View source for Battles of Stockach and Engen

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Battles of Stockach and Engen
| image       = Combat de Stockach, 3 mai 1800.jpg
| image_size  = 280px
| caption     = ''Combat of Stockach, 3 May 1800''<br>by [[Félix Philippoteaux]], 1838
| partof      = [[Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars|the campaigns of 1800]] in the [[War of the Second Coalition]]
| date        = 3 May 1800
| place       = [[Stockach]] and [[Engen, Germany]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|47|51|10|N|08|46|17|E}}
| result      = French victory
* Engen: Draw
* Stockach: French victory
| combatant1  = {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[First French Republic|France]]
| combatant2  = {{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]]
| commander1  = '''Engen:'''<br />{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Jean Victor Moreau]]<br />'''Stockach:'''<br />{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Claude Lecourbe]]
| commander2  = '''Engen:'''<br />{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Paul Kray]]<br />'''Stockach:'''<br />{{flagicon|Habsburg Monarchy}} [[Joseph Louis, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudémont|Prince of Vaudémont]]
| strength1   = 84,000{{sfnp|Smith|1998|p=181}}{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=352}}
| strength2   = 72,000{{sfnp|Smith|1998|p=181}}{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=352}}
| casualties1 = Total per Smith:{{sfnp|Smith|1998|p=181}}<br>3,000 killed, wounded<br>and missing<br><br>Total per Bodart:{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=352}}<br>3,000 casualties
| casualties2 = Total per Smith:{{sfnp|Smith|1998|p=181}}<br>397 killed<br>718 captured<br><br>Total per Le Spectateur militaire:{{sfnp|Le Spectateur militaire|1836|p=571}} <br> 1,147 killed<br>1,884 wounded<br>3,862 captured<br><br>Total per Bodart:{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=352}}<br>3,000 killed or wounded<br>4,000 captured
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Coalition}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|48|13}}
|  zoom = 5
|   float = right
|    nolabels = 1
|     width = 304
|     height = 160
| title = [[War of the Second Coalition]]:<br>
Austria
| caption = The color black indicates the current battle.

| shapeD = n-circle
| shape-colorD = dark blue
| label-colorD = dark blue
| shape-outlineD = white
| label-sizeD = 12
| label-posD = left
| label-offset-xD = 0
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| label1 =
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|47.95|9.38}}
| mark-title1 = [[Battle of Ostrach]] from 20 to 21 March 1799

| label2 =
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|47.24|9.6}}
| mark-title2 = [[Battle of Feldkirch]] on 23 March 1799

| label3 =
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|47.85|9}}
| mark-title3 = [[Battle of Stockach (1799)]] on 25 March 1799<br>Battle of Stockach (1800) on 3 May 1800
| shape-color3 = black
| label-color3 = black

| label4 =
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|47.55|8.9}}
| mark-title4 = [[Battle of Frauenfeld]] on 25 May 1799

| label5 =
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|47.5|8.75}}
| mark-title5 = [[Battle of Winterthur]] on 27 May 1799

| label6 = Zurich
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|47.37|8.55}}
| mark-title6 = [[First Battle of Zurich]] on 7 June 1799<br>[[Second Battle of Zurich]] from 25 to 26 September 1799

| label7 =
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|46.78|8.67}}
| mark-title7 = [[Battle of Amsteg]] from 14 to 16 August 1799

| label8 =
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|49.49|8.47}}
| mark-title8 = [[Battle of Mannheim (1799)]] on 18 September 1799

| label9 =
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|46.56|8.57}}
| mark-title9 = [[Battle of Gotthard Pass]] from 24 to 26 September 1799

| label10 =
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|49.29|8.67}}
| mark-title10 = [[Battle of Wiesloch (1799)]] on 3 December 1799

| label11 =
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|47.99|9.11}}
| mark-title11 = [[Battle of Messkirch]] from 4 to 5 May 1800

| label12 =
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|48|9.01}}
| mark-title12 = [[Battle of Biberach (1800)]] on 9 May 1800

| label13 =
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|48.6|10.55}}
| mark-title13 = [[Battle of Höchstädt (1800)]] on 19 June 1800

| label14 =
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|48.72|11.08}}
| mark-title14 = [[Battle of Neuburg (1800)]] on 27 June 1800

| label15 =
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|48.27|12.42}}
| mark-title15 = [[Battle of Ampfing (1800)]] on 1 December 1800

| label16 =
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|48.16|12}}
| mark-title16 = [[Battle of Hohenlinden]] on 3 December 1800
}}
[[File:Battles of Engen and Stockach (Ch. L. F. Panckoucke, 1819).png|thumb|right|''Battles of Engen and Stockach'' ([[Charles-Louis-Fleury Panckoucke|Ch. L. F. Panckoucke]], 1819)]]

