ul-Fitr]] following chants of [[takbir]].

The tradition is also known among [[Sarawak]]ian Malays who know it by the name ''teter''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 May 2021|title=Teter beduk amalan tradisi Melayu Sarawak|url=https://www.astroawani.com/video-malaysia/teter-beduk-amalan-tradisi-melayu-sarawak-1903587|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=Astro Awani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515091021/https://www.astroawani.com/video-malaysia/teter-beduk-amalan-tradisi-melayu-sarawak-1903587 |archive-date=2021-05-15 }}</ref>

Among the Muslim [[Maranao people]] of the southern Philippines, a similar and smaller drum is used for announcing prayer times, known as the ''tabu'' or ''tabo''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maranao Drum (Tabu) |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Ethno/Drum.html |website=National Museum Collections |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628163314/https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/Collections/Ethno/Drum.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Indonesia|Malaysia}}
*[[Indonesian mosques]]
*[[Islam in Indonesia]]
*[[Islam in Malaysia]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/indonesian/Budaya_Bangsa/Gamelan/Javanese_Gamelan/drums/bedug.htm NIU site on the bedug, with illustration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225003653/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/indonesian/budaya_bangsa/gamelan/Javanese_Gamelan/drums/bedug.htm |date=2020-02-25 }}
*[http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/vim/cgi-bin/instrument.cgi?id=59 Virtual Instrument Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224000550/http://learningobjects.wesleyan.edu/vim/cgi-bin/instrument.cgi?id=59 |date=2015-02-24 }}

{{Gamelan}}
{{Percussion}}
{{Indonesian musical instruments}}
{{Traditional musical instruments of Malaysia}}
{{Islam in Indonesia}}
{{Islamic architecture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Drums]]
[[Category:Gamelan instruments]]
[[Category:Malaysian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Indonesian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]


{{Membranophone-instrument-stub}}