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{{Short description|Battle between Palmyrene and Roman forces (272)}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Immae
| partof            = The [[Crisis of the Third Century]]
| image             = AurelianusPalmyra272.png
| caption           = 
| date              = 272 AD
| place             = [[Immae]], near [[Antioch]], [[Turkey]]
| coordinates       = {{WikidataCoord|display=it}}
| map_type          = Syria#Mediterranean
| map_relief        = yes
| map_size          = 
| map_marksize      = 
| map_caption       = 
| map_label         = 
| territory         = 
| result            = Roman victory
| combatant1        = [[Roman Empire]]
| combatant2        = [[Palmyrene Empire]]
| commander1        = [[Aurelian|Emperor Aurelian]]
| commander2        = [[Zenobia]]<br>[[Zabdas]]
| strength1         = 30,000–50,000 although only around 5,000–7,000 dalmatian, mauritanian, equites, and numidian cavalry were engaged
| strength2         = Only cavalry was engaged
| casualties1       = 
| casualties2       = 
}}
{{Campaignbox Battles of Aurelian}}
{{Campaignbox Crisis of the Third Century}}{{Multiple issues|{{no footnotes|date=January 2024}}
{{more citations|date=January 2024}}}}
The '''Battle of Immae''' was fought in 272 between the [[Roman army]] of Emperor [[Aurelian]], and the armies of the [[Palmyrene Empire]], whose leader, Empress [[Zenobia]], had usurped Roman control over the eastern provinces.

==Background and prelude to war==
During the [[Crisis of the Third Century]], Rome had lost its ability to defend its eastern provinces from [[Sassanid]] invasion. [[Septimius Odaenathus]], a chieftain out of [[Palmyra]], improvised an army that proved highly successful in repelling the Sassanid onslaught. He was so successful that [[Gallienus]] made him a king and protector of the eastern empire. After his death his wife Queen [[Zenobia]] assumed direct control (through her son) of the eastern Roman Empire provinces that were under Palmyrian protection. Through shrewd diplomacy she managed to expand her holdings into Egypt and convinced much of Asia Minor to call Palmyra its capital, effectively carving out a Palmyrene Empire. Publicly she maintained the facade of a partnership with Rome by at all times placing her son in the subordinate position to [[Aurelian]] in all official documents, letterhead, and coins that were minted.

In Aurelian's eyes her entrance into Egypt, still considered a strictly personal province of the Emperor, was nothing short of a declaration of war. Despite this Aurelian had been unable to challenge her actions directly due to the constant invasion by Germanic tribes. Finally after devastating victories over the [[Alamanni]], fortifying the region with city walls, and abandoning [[Dacia]] he felt Rome was safe enough to begin a campaign into the east.

==Preparations==
===Roman preparations===
Realising his army was far too cumbersome to invade [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]] effectively, Aurelian sent one of his generals with a fleet to attempt to drive out the Palmyrene garrison stationed there. Meanwhile, once Emperor Aurelian restored his army to its full strength he began to march towards the city of [[Antioch]].

===Palmyrene preparations===
Realising that the charade was over, [[Queen Zenobia|Empress Zenobia]] dropped all pretenses and had her son declared [[Augustus (title)|augustus]] and mobilised an army to meet Aurelian in the field under the command of her capable general [[Zabdas]].

==Battle==
Both armies took the field "near" Antioch at Immae (close by [[Reyhanli]], Turkey) in traditional battle formations with infantry in the center and cavalry on the flanks. Zabdas had two big advantages at his disposal: first was the superiority of his [[cataphracts]], and the second was the extreme heat the Romans were not adapted to. Aurelian understood the situation as well, and planned to use a tactic implemented by [[Claudius Gothicus]] against the [[Goths]], turning both disadvantages into decisive advantages.

After some skirmishes Zabdas wanted to seize the initiative and called for a cavalry charge which forced Aurelian to counter with his own cavalry charge. When the two forces were close to engaging the Roman light cavalry suddenly broke ranks, routed, and left the battlefield. Zabdas, smelling blood and certain victory, ordered his much heavier cataphracts to give chase. After a while the lengthy chase and hot sun started to wear more on the heavily armored Palmyrene horses and men but their seemingly unshakable confidence in the superiority of their cavalry spurred them to ride on. At a predetermined point the Romans wheeled around and suddenly attacked the exhausted and surprised cavalry. The trap was devastating, and very few of the Palmyrene cavalry made it back alive.

After hearing of the destruction of his cavalry Zabdas realized the day was lost. His infantry was no match for the battle-hardened [[legionaries]] and immediately ordered a full retreat to Antioch. Understanding the inevitability of Antioch's fall, Empress Zenobia and Zabdas resupplied their forces and moved them under the cover of darkness out of Antioch to [[Emesa]].

==Aftermath==
In the morning the senior officials of [[Antioch]] found they had been abandoned and Aurelian's reputation for savage retribution began to fill them with paralysing fear. Having no choice they opened their gates to Aurelian and prepared for the worst. In a surprise move Aurelian did not kill the senior leadership or even allow his troops to sack the city but instead granted a general amnesty. This show of mercy had a rippling effect throughout the east as city after city, no longer fearing retribution, accepted their peaceful reincorporation into the fold of the Roman Empire.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]], 1.50.2
*[http://www.roman-emperors.org/zenobia.htm "Vaballathus and Zenobia"] De Imperatoribus Romanis {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105215610/http://www.roman-emperors.org/zenobia.htm |date=5 November 2015 }}

[[Category:Battles involving the Roman Empire|Immae 272]]
[[Category:272]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Palmyrene Empire|Immae 272]]
[[Category:270s conflicts|Immae]]
[[Category:270s in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Aurelian]]
[[Category:History of Hatay Province]]