View source for Bechuanaland Protectorate

{{Short description|British protectorate in southern Africa}}
{{About|the protectorate which became independent Botswana in 1966|the 1885&ndash;1895 British crown colony|British Bechuanaland}}
{{Lead too short|date=July 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = 
| conventional_long_name = Bechuanaland Protectorate
| common_name            = Bechuanaland
| era                    = New Imperialism
| status                 = Protectorate
| empire                 = United Kingdom
| year_start             = 1885
| year_end               = 1966
| event_start            = [[History of Botswana#Formation of the protectorate|Protectorate established]]
| date_start             = 31 March
| event_end              = [[Constitution of Botswana|Independence]]
| date_end               = 30 September
| event1                 = Expanded
| date_event1            = 1890
| event2                 = [[1965 Bechuanaland general election|General election]]
| date_event2            = 1 March 1965
| p1                     = Tswana people
| flag_p1                = 
| s1                     = Botswana
| flag_s1                = Flag of Botswana.svg
| image_flag             = Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg
| flag                   = Flag of Botswana
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Bechuanaland Protectorate.svg
| symbol_type            = 
| image_map              = SouthAfrica1885.jpg
| image_map_caption      = 1885 map showing the Bechuanaland Protectorate prior to the creation of the crown colony of [[British Bechuanaland]] and the [[Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty]]
| capital                = {{plainlist|
*[[Mafikeng]] (1885–1965) 
*[[Gaborone]] (1965–1966)}}
| national_anthem        = ''[[God Save the King|God Save the King/Queen]]''<br>{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]}}
| official_languages     = [[English language|English]]
| common_languages       = [[Tswana language|Setswana]], [[Kalanga language|IKalanga]], widely spoken
| religion               = Congregationalism (Christian mission churches of the London Missionary Society/LMS); [[Anglicanism]], [[Methodism]], [[Badimo]]
| currency               = {{plainlist|
*[[Pound sterling]] (1885–1961)
*[[South African rand]] (1961–1966)}}
| legislature            = [[Legislative Council#List of legislative councils|Legislative Council]]
| title_leader           = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]]
| leader1                = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
| year_leader1           = 1885–1901
| leader2                = [[Edward VII]]
| year_leader2           = 1901–1910
| leader3                = [[George V]]
| year_leader3           = 1910–1936
| leader4                = [[Edward VIII]]
| year_leader4           = 1936
| leader5                = [[George VI]]
| year_leader5           = 1936–1952
| leader6                = [[Elizabeth II]]
| year_leader6           = 1952–1966
| title_representative   = [[List of commissioners of Bechuanaland|commissioners]]
| title_deputy           = [[List of heads of government of Botswana|Prime Minister]]
| deputy1                = [[Seretse Khama]]
| year_deputy1           = 1965–1966
| stat_year1             = 1924
| stat_area1             = {{convert|275000|mi2|km2|-3|disp=number}}
| ref_area1              = <ref name="TheEmpirein1924" />
| stat_pop1              = 152,980
| ref_pop1               = <ref name="TheEmpirein1924">{{cite web|title=The British Empire in 1924|url=http://www.britishempire.co.uk/timeline/colonies1924.htm|website=The British Empire|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>
| today                  = [[Botswana]]<br>[[South Africa]]
| representative1        = [[John Mackenzie (missionary)|John Mackenzie]]
| year_representative1   = 1884–1885
| representative2        = [[Hugh Norman-Walker]]
| year_representative2   = 1965–1966
}}
{{History of Botswana}}
[[File:British bechuanaland 1887.jpg|thumb|right|An 1887 map showing the Crown colony of Bechuanaland (shaded pink) and the Bechuanaland Protectorate (pink border). This was prior to the extension northward to include [[Ngamiland]] in 1890.]]