The '''Battles of Stockach and Engen''' were fought on 3 May 1800 between the army of the [[First French Republic]] under [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]] and the army of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] led by [[Paul Kray]]. The fighting near [[Engen, Germany|Engen]] resulted in a stalemate. However, while the two main armies were engaged at Engen, [[Claude Lecourbe]] captured [[Stockach]] from its Austrian defenders (the latter commanded by [[Joseph Louis, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudémont]]). The loss of his main supply base at Stockach compelled Kray to order a retreat. Stockach is located near the northwestern end of [[Lake Constance]] while Engen is {{convert|20|km|mi|0}} west of Stockach. The action occurred during the [[War of the Second Coalition]], part of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]].

==Background==
''See the [[Messkirch 1800 Order of Battle]] for details of the French and Austrian armies in the campaign.''

===Plans===
At the beginning of 1800 the armies of France and the Habsburgs faced each other across the Rhine. [[Feldzeugmeister]] [[Paul Kray]] led approximately 120,000 troops. Beside his regular Austrian soldiers he led 12,000 men from the [[Electorate of Bavaria]], 6,000 troops from the [[Duchy of Württemberg]], 5,000 soldiers of low quality from the [[Archbishopric of Mainz]] and 7,000 militiamen from the [[County of Tyrol]]. Of these 25,000 men were deployed east of [[Lake Constance|Lake Constance (Bodensee)]] to protect the [[Vorarlberg]]. Kray posted his main body of 95,000 soldiers in the L-shaped angle, where the Rhine changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of [[Switzerland]] to a northward flow along the eastern border of France. Unwisely, Kray set up his main magazine at [[Stockach]], only a day's march from French-held Switzerland.{{sfnp|Arnold|2005|pp=197–199}}

[[Feldmarschall-Leutnant]] [[Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen]] commanded the 25,000 troops in the Vorarlberg which included the Tyrolese. The 40,000-man center led by Feldmarschall-Leutnant [[Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf]] was posted from Lake Constance on the east to [[Villingen]] on the west, with its forward elements along the [[Rhine]] between the lake and [[Basel]]. The right wing consisted of the 15,000 troops of Feldmarschall-Leutnant [[Michael von Kienmayer]]{{sfnp|Dodge|2011|p=218}} guarding the passes through the [[Black Forest]], 16,000 soldiers under Feldmarschall-Leutnant [[Anton Sztáray]] behind the Rhine from the [[Rench]] River north to the [[Main River]] and 8,000 men defending [[Frankfurt]]. Finally, a 20,000-strong reserve hovered near [[Stockach]]. There were garrisons in all the major fortresses and a small naval squadron on Lake Constance. In total, Kray disposed of 110,000 infantry, 25,000 cavalry, 4,000 gunners and 500 artillery pieces. In his rear was a major supply base and an entrenched camp at [[Ulm]]. The Habsburg general was able to trace one line of supply through [[Munich]] to [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]] and a second one through [[Regensburg]] to [[Bohemia]].<ref name=Dodge219>Dodge (2011), p. 219</ref>

[[General of Division]] [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]] commanded a well-equipped army of 137,000 French troops. Of these, 108,000 troops were available for field operations while the other 29,000 watched the Swiss border and held the Rhine fortresses. First Consul [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] offered a bold plan of operations based on outflanking the Austrians by a push from Switzerland, but Moreau declined to follow it. Rather, Moreau planned to cross the Rhine near [[Basel]] where the river swung to the north. A French column would distract Kray from Moreau's true intentions by crossing the Rhine from the west. Bonaparte wanted General of Division [[Claude Lecourbe]]'s corps to be detached to Italy after the initial battles, but Moreau had other plans.{{sfnp|Arnold|2005|pp=199-201}}

