View source for Battle of Malta

{{Short description|1283 battle part of the War of the Sicilian Vespers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{About|the Battle of Malta in 1283|other military actions on Malta|Battle of Malta (disambiguation)|and|Siege of Malta (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Malta
| partof            = [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]]
| image             = Fort Saint-Angelo de La Valette.jpg
| image_size        = 300
| caption           = The ''Castello del Mare'' (modern day ''[[Fort Saint Angelo]]''), seen from [[Valletta]]. The castle has undergone many renovations and re-modellings since the 13th century.
| date              = 8 July 1283
| place             = [[Grand Harbour]], [[Malta]]
| result            = Aragonese victory
| combatant1        = [[Crown of Aragon]]
| combatant2        = {{flag|Kingdom of Naples|1282}}
| commander1        = [[Roger of Lauria]]
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Kingdom of Naples|1282}} Guillaume Cornut{{KIA}}<br />Bartholomé Bonvin
| strength1         = 18–21 [[galley]]s<br>5,500 men
| strength2         = 19–22 galleys<br>7,800 men
| casualties1       = 300 men dead<br> 200 men injured
| casualties2       = 3,500 men dead<br> 860 men prisoners<br> 10 galleys captured<br> 2 galleys scuttled
}}
{{Campaignbox War of the Sicilian Vespers}}

The '''Battle of Malta''' took place on 8 July{{refn|group=n| There is notable confusion in the sources regarding the actual date of the naval engagement. Half the sources state the battle occurred on 8 July, while the others assert it happened on 8 June. This article follows the convention established in ''The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume VI'' – published in 1929, which establishes the month of the battle as July.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gwatkin, Henry Melville |title=The Cambridge Medieval History|publisher=Macmillan |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |year=1929 |pages= 199|volume=VI}}</ref>}} 1283 in the entrance to the [[Grand Harbour]], the principal harbour of [[Malta]], as part of the [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]]. An [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]] fleet of [[galley]]s, commanded by [[Roger of Lauria]], attacked and defeated a fleet of [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin]] galleys commanded by Guillaume Cornut and Bartholomé Bonvin.<ref>{{cite book |author=DeVries, Kelly |title=Battles of the Medieval World |year=2004 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York |isbn=0-7607-7779-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Carr, M.|title=Merchant Crusaders in the Aegean, 1291–1352 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year= 2015 |pages= 85|isbn=9781843839903}}</ref>

The Angevin ships arrived in Malta first, and proceeded to relieve the Angevin garrison, which was besieged within the walls of the ''[[Fort St. Angelo#Middle Ages|Castello del Mare]]''. The galleys were followed in close pursuit by an Aragonese fleet. Lauria drew the Angevin-Provençal fleet into a battle, and destroyed almost all of Cornut and Bonvin's vessels.<ref name="runc">{{cite book |author=Runciman, S. |title=The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9781107604742 |location=United Kingdom |page=244}}</ref> The defeat forced [[Charles I of Naples]] to postpone his plan to invade [[Sicily]].<ref name=pryor>{{cite book |author=Pryor, J.H. |editor=France, J. |title=Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages : Proceedings of a Conference Held at University of Wales, Swansea, 7th–9th July 2005 |publisher=Brill |location=United Kingdom |year=2008 |page=128 |isbn=9789004164475}}</ref>

==Background and planning==
{{Main|Kingdom of Sicily|Sicilian Vespers}}
In the mid 13th Century, the strategically important island of Malta was ruled by the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevin Kingdom of Naples and Sicily]] under [[Charles I of Anjou]]. The island had strategic and commercial importance to both the Angevin Kingdom and the competing Crown of Aragon, with both realms desiring control over the island.<ref>{{cite web |last=Luttrell |first=Anthony |title=The House of Aragon and Malta: 1282–1412 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/39804/1/JFA%2c_4%282%29_-_A7.pdf}}</ref>

In April 1282, the populace of Sicily rose in rebellion against Angevin rule in the [[Sicilian Vespers]]. After some political maneuvering, the Sicilian rebels invited [[Peter III of Aragon]] to take the Sicilian Crown. Peter landed an army on Sicily, and by October the Aragonese–Sicilian forces had expelled the remaining Angevin forces from Sicily.<ref>Schneidman, J.Lee (December 1969). "Ending the War of the Sicilian Vespers". ''Journal of Peace Research''. '''6''' (4): 335–347. {{doi|10.1177/002234336900600404}}. 
{{ISSN|0022-3433}}. {{S2CID|110273792}}.</ref>