The '''Bechuanaland Protectorate''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|b|ɛ|tʃ|u|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə|l|æ|n|d}}) was a [[British protectorate|protectorate]] established on 31 March 1885 in [[Southern Africa]] by the [[United Kingdom]]. It became the [[Botswana|Republic of Botswana]] on 30 September 1966.<ref>{{cite news|title=Botswana profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13041658 | publisher=BBC News | date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

==History==
Scottish missionary [[John Mackenzie (missionary)|John Mackenzie]] (1835–1899), sponsored by the [[London Missionary Society]] (LMS), lived at [[Shoshong]] from 1862 to 1876. He warned that African peoples were threatened by [[Boer|Boers]] encroaching on their territory from the south. He campaigned for the establishment of what became the Bechuanaland Protectorate, to be ruled directly from Britain.<ref>"John Mackenzie" in ''Dictionary of African Christian Biography'' (2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620025704/http://dacb.org/stories/southafrica/mackenzie_john2.html online]</ref> ''Austral Africa: Losing It or Ruling It'' (1887) is Mackenzie's account of events leading to the establishment of the protectorate. Influenced by Mackenzie, in January 1885 the British government decided to send a [[Bechuanaland Expedition|military expedition to South Africa]] to assert British sovereignty over the contested territory. [[Lieutenant Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Charles Warren|Sir Charles Warren]] (1840–1927) led a force of 4,000 Imperial troops north from [[Cape Town]]. After making treaties with several African chiefs, Colonel Warren announced the establishment of the protectorate in March 1885.<ref>Former deputy attorney-general Tendekani Malebeswa paints a different picture: "The imposition of a protectorate in 1885 by the British was a purely unilateral act to secure their own interests, and it was not in direct response to any request made by any person in what later became Bechuanaland Protectorate. On the contrary, evidence shows that Chiefs Bathoen I of Bangwaketse and Sechele I of Bakwena were sceptical about the protection, whilst Chief Khama III of Bangwato was most receptive to the idea (Morton and Ramsay). ... Warren informed Chiefs Bathoen of Bangwaketse, Khama of Bangwato and Sebele of Bakwena about the protection in May 1885 (Mogalakwe, 2006)." (from T. E. Malebeswa (2020): ''Tribal Territories Act, indirect rule, chiefs and subjects'')</ref> In September that year the Tswana country south of the Molopo River was proclaimed the Crown colony of [[British Bechuanaland]]. Mackenzie accompanied Warren, and ''Austral Africa'' contains a detailed account of the expedition.<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington
| via = World Digital Library
| last = Mackenzie
| first = John
| title = Austral Africa: Losing It or Ruling It; Being Incidents and Experiences in Bechuanaland, Cape Colony, and England
| location = London
| access-date = 19 June 2014
| date = 1887
| url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2525
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145903/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2525/
| archive-date = 12 April 2018
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Bechuanaland meant the "country of the [[Tswana people|Tswana]]" (from an archaic form of ''[[Tswana people|Batswana]]'' plus ''-land'') and for administrative purposes was divided into two political entities. The northern part was administered as the Bechuanaland Protectorate and the southern part was administered as the [[crown colony]] of [[British Bechuanaland]]. British Bechuanaland was incorporated into the [[Cape Colony]] in 1895 and now forms part of South Africa.<ref name="Morton">{{Cite book|editor1-last=Morton |editor1-first=Fred |editor2-last=Ramsay |editor2-first=Jeff |year=1987 |title=The Birth of Botswana: A history of the Bechuanaland Protectorate from 1910 to 1966 |location=Gaborone, Botswana |publisher=Longman Botswana  |isbn=978-0-582-00584-6}}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2021}}

The northern part, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, had an area of {{convert|225000|sqmi|km2}}, and a population of 120,776. It comprised an area occupied by the three main Tswana peoples: the [[Bamangwato]], the [[Bakwena]] and the [[Bangwaketse]], together with a number of minor tribes like the [[Bamalete]] and the Bakhatla. Also living in the Protectorate were the descendants of the original inhabitants of the area, such as [[Bushmen]] and [[Makalaka]], who had been dispossessed by the Tswana peoples in the course of their migration south.<ref>Peters (1947), p. 1</ref>

The British government originally expected to turn over the administration of the protectorate to [[Company rule in Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] or South Africa, but Tswana opposition left the protectorate under British rule until its independence in 1966.