===French Army===
At the beginning of March, Bonaparte ordered Moreau to form his army into all-arms [[army corps]]. Accordingly, by 20 March 1800, there were four corps, with the last one serving as an army reserve.{{sfnp|Arnold|2005|pp=199-201}} The Right Wing was led by Lecourbe and included four divisions led by Generals of Division [[Dominique Vandamme]], [[Joseph Hélie Désiré Perruquet de Montrichard]], [[Jean Thomas Guillaume Lorge]] and [[Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty]]. Vandamme commanded 9,632 infantry and 540 cavalry, Montrichard supervised 6,998 infantry, Lorge had 8,238 infantry and 464 cavalry and Nansouty directed 1,500 [[grenadiers]] and 1,280 cavalry.<ref>Smith (1998), p. 177</ref> The Center was led by General of Division [[Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr]] and comprised four divisions under Generals of Division [[Michel Ney]], [[Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers]] and [[Jean Victor Tharreau]] and [[General of Brigade]] [[Nicolas Ernault des Bruslys]]. Ney had 7,270 infantry and 569 cavalry, d'Hilliers counted 8,340 infantry and 542 cavalry, Tharreau led 8,326 infantry and 611 cavalry and Bruslys directed 2,474 light infantry and 1,616 cavalry.<ref name=Smith178>Smith (1998), p. 178</ref>

The Left Wing was commanded by General of Division [[Gilles Joseph Martin Brunteau Saint-Suzanne]] and consisted of four divisions under Generals of Division [[Claude Sylvestre Colaud]], [[Joseph Souham]], [[Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand]] and [[Henri François Delaborde]]. Colaud led 2,740 infantry and 981 cavalry, Souham had 4,687 infantry and 1,394 cavalry, Legrand counted 5,286 infantry and 1,094 cavalry and Delaborde supervised 2,573 infantry and 286 cavalry. Moreau personally directed the Reserve which was made up of three infantry and one cavalry divisions led by Generals of Division [[Antoine Guillaume Delmas]], [[Antoine Richepanse]], [[Charles Leclerc de Landremont|Charles Leclerc]] and [[Jean-Joseph Ange d'Hautpoul]]. Delmas had 8,635 infantry and 1,031 cavalry, Richepanse directed 6,848 infantry and 1,187 cavalry, Leclerc commanded 6,035 infantry and 963 cavalry and d'Hautpoul counted 1,504 heavy cavalry.<ref name=Smith178/>

There were additional detached troops under Moreau's overall leadership. These included General of Division Louis-Antoine-Choin de Montchoisy's 7,715 infantry and 519 cavalry, detached to hold Switzerland. Fortresses in [[Alsace]] and along the Rhine were defended by forces under Generals of Division François Xavier Jacob Freytag, 2,935 infantry, Joseph Gilot, 750 cavalry, Alexandre Paul Guérin de Joyeuse de Chateauneuf-Randon, 3,430 infantry and 485 cavalry, Antoine Laroche Dubouscat, 3,001 infantry and 91 cavalry and [[Jean François Leval]], 5,640 infantry and 426 cavalry.<ref name=Smith178/>

==Citations==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Arnold |first=James R. |title=Marengo & Hohenlinden: Napoleon's Rise to Power |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2005 |isbn=1-84415-279-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Dodge |first=Theodore Ayrault |year=2011 |title=Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Egyptian and Syrian Campaigns and the Wars of the Second and Third Coalitions, 1798-1805 |volume=2 |location=USA |publisher=Leonaur Ltd |isbn=978-0-85706-600-8}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Lamarque |editor1-first=Jean Maximilien |editor2-last=Fririon |editor2-first=Franciois Nicolas baron |title=Le Spectateur militaire: Recueil de science, d'art et d'histoire militaires, Volume 22 |date=1836 |publisher=Bureau de Spectateur militaire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpw8AAAAYAAJ |language=French |ref={{sfnref|Le Spectateur militaire|1836|p=571}}}}
*{{cite book| last=Smith| first=Digby| year=1998 |title=The Napoleonic Wars Data Book |location=London |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=1-85367-276-9}}

==General references==
* Clausewitz, Carl von (2020). ''Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3025-7}}
* Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). ''The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3034-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Bodart |first=Gaston |year=1908 |title=Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Eo4DAAAAYAAJ/page/352/mode/1up |access-date=3 February 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

{{Sequence
| prev = [[Battle of Genola]]
| list = French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns
| curr = Battles of Stockach and Engen
| next = [[Battle of Biberach (1800)]]
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Stockach and Engen 1800}}
[[Category:Battles of the War of the Second Coalition involving Austria]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1800]]
[[Category:Konstanz (district)]]
[[Category:Military history of Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:1800 in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:1800 in France]]
[[Category:1800 in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe]]
[[Category:May 1800]]