With revolt flaring on Sicily and open war raging between Aragon and Angevin Naples, the Maltese populace rose in a general insurrection on the islands in the autumn of 1282. The revolt was bolstered by an Aragonese force led by [[Manfred de Lancia]], brother-in-law of Aragon's leading admiral, [[Roger of Lauria]]. The Aragonese were also led by Corrado I Lancia, first count of [[Caltanissetta]], and brother of Manfred.<ref name=":0">F. Xavier Hernández, ''Història militar de Catalunya''</ref> 

Facing an Aragonese army and the civil population, the Angevin garrison found themselves besieged in the ''[[Fort St Angelo|Castello del Mare]]'' in the Grand Harbour, an ancient citadel which occupied one of the headlands marking the harbour, and the castle's suburb of [[Birgu]].<ref name=":0" />

===Angevin relief force===
Knowing that control of Malta was vital to re-establishing his control over Sicily, Charles of Anjou began preparing a naval force to relieve the garrison of Malta and drive off the Aragonese. The Angevin fleet, however, had been badly attritted by the early months of the war (most notably during the evacuation of Messina and [[Battle of Nicotera]]) and so had to be replenished. Charles drew manpower from his holdings in [[Provence]], [[Narbonne]] and [[Marseille]] to rebuild his fleet{{Refn|The King bade Cornut to recruit "...men of good birth, all of Marseilles and of the coast of Provence, and not to put in a man of any other nation, but only true Provençals, and to provide them with boatswains and steersmen, and the prows should have double armament."|group=n}}, placing it under the command of Guillaume Cornut, a scion of a famous Marseillais family of mercenaries, and Bartholome Bonvin, a member of a prominent merchant family.<ref name = Mun/><ref name=":1">Mott, V. Lawrence (2009). ''The Battle of Malta, 1283: Prelude to Disaster''. 

LAccessed from: The Battle of Malta, 1283: Prelude to a Disaster – Medievalists.net</ref> The fleet was to sail to Naples to gather more ships, and then sail to relieve Malta.<ref name=":1" />

In May 1283, the twenty-five Angevin vessels arrived in Naples from Marseille, where they refreshed their men. The two admirals then set sail from Naples, with a total of about eighteen [[galley]]s,{{refn|group=n|[[Ramon Muntaner]], the Catalan chronicler, reports that twenty-two galleys set sail for the western end of Sicily, without describing their specific make-up, construction or type.<ref name = Mun/>{{primary source inline|date=June 2020}}}} eight or nine [[barque]]s,{{refn|group=n|Small galleys with about twenty-four oars}} and a ''panfilus''.{{refn|group=n|A light galley with around one hundred oars}}<ref name=":1" /> The Angevin fleet sailed around Sicily, by way of the [[Aeolian Islands]] and [[Ustica]], then off [[Trapani]] and the west end of the island. The fleet avoided the [[Strait of Messina]], which was in Aragonese hands. According to the contemporary [[Ramon Muntaner]] in his chronicle, the Angevins sent three light scouting galleys{{refn|group=n|Probably three ''sagittae'', or "''arrows''" which were small scouting vessels of up to sixteen oars}}, towards the ''Boca del Faro'', in front of the small tower of the Messina lighthouse.<ref name="Mun">[[Ramon Muntaner|Muntaner, R.]], ''Crònica'', LXXXI</ref> These three vessels were intended to monitor the Aragonese fleet and then rendezvous with the main Angevin force at Malta, but were intercepted and captured by the Aragonese, and so the Angevin admirals were not entirely aware of movements by the Aragonese fleet.<ref name=":1" />

===Aragonese response===
With its victories at Messina and Nicotera, the Aragonese fleet in Sicily had gained an early advantage in the war. Morale in the fleet was high, with the predominantly Catalan and Sicilian crews being highly motivated. When King Peter III departed for Aragon, he left a sizeable force of galleys under the command of Admiral Roger of Lauria. This fleet raided the coast of Calabria, striking the Angevin forces at several points.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Mun2">[[Ramon Muntaner|Muntaner, R.]], ''Crònica'', LXXXII</ref>[[File:Nuova cronica. f.127r.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|''[[Peter III of Aragon]] lands at [[Trapani]]'', manuscript in the [[Vatican Library]]. The king is depicted directing the landing, second from left in the upper boat, wearing the crown and a red tunic.]]

Basing the Aragonese fleet in Messina, Lauria waited for signs of Angevin activity; when news arrived (likely from fishing vessels) that an Angevin fleet had sailed from Naples, he took on fresh recruits and prepared to intercept it with a fleet of 20 galleys. On his first sailing day he made for [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]] and asked for news on the Angevin fleet. A barge had arrived from [[Gozo]] with news that the enemy fleet had already landed on Malta. The day after, the Aragonese set sail southwards for Malta, leaving Syracuse and reaching [[Capo Passero]]. After resting overnight, the Aragonese fleet set sail for the south east coast of Sicily, rather than head for Malta directly. After putting in at [[Donnalucata|Fonte di Scicli]], Lauria landed all his men to rest in [[Scicli]] to prepare themselves for the coming battle.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Mun2" />

==Battle==

As the Angevin relief fleet approached Malta, the Aragonese forces besieging the Castello retreated to the old city of Citta Notabile. The Angevin fleet under Cornut and Bonvin laid anchor in the grand harbor, beaching their galleys along [[Dockyard creek]] and stationing picket ships at the harbor's entrance.<ref name=":1" />[[File:El almirante Roger de Lauria (Diputación Provincial de Zaragoza).jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Roger of Lauria|''Admiral Roger of Lauria'']], painting by Nicolás Ruiz de Valdivia y Aguilera.]]

The Aragonese forces arrived soon{{Refn|The Angevin fleet arrived on either (depending on the un-decided date of the battle) 4 June or 4 July, with the Aragonese fleet arriving on either 7 June or 7 July.|group=n}} after the Angevin fleet. Lauria was able to discover the disposition of the Angevin fleet; according to the contemporary Muntaner Chronicle, an Aragonese ship with muffled oars snuck into the grand harbor to observe the Angevins,<ref name = Mun3>[[Ramon Muntaner|Muntaner, R.]], ''Crònica'', LXXXIII</ref> while sources note he also could have received intelligence from Aragonese scouts on land.<ref name=":1" /> 

On the morning of 8 July, Lauria maneuvered the Aragonese fleet into the grand harbor. The Aragonese admiral ordered his ships to be connected together with heavy chains—this tactic, developed by the [[Genoese navy]], prevented enemy galleys from penetrating Lauria's position, and allowed for the Aragonese to rain down a deadly hail of crossbow fire. Lauria also modified the formation so that his ships stood apart with room for their oars to be deployed, thus allowing for his fleet to advance forward as a unit.<ref name=":1" /> In a move that surprised his crews, he ordered that his fleet trumpet their arrival to the Angevins, foregoing a surprise attack. The Muntaner Chronicle speculates that Lauria wished to assert his skill as an admiral in open and chivalrous combat,<ref name="Mun3" /> while more modern sources speculate the sounding of trumpets was a ruse to draw the enemy out from their protected anchorage.<ref name=":1" />

Not wanting to be blockaded in the harbor, the Angevin fleet set sail and prepared for battle. According to a later account, the Angevin admirals received faulty intelligence from a ship they had sent to scout the Aragonese fleet, and so believed they only faced 11–12 enemy galleys.<ref name=":2">Stanton, Charles D. “Battle of Malta   (8 June 1283).” In ''Roger of Lauria (c. 1250–1305): “Admiral of Admirals,”'' NED-New edition., 147–59. Boydell & Brewer, 2019. {{doi|10.2307/j.ctvd58tqg.15}}.</ref> Bolstered by hundreds of men from the relived garrison, the Angevins now had a manpower, if not ship, advantage.<ref name=":1" /> The fleets remained relatively equally matched, with both sides having experienced crews. The Angevins, with their French-Provencal knights, had an advantage in heavy infantry, while the elite almogavars and crossbowmen in the Aragonese crews made them dangerous at range.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Mun4" /> One source notes that, while both the Angevin and Aragonese forces placed great value on the crossbow, the design of the Aragonese ships (which tended to have higher than average forecastles) granted the Aragonese crews increased protection from bolt-fire.<ref name=":1" />

The fleets advanced towards each other in the Grand Harbor, with fighting starting around daybreak. The Angevin forces launched protracted waves of missiles, mostly crossbow bolts and [[Calcium oxide|lime]], at the Aragonese, while Lauria ordered his forces to take cover on their ships and return fire only with crossbows. By midday the Angevins had run out of ammunition, and so Lauria ordered his fleet to advance. At close range, the Aragonese raked the Angevin galleys with crossbow bolts and deadly javelins, killing many of the Angevin sailors. With their crews depleted, the Angevin galleys were easily boarded, and 10 were captured, while a force of 7 further galleys under Admiral Bovin were able to skirt the Aragonese and escape the harbor. The battle ended at dusk, with the Angevin fleet scattered or in Aragonese hands.<ref name="Mun3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Des">[[Bernard Desclot|Desclot, B.]], ''Crònica de Bernat Desclot'', Cap. 41, p. 144</ref>