The Bechuanaland Protectorate was technically a [[protectorate]] rather than a colony. Originally the local Tswana rulers were left in power, and British administration was limited to the police force to protect Bechuanaland's borders against other European colonial ventures. But on 9 May 1891 the British Government gave the administration of the protectorate to the [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]], who started to appoint officials in Bechuanaland, and the ''de facto'' independence of Bechuanaland ended.<ref>{{harvnb|Morton|Ramsay|1987|page=needed}}</ref>

The protectorate was administered from [[Mahikeng|Mafeking]], creating an unusual situation, the capital of the territory being located outside of the territory. The area of Mafeking (from 1980 with the incorporation into [[Bophuthatswana]] Mafikeng, since 2010 [[Mahikeng]]), was called 'The Imperial Reserve'. In 1885, when the protectorate was declared, Bechuanaland was bounded to the north by the latitude of [[22nd parallel south|22° south]].<ref>"This northern limit of the Bechuanaland Protectorate was an arbitrary one, fixed without survey on the spot, and the northernmost Bechuana chief, Khama, claimed actual and potential jurisdiction far beyond it. A disputed northern boundary is one of the features of early Protectorate history. Also excluded from the Protectorate by definition in 1885 was the branch of the Tswana people living round Lake Ngami." (Peters (1947), p. 1)</ref> The northern boundary of the protectorate was formally extended northward by the British to include [[Ngamiland]], which was then dominated by the [[Rulers of baTawana|Tawana]] state, on 30 June 1890.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Builders of Botswana: The Northern Border |date=8 March 2002 |newspaper=Daily News |location=Botswana |url=http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20020308 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020419180253/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20020308 |archive-date=19 April 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This claim was formally recognised by Germany the following day by Article III of the [[Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty]], which confirmed the western boundary of the British protectorate of Bechuanaland and the German protectorate of [[German South-West Africa|South-West Africa]] and also created the [[Caprivi strip]] inherited by modern [[Namibia]]:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglo-German Treaty [Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty] (July 1, 1890) |work=German History in Documents and Images, Volume 5. Wilhelmine Germany and the First World War, 1890-1918 |publisher=German Historical Institute |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf }}</ref>

<blockquote> 
In Southwest Africa, Germany's sphere of influence is demarcated thus:

# To the south by the line that commences at the mouth of the [[Orange River]] and continues up its northern bank to its intersection point with the [[20th meridian east|20° east]] [[longitude]].
# To the east by the line that commences at the aforementioned point and follows the 20th degree of east longitude to its intersection point with the [[22nd parallel south|22° south]] [[latitude]]. The line then traces this degree of latitude eastward to its intersection with the [[21st meridian east|21° east]] longitude, follows this degree of longitude northward to its intersection with the [[18th parallel south|18° south]] latitude, runs along this degree of latitude eastward to its intersection with the [[Chobe River]]. Here it descends the [[thalweg]] of the main channel until it meets the [[Zambezi]], where it ends. It is understood that under this arrangement Germany shall be granted free access from its protectorate to the Zambezi by means of a strip of land not less than twenty English miles wide at any point. Great Britain's sphere of influence is bounded to the west and northwest by the previously described line and includes [[Lake Ngami]].
</blockquote>

British officials did not arrive in the Ngamiland region until 1894.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Builders of Botswana |date=7 September 2001 |newspaper=Daily News |location=Botswana |url=http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20010907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020224094916/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20010907 |archive-date=24 February 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Tati Concessions Land|Tati Concessions Land Act]] of 21 January 1911 transferred the new eastern territory to the protectorate:
<blockquote>From the place where the [[Shashe River]] rises to its junction with the [[Tati River|Tati]] and [[Ramokgwebana River]]s, thence along the [[Ramokgwebana River]] to where it rises and thence along the watershed of those rivers,
</blockquote>
This territory was originally claimed by [[Matabeleland]]. In 1887 Samuel Edwards, working for [[Cecil Rhodes]], obtained a mining concession, and in 1895 the [[British South Africa Company]] attempted to acquire the area, but the Tswana chiefs [[Bathoen I]], [[Khama III]] and [[Sebele I]] visited London to protest and were successful in fending off the BSAC. This territory forms the modern [[North-East District (Botswana)|North-East District]] of Botswana.

Furthermore, Southern Bechuanaland was heavily affected by the [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic]] which temporarily damaged the economy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marquardt |first=Gary |date=2017-03-04 |title=Building a Perfect Pest: Environment, People, Conflict and the Creation of a Rinderpest Epizootic in Southern Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2017.1291162 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=349–363 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2017.1291162 |issn=0305-7070|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Politics==
The proclamation of a protectorate flanked by a new Crown colony to the south (British Bechuanaland) were primarily intended as safeguards against further expansion by Germany, Portugal, or Boers.<ref>"Germany established its presence in Namibia in 1884. This worried the British, as any further German expansion to the east would hinder the growth of British trade.&nbsp;... in The declaration of a Protectorate, apart from preserving trade corridors into the African hinterland, was being used by the British to stop the expansion of Germany which was already also present in Tanganyika, as well as Portugal in Angola and Mozambique." (T. E. Malebeswa (2020): ''Tribal Territories Act, indirect rule, chiefs and subjects'')</ref>

Contrary to what was reported at the time by Warren and others, not all chiefs affected by the protectorate were in favour of it.<ref>"On the contrary, evidence shows that Chiefs Bathoen I of Bangwaketse and Sechele I of Bakwena were sceptical about the protection, whilst Chief Khama III of Bangwato was most receptive to the idea (Morton and Ramsay) ... Sechele's tribe proved by no means unanimous in welcoming the Protectorate. Sebele, the eldest son of the chief, protested against their country being taken from them without their consent." (T. E. Malebeswa (2020): ''Tribal Territories Act, indirect rule, chiefs and subjects'')</ref> The most powerful ruler was King [[Khama III]], who had strong support from the British government, and was especially popular among evangelicals in Britain. He collaborated closely with the British military, and kept his vast, but underpopulated lands independent from intruders from South Africa.<ref>J. Mutero Chirenje, ''Chief Kgama and his times c. 1835–1923: the story of a Southern African ruler'' (1978).</ref>

Khama's eldest son, [[Sekgoma II]], became chief of the Bamangwato upon Khama's death in 1923. Sekgoma II's eldest son was named [[Seretse Khama|Seretse]]. Throughout his life Khama was widowed and remarried several times. One wife, [[Semane Setlhoko Khama|Semane]], gave birth to a son named [[Tshekedi Khama|Tshekedi]].<ref name="Jr.Akyeampong2012">{{cite book|author1=Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.|author2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong|author3=Mr. Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA355|year=2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|page=355}}</ref>

[[Sekgoma II]]'s reign lasted only a year or so, leaving his son Seretse, who at the time was an infant, as the rightful heir to the chieftainship (Tshekedi was not in line to be chief since he did not descend from Khama's oldest son Sekgoma II).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morton|first1=Barry|last2=Ramsay|first2=Jeff|title=Historical dictionary of Botswana|date=13 June 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538111338|page=245}}</ref> So in keeping with tradition, Tshekedi acted as regent of the tribe until Seretse was old enough to assume the chieftainship. The transfer of responsibility from Tshekedi to Seretse was planned to occur after Seretse had returned from his law studies overseas in Britain.

Tshekedi's regency as acting chief of the [[Bamangwato]] is best remembered for his expansion of the ''mephato'' (regiments) to build primary schools, grain silos, and [[water supply network|water reticulation]] systems, for his frequent confrontations with the British colonial authorities over the administration of justice in [[Ngwato]] country, and for his efforts to deal with a major split in the tribe after Seretse married a white woman, [[Ruth Williams Khama|Ruth Williams]], while studying law in Britain.

Tshekedi opposed the marriage on the grounds that under Tswana custom a chief could not marry simply as he pleased. He was a servant of the people; the chieftaincy itself was at stake.<ref>{{Citation|author=Harragin|display-authors=et al |title=Report of the judicial enquiry Re Seretse Khama of the Bamangwato tribe |journal=Botswana Notes and Records |date=1 December 1949 |volume=17 |pages=53–64 |jstor=40979736 }}</ref> Seretse would not budge in his desire to marry Ruth, and he did, while exiled in Britain in 1948. Tribal opinion about the marriage basically split evenly along demographic lines – older people went with Tshekedi, the younger with Seretse. In the end, British authorities exiled both men (Tshekedi from the Bamangwato territory, Seretse from the Protectorate altogether). Rioting broke out and a number of people were killed.

Seretse and Ruth were allowed to return to the Protectorate and Seretse and Tshekedi were able to patch things up a bit between themselves. By now though, Seretse saw his destiny not as chief of the [[Bamangwato]] tribe, but rather as leader of the [[Botswana Democratic Party]] and as President of the soon-to-be independent nation of Botswana in 1966. He would remain Botswana's president until his death from pancreatic cancer in 1980. The story of Seretse and Ruth forms the basis of the 2016 film ''[[A United Kingdom]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=A United Kingdom|url=http://film.britishcouncil.org/a-united-kingdom|website=Film|publisher=British Council|access-date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

===Elections===
*[[1930 Bechuanaland European Advisory Council election]]
*[[1933 Bechuanaland European Advisory Council election]]
*[[1961 Bechuanaland general election]]
*[[1965 Bechuanaland general election]]

==Office holders==
===High commissioners and resident commissioners===
{{Further|High Commissioner for Southern Africa|List of commissioners of Bechuanaland}}
[[File:Flag of the High Commissioner for Southern Africa (1931–1968).svg|thumb|right|Flag of the High Commissioner for Southern Africa]]
The Bechuanaland Protectorate was one of the "[[High Commissioner for Southern Africa|High Commission Territories]]", the others being [[Basutoland]] (now [[Lesotho]]) and [[Swaziland]] (now [[Eswatini]]). The [[High Commissioner]] had some of the functions of a governor, but the major tribes were self-governing, and the protectorate was not a British possession, so was not available for white settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Morton|first1=Barry|last2=Ramsay|first2=Jeff|title=Historical dictionary of Botswana|date=13 June 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538111338|page=237}}</ref> The office was first held by the [[Governor of the Cape Colony]], then by the [[Governor-General of South Africa]], then by the [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]] until independence. In each of the three territories, the administration of Britain's responsibilities was headed by a [[Resident Commissioner]] with some of the functions of a Governor but less authority.<ref>Morton and Ramsay (2018), p. 249</ref>

===Chief Justice===
The Chief Justice was the Chief Justice of the High Commission Territories (Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/colad/coloff.htm| title=Bechuanaland Colonial Administrators c.1884-c.1965|access-date= 27 February 2016}}</ref> From 1951 the Chief Justices were:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
!rowspan="2"|Incumbent
!colspan="2"|Tenure
|-
!Took office
!Left office
|-
|[[Walter Harragin|Sir Walter Harragin]]
|1951
|1952
|-
|[[Harold Curwen Willan]]
|1952
|1956
|-
|[[Herbert Cox (judge)|Sir Herbert Cox]]
|1957
|?
|-
|[[Peter Watkin-Williams]]
|1961
|1964
|}

===Prime minister===
{{Main|List of heads of government of Botswana}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! style="width:80px;"| Picture
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Elected
! Took office
! Left office
! Political Party
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Botswana Democratic Party}}; color:white;"| 1
| [[File:Seretse Khama.png|80px]]
| '''[[Seretse Khama]]'''<br />{{small|(1921–1980)}}
| [[1965 Bechuanaland general election|1965]]
| 3 March 1965 || 30 September 1966
| [[Botswana Democratic Party|BDP]]
|-
|}

== Postage stamps ==<!-- This section is linked from [[List of entities that have issued postage stamps (A - E)]] -->
{{Main|Postage stamps and postal history of Bechuanaland Protectorate}}
Bechuanaland postage stamps were issued from 1888 to 1966. [[Overprint]]ed stamps were issued until 1932, when the first stamps inscribed "Bechuanaland Protectorate" were issued. On 14 February 1961 the [[South African rand]] was introduced, necessitating the surcharging of the existing definitive stamps until new ones were issued.

===Gallery of postage stamps===
<gallery heights="100px" mode="packed" caption="Postage stamps pictures">
1960_6d_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_stamp.jpg
Stamp_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_1897_1p.jpg
Stamp_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_1938_6p.jpg
Cover_Bechuanaland_Protectorate_1947_Royal_Visit.jpg
1953 Coronation Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg
</gallery>

==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> 
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
*[[Paul Jousse]] (died 1945), South African white trader
*[[Khama III]] (c. 1837 – 1923), [[Kgosi]] (meaning king) of the Bangwato people
*[[Sebele I]], (c. 1841 – 1911), Kgosi of the [[Kwena]]
*[[Bathoen I]], (c. 1845 – 1910), Kgosi of the [[Ngwaketse]]
*[[Seretse Khama]], (1921 – 1980) Kgosi of the Bangwato and first President of Botswana
*[[Leetile Disang Raditladi]], (1910 – 1971) playwright, poet and journalist

==See also==
*[[History of Botswana]]
*[[British Bechuanaland]], the area south of the Molopo River, now part of South Africa.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Tlou |first1=Thomas |author-link1=Thomas Tlou |last2=Campbell |first2=Alexander C. |author-link2=Alec Campbell (archaeologist) |year=1997 |title=History of Botswana |edition=second |location=Gaborone, Botswana |publisher=MacMillan Botswana |isbn=978-99912-78-08-7}}
* Harrigan, Walter et al. ''Report of the judicial enquiry Re Seretse Khama of the Bamangwato tribe'' (1 December 1949), reproduced in ''Botswana Notes and Records'', Vol 17 (1985), pp. 53–64.
* {{cite journal|last1=Mogalakwe|first1=Monageng|title=How Britain underdeveloped Bechuanaland protectorate: a brief critique of the political economy of colonial Botswana|journal=Africa Development|date=2006|volume=XXXI|issue=1|pages=66–88|url=https://ubrisa.ub.bw/bitstream/handle/10311/652/Mogalakwe_AD_2006.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|publisher=Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|issn=0850-3907}}
* {{cite book|last1=Morton|first1=Barry|last2=Ramsay|first2=Jeff|title=Historical dictionary of Botswana|date=13 June 2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538111338}}
* Parsons, Neil (1983). ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/A_New_History_of_Southern_Africa.html?id=OwAOAQAAMAAJ A New History of Southern Africa]''. College Press (University of Michigan). {{isbn|9780841908765}}
* {{cite book|last1=Peters|first1=Margaret T.|title=The British government and the Bechuanaland Protectorate 1885–1895|date=1947|url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/23566/1/Peters_Margaret_T_British_1947.pdf}} Thesis presented for the degree of Master of Arts, University of Cape Town.

== External links ==
[[File:Bbp.jpg|right|thumb|135px|A rare Bechuanaland Border Police canteen token]]
*[http://www.tokencoins.com/zar05a.htm Bechuana Canteen Token Coin]
*[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm History of Botswana]
*[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/colad/coloff.htm List of Bechuanaland Colonial Administrators]
*[http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/botbib.htm Bibliography for Botswana History]
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Botswana/British-protectorate Botswana – British protectorate] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
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**{{Cite Nuttall|title=Bechuana-land|short=x |noicon=x}}
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**{{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Bechuanaland|noicon=x}}
**{{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Bechuanaland Protectorate, The|short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Bechuanaland|short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Bechuanaland  |noicon=x}}
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}}

{{Botswana topics}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|-24|25|type:country_source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Bechuanaland Protectorate| ]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Africa]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1885]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1966]]
[[Category:1885 in Bechuanaland Protectorate|*]]
[[Category:1966 in Botswana|*]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:1966 disestablishments in Africa]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1966 disestablishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century establishments in Bechuanaland Protectorate]]
[[Category:19th century in South Africa]]
[[Category:20th century in South Africa]]
[[Category:20th century in Botswana]]