Angevin casualties were heavy; according to the Muntaner Chronicle, 3500 Angevins had been killed, which some modern sources speculating this number was not overly exaggerated.<ref name=":1" /> 860 Angevins were captured,<ref name="Des" /> while Muntaner claims that Admiral Cornut was killed in personal combat by Lauria.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Mun3" /> 10 Angevin galleys were captured, while a 13th century source states that, of the 7 escaped galleys, two had to be scuttled.<ref name="Des" /><ref name=":2" /> Aragonese losses were counted at three hundred dead and two hundred injured.<ref name="Mun3" /> The disproportionate casualties between the Aragonese and Angevin forces was due to Aragonese proficiency in ranged combat, coupled with high Aragonese morale and superior ship design.<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Galley.jpg|thumb|left|14th-century painting of a light [[galley]], from an icon now at the [[Byzantine and Christian Museum]] at [[Athens]]]]

==Aftermath==
[[File:Roger de Lauria. Tarragona-71.jpg|thumb|right|A statue of [[Roger of Lauria]] in [[Tarragona]], [[Spain]]. ]]

At once, the Aragonese sent an armed barge to Syracuse, to make their victory known, while ten captured Angevin galleys were added to the fleet. Lauria ordered the King's officials in the city to send runners to Messina and to the rest of the Sicily. A captured Angevin fast ship was quickly manned and sent on to Catalonia, to the King of Aragon. Passing by [[Mallorca]] and [[Barcelona]], the vessel sent a runner to inform the Aragonese court with the good news.

The Aragonese admiral gave up the King's share and his own right to the booty won by his soldiers, declaring the galleys and the Angevin prisoners to be enough. His soldiers gave Lauria their thanks, and rested for two days.

===Securing Malta===
After resting his men for two days, Lauria advanced with his banners raised on [[Mdina|the city of Malta]]. The notables pleaded with him not to do any damage, saying that the city would put itself in the keeping and the command of the King of Aragon, and that Malta would surrender to Lauria. The admiral entered the city with his troops, and received the homage of the city and the island.<ref name = Mun4>[[Ramon Muntaner|Muntaner, R.]], ''Crònica'', LXXXIV</ref> Lauria left two hundred men to secure and garrison the city against the Angevins in the ''Castello del Mare''. Lauria then briefly attempted to besiege the castle, but finding it impossible without catapults and siege equipment, he was forced to raise the siege.<ref name = Mun4/>

The notables of Malta gave Lauria one thousand ''onzas'' in jewels and precious stones, as well as enough provisions to allow a safe passage to Messina.<ref name = Mun4/> Then, Lauria set sail for [[Gozo]], attacking the island and taking its [[ravelin]]. The city surrendered immediately, and received one hundred Catalan soldiers under the same terms as Malta. The men of Gozo gave jewels to the value of five hundred ''onzas'',<ref name = Mun4/> and further provisions for the Aragonese galleys.

[[File:Palau Casades - 003 Placa Roger de LLúria.JPG|thumb|right| [[Bas-relief]] of medieval [[galley]] and sailors, in honour of [[Roger of Lauria]], on the facade of Palau Casades, [[Barcelona]].]]

Setting course for Sicily, the Aragonese fleet landed at Syracuse, and thence to [[Aci Castello|Aci]] and [[Taormina]]. The victorious fleet was celebrated at every Sicilian harbour it landed.<ref name = Mun4/>

===Consequences===
Muntaner asserts that after sharing the victory in Malta, the Aragonese and the Sicilians united themselves in the "''bonds of friendship...which is an incontestable proof of good government''."<ref name = Mun4/>

The crushing defeat forced the postponement of Angevin plans to invade [[Sicily]], established Aragonese naval tactic superiority and set the scene for the [[Battle of the Gulf of Naples]] in 1284.<ref name=pryor /> The Aragonese fleet continued to sail back northwards, and after making a demonstration off [[Naples]], and raiding the neighbouring coast, Lauria attacked and then garrisoned the islands of [[Capri]] and [[Ischia]].<ref name=runc />


==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

{{Malta topics}}
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[[Category:Naval battles of the War of the Sicilian Vespers|Malta]]
[[Category:1283 in Europe]]
[[Category:13th century in the Kingdom of Sicily]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1283|Malta]]
[[Category:Battles involving Malta|Malta]]
[[Category:Charles I of Anjou]]
[[Category:13th century in Malta]]
[[Category:13th-century massacres